Abstract

Fish faunal surveys in the rivers Deo, Juri and Dharmanagar Fish market, in Tripura, conducted on different dates and at different collection centers, revealed, on an overall scenario, the occurrence of 38 Species of fishes belonging to 35 Genera, 9 Sub-families, 19 Families and 8 orders. Further, exploration of Fish biodiversity individually in the rivers Deo and Juri; and, study of ichthyo diversity of Dharmanagar Fish Market, revealed the: distribution of fish species in the following pattern: Systematic Fish List of R Deo only Order: 8, Family: 17, Sub-Family: 8, Genus: 27, Species: 28; Systematic Fish List of R Juri only : Order: 8, Family: 17, Sub-Family: 8, Genus: 27, Species: 28; Systematic Fish list of Dharmanagar Fish Market: Order: 2, Family: 4, Sub-family: 4, Genus: 11, Species: 11. Detailed taxonomic study along with conservation status of the fishes have been described in the present communication.

Keywords:Fish fauna; Ichthyodiversity; Systematics; River Deo; River Juri; Dharmanagar Fish Market; Tripura; North-East India Himalayan Biodiversity hotspot

Introduction

Aquatic biodiversity is subjected to much pressure mainly due to human-made influences, including effects on Piscean fauna and their habitat [1-10]. Hence, studies regarding ichthyofauna and their habitat are of tremendous significance.

Fish live in almost all aquatic domains. c 21,723 living fish species have been noted among c 39,900 vertebrate species in the globe [11-18]. Out of these, c 8411 live in freshwater and c11,650 live in the sea [19,20]. India is a Mega biodiversity country in the world [21]. c 2500 species of fishes have been reported from India; of which, c 930 are freshwater (FW) inhabitants and c 1570 are marine [13,14,16-18,22,23]. Rich fish diversity of this North-Eastern region has identified it as a `Hotspot’ of Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalayan stretch by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) [24]. The mountains and the undulating terrains lead to innumerable torrential rheophilic streams, which lead to big rivers and ultimately become integral components of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Barak-Chindwin-Kolodyne-Gomati-Meghna system Kar [14-16,25-29]. Concomitant above, there are many lentic and lotic water bodies in the Province of Tripura, located in the North-Eastern Himalayan zone, which is a hotspot of fish diversity, However, the sustenance of the aquatic biota has been much influenced by human interventions. A little review of literature on Fish systematic works revealed that, [30] had reported on an appraisal of Satpura Hypothesis of Distribution of the Malayan Fauna and Flora to Peninsiular India.

Concomitant to above, some of the significant works done on the fishes and related aspects are those Kar [1,3,5,6,12- 19,21,22,26,28-85] did extensive and intensive pioneering works on the fish diversity and taxonomy, fish disease (EUS), Fisherfolk and Fish catching devices, Fish parasites and Fish food fauna and other related aspects in innumerable water bodies of different kinds in North-East (NE) India. Das et al. [68] worked on fishes and related aspects. Kar & Sen [55] did pioneer studies on the diversity and distribution of fishes in the rivers in Assam, Mizoram and Tripura. Kar & Barbhuiya [86], Kar & Das B K [56], Kar & Kumar [57] studied the present status of water bodies and human impact. Kar & Das B [58] published the fish diversity in rivers in Karbi Anglong. Kar & Khynriam [59,69] did pioneering taxonomic studies of the fishes from rivers Diyung, Vombadung, Khuolzangvadung, Tuikoi and Mahur and in River Jinam in Dima Hasao district of Assam. Kar & Khynriam [60] reported the fishes of River Barak at Karong. Kar & Khynriam [61,62] did Pioneering Study on Taxonomic Diversity of Fishes in the Headwaters of River Barak in Assam, Manipur and Mizoram in North-East (NE) India. Kar reported taxonomic works on the fishes of Tripura.

Notwithstanding the above, Kar D [49,53,87,88] deliberated upon his findings at various National and International Symposia in India and abroad, like GIS Symposium in the UK, Sustain Fish’ (2007) Symposium at CUSAT, Cochin; ENFOSE, 2016 Symposium at TNFU, Tuticorin, `Lake 2016’ International Symposium, IISc, Bengaluru and so on. As per online sources, The River Juri is said to originate from a point (240 17’ 10.7423” N and 92o 9’ 4.1465 “ E called `ONS Shiva Temple’ situated in a small hilly portion between Damchhara and Panisagar in Tripura with the Mizo hills not very far from there. Then, The River Juri reaches downstream town `Dharmanagar’ town (24o 22’ 26.9465” N and 92o 10 ‘ 34.9619 “ E), after flowing an `upstream stretch’ of c 13 km. Then, River Juri flowing down c 7.3 km., as mis-stream stretch and enters Bangladesh at a Place called `LCS Ragna Customs office’ situated near Ichaipur bridge (24o 25’ 20.6069” N and 92o 10’ 3.2311” E). Within Bangladesh, the River Juri finally ends in Hakaluki Haor (24o 37’ 6.8754” N and 92o 3’ 55.7654” E) around Ranimura Bazar after flowing a downstream stretch c 48 km from `LCS Ragna.

Concomitantly, online sources revealed that, the River Deo originates from Central Catchment Reserve Forest (RF) in Tripura (23o 47 ‘ 5.2519” N and 92o 12’ 48.4466” E).Its nearest measurable point of origin at `Gachirampara PHC’ (23o 53’ 55.5497” N and 92o 11’ 52.4771 “ E); from where, flowing an upstream stretch of c 10 km, the River Deo reaches Dasda High Shool (23o 57’ 29.4127”N and 92o 12’ 6.5736 “ E.) and from here, the River Deo flows down a mid-stream stretch of c 40 km to reach Pechartal Railway bridge (24o 11’ 5.6933” N and 92o 5’ 50.2296” E). Then, River Deo finally, meets with River Monu (24o 09’ 31.1 “ N and 92o 01’ 42.4 “ E) flowing a downstream stretch of c 11 km. The River Monu enters Bangladesh (24o 20” 35.3656” N and 91o 58 ‘ 16. 2959 “ E around the `Amtola Bazar’ (Border outpost). Then, the River Monu joins River Dhalai in Bangladesh. (coming down from Ambasa region in Tripura) at `Monu-Dhalai Sanjog Point (‘at `Prem Nagar Bazar Ghat’): 24o 29’4.3717” N and 91o 49’ 30.4471” E) after flowing c 42 km. Finally, flowing down c 22 km., the river Monu joins with River Kushiyara in Bangladesh at a confluence point called `Kushiyara- Manu River confluence’ ` at `Manumukh Bazar’ (24o 35 ‘ 42. 2221” N and 91o 43 ‘ 44. 0206 “ E).

Incidentally, the River Barak splits into Rivers Kushiyara and Surma at Harinagar (Haritikar) at Indo-Bangladesh border. This River Kushiyara is called River Kalni in Bangladesh before it meets River Meghna (24o 8’ 52.1048” N and 90o 59’ 16.9462” E around Village Rajapur in Bangladesh towards sea. In Bangladesh, the River Kushiyara flows down c 150 km, as River Kalni, from `Monumukh Bazar’ ‘ to the meeting point of River Kalni with River Meghna around village Rajapur (24o 8’ 52.1048” N and 90o 59’ 16.9462” E). Meghna flows down c 528 km from the tri-junction point of 3 rivers. Kalni, Ghorautra and Meghna. Then, Meghna finally joins the Bay of Bengal after flowing down. to the meeting point of River Meghna with the Bay of Bengal at Location called Village Tazumuddin (22o 24 ‘ 36.0” N and 90o 52’ 28.9”) (Tables 1 & 2).

River Deo in Tripura (Sampling Points): 24o 09’ 46” N and 92 o 02’ 10” E.

River Juri (Sampling Points): 24o 22’ 20” N, 92o 10’ 29 “ E).

Dharmanagar Fish Market, Tripura (Sampling Points): 24o 22’ 49 “ N; 92o 09’ 45.

Material and Methods

Fish samples had been collected through experimental fishing using cast nets (diameter 3.7 m - 1.0 m), gill nets (vertical height 1.0 m - 1.5 m; length 100 m - 150 m), drag nets (vertical height 2.0 m), triangular scoop nets (vertical height 1.0 m) and by using different types of traps. The technique of Camouflaging was also used to catch fish. Fish had been preserved first in concentrated formaldehyde in the field itself and then in 10% formalin. Fish have been identified after standard literature [11,13,80,89-97] and fishbase.org. The arrangement of classification, followed here, is that of Greenwood et a1. [42] and Jayaram [11-13,60,97]. Systematic List and incidence of Fishes of River Deo, Juri and Dharmanagar Fish Market in Tripura (+ = Present).

Systematic Account of Fishes

Genus: Notopterus Lacepede (1800)

Notopterus Lacepede (1800) Hist nat Poiss 2 :190 (Type species: Gymnotus notopterus Pallas, by absolute autonomy) Roberts, 1992, Ichthyol Explor Freshwaters 2(4): 361-383 (revision), Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes 1: 62, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 20, Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No. 175: 9.

Generic Characters: Body oblong, laterally compressed, cranio-dorsal profile straight or slightly concave. Abdomen with 25-28 pre-pelvic double serrations. Head compressed. Mouth wide, cleft of mouth extending up to or beyond posterior border of eyes. Eyes moderate, dorso-lateral. Gill membranes partly united. Dorsal fin small, tuft-like, inserted near middle of body with 8-10 rays. Anal fin is very long, low, ribbon-like, with 100-135 rays, confluent with the caudal fin. Pelvic fins rudimentary. The caudal fin is small. The scales are small. The lateral line was complete, arched with about 180 scales.

Material examined (a): River Deo in Tripura, Coll: 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 ex, Museum No 35 / 4

(i), Coll Prof D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined (b): River Juri in Tripura, Coll: 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 1 ex, Museum No.

34 / 6(i), Coll Prof D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Cranio-dorsal profile straight or slightly concave.

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769)

Distribution: In many water bodies almost throughout India (including River

Lubdachhara in Tripura: First Report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Java, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sumatra, Thailand, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Gudusia Fowler, 1911

Gudusia Fowler, 1911 Proc Acad Nat Sci, Philad 63: 207 (Type species: Clupanodon chapra Hamilton-Buchanan, by original designation), Whitehead 1985, FAO Fish Synopsis (125) 7(1): 228-230, Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes 1: 95, Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India, Occ Paper No. 175: 7, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 41, Vishwanath 2002, Fishes of North-East India, NATP Pub, 29.

Generic characters: Body well-compressed and oblong. Abdomen serrated with 18 to 19 pre-

pelvic and 8 to 10 post-pelvic scutes. Heads are short and much more compressed. Snout rounded. Mouth terminal. Cleft of mouth is not extending up to orbit. Eyes large, lateral. With a broad adipose eyelid. Dorsal fin inserted above pelvic fin origin with 14 to 17 rays. Anal fin with 18 to 29 rays. Caudal fin forked. The scales are small. Lateral line absent.

Material examined: Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market, in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 2 Exs,

Museum No. 45 / 8(i), 8(ii), Coll: Prof D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Anal fin with 18 to 22 rays. Body with round spots and absence of any cross

bars on sides.

Gudusia chapra (Hamilton 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (both lentic and lotic) (including Salchapra

Anua, Fulbari Anua, Rupairbala Anua, Shiv Narayanpur Anua in Cachar, Assam: In all these collections, First report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Indonesia Malaya, Nepal, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Securicula Gunther, 1868

Securicula Gunther 1868, Cat Fis Brit Mus 7: 332 (type species, Cyprinus gora Hamilton-Buchanan, by subsequent designation)-Howes 1979, Bull Brit Mus nat Hist Zool), 36(3): 191-Pseudoxygaster Banarescu, 1967, Rev Roum Biologie, Zoologie 12(5): 306 (type-species, Cyprinus gora Hamilton- Buchanan, by original designation)- Mirza, 1970, Biologia 16(2): 92, Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes 1: 328, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 64.

Generic characters: Body elongate; strongly compressed. Abdomen strongly and sharply

keeled, not covered by scales, extending from below opercle to anal origin. Head moderate, axis somewhat oblique comparatively to body axis. Snout blunt. Mouth oblique; cleft reaching anterior border of the orbit. Eyes moderate. Lips thin. Dorsal fin short, very posterior, inserted above anal fin. Pelvic fins are inserted nearer to the anal fin than to pectoral. Caudal fin deeply forked. The scales are very small.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura, Coll 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 exs, Museum No.

34 / 8(i), 8 (ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Anal fin with 11 to 18 rays. Caudal fin deeply forked. Only species so far known.

Species: Securicula gora (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies throughout India, (including river Barak at Katigora,

river Barak at Sartuinek, North-East India: First reports by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC)

Genus: Salmostoma Swainson, 1839

Salmophasia Swainson 1839, Nat Hist Fish, 2: 184 (Type species, Cyprinus oblonga Swainson= Cyprinus bacaila Hamilton- Buchanan, by subsequent designation), Banarescu 1968, Rev Roum Biol Zool 13: 13-14, Howes 1979, Bull Br Mus nat Hist (Zool) 36(3): 190-191, Talwar and Jhingran 1999, Inland Fishes 1, Jayaram 1999, FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 65, Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No 175: 24, Vishwanath 2002, Fishes of North-East India, NATP Pub: 51.

Generic characters: Body elongated, compressed. Abdomen keeled from below pectoral fins

to anus, keel not hardened. Head moderate to long, compressed. Snout blunt. Mouth oblique to body axis, cleft reach an anterior margin of orbit or slightly ahead. Lower jaw longer with a knob (generally present) at the symphysis of the 2 bones. Dorsal fin short, inserted mostly opposite to anal fin (or may be little ahead in some cases) with usually 7 to 10 rays. Pectoral fins long and presence of an elongated axillary scale. Anal fin short with 14-20 rays. Caudal fin deeply forked. Ll completes with usually 39 to 112 scales.

Material examined: Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market, in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 8 exs,

Museum No, 45 / 4 (i) to 4 (v), 10 (i) to 10 (iii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of 4-6 Ll scales between Lateral line (Ll) and pelvic fin base.

Salmostoma bacaila (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: Almost throughout India (including River Barak at Lakhipur, Assam: First

Report by Professor D Kar and Party), also, in Bangladesh, Nepal, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Cabdio Hamilton 1822

Cabdio Hamilton, an account of fishes found in the river Ganges: 333, 392.

Generic characters: Body elongate. Abdomen rounded. Head moderate rounded anteriorly.

Snout obtuse. Mouth small, inferior. Eyes lateral. Lips thin. Lower jaw without any lip and with a sharp crescent bony edge. Barbel absents. Dorsal fin inserted behind pelvic fins. Caudal fin forked. Lateral line much decurved. Scales of moderate size, eye, 17.2 to 25.3 % HL.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura Coll, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 ex, Museum No, 27/9,

Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Lateral line scales 38 to 42. Anal fin with 10 to 12 rays. 2.5 to 3 rows of scales

between the lateral line and pelvic fin base.

Cabdio morar (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: Almost throughout India (including River Barak at Lakhipur and at

Khangbor: First report by Prof D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Opsarius McClelland, 1838 Opsarius McClelland 1838. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 7: 944.

Generic characters: Body long, mouth widely cleft and horizontal with symphysial knob

received into a corresponding depression in the apex of the upper jaw. Back straight, dorsal fin placed opposite to anal fin, both fins situated near the caudal extremity.

Material examined: (a) River Deo in Tripura, Coll, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 2 exs, Museum No, 27

/10, 11, Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (b) Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market, in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 2 exs,

Museum No, 45/13(i), 13(ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Colored bands usually present on the upper part of the Lateral line and

generally, does not extend below the Lateral line. Barbels absent.

Opsarius barna McClelland, 1839

Distribution: In many water bodies in India; particularly and generally, in the upstream

rheophilic stretches of the rivers (including River Barak at Lakhipur; River Barak between Patpuihmun and Sartuinek, River Barak at Karnifai, River Barak at Taithu: In all these collections: First report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka (Western Ghats), hilly portions in Uttarakhand, Northern Bengal, Myanmar, Nepal, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Chela Hamilton, 1822

Chela Hamilton 1822, An account of fishes found in the river Ganges: 258, 353.

Generic Characters: Body deep, abdomen keeled. Mouth small and opening vertically, barbel

absent. Dorsal fin is inserted near caudal fin. Inter orbitalregion without scales. No symphysial process on lower jaw. The first ray of pelvic fins considerably longer.

Material examined: Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market, in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 3 exs,

Museum No, 45 / 17 (i) to 17 (iii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Outer rays of pelvic fins strongly produced. Lateral line complete with 51-56

scales. Body shining silvery with a greenish longitudinal band.

Chela cachius (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: Almost throughout India (including River Barak at Lakhipur, River Feni in

Tripura: In all these collections: First report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Devario Heckel, 1843

Devario Heckel 1843, Ichthyology (von Syrian) in von Russian, Europeans in Europe, Asia and Africa 1(2): 1015 (Type species: Cyprinus devario Hamilton monotype).

Generic characters: Mainly differentiated from Danio by a short and wide pre-maxillary

ascending process, a short maxillary barbel, a “P stripe” extending to median caudal-fin rays. Infraorbital five or not or slightly reduced.

Material examined: Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market, in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 1 ex,

Museum No, 45/23 (i), Coll. Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Lateral line scales, 40-43, dorsal fin with 8-9 branched rays. A single lateral

band well-marked posteriorly.

Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland, 1839)

Distribution: Almost throughout India (including River Feni in Tripura: In all these

collections: First report by Professor D Kar and Party), also, in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indo-China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Rasbora Bleeker 1860

Rasbora Bleeker 1860, Acta Soc Sci Indo-Neerl 7: 435 (Type species, Leuciscus cephalotaenia Bleeker, 1859, by subsequent designation by Bleeker, 1863: 28), Brittan, 1954, Monog Inst Sci & Techn, Manila, 3: 134 (revision), owes, 1941, Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist, 37: 183, Kottelat 1999, The Raffles Mus 47(2): 597, Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes I: 386, Jayaram [11], FW Fises of the Indian Region: 82, Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No. 175: 52, Nath and Dey 2000, Fish and Fisheries of NE India (Arunachal Pradesh): 24.

Generic characters: Body elongate, compressed, Abdomen rounded. Head large, pointed.

Snout slightly pointed. Mouth large, cleft oblique. Lower jaw prominent with one central and two internal prominences, one on each side, fitting into corresponding margin on upper jaw. Barbel absents. Dorsal fin inserted behind the origin of pelvic fins with eight rays. Caudal fin marginated or forked. Ll concave, complete with 25 to 37 scales

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura, Coll, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 exs, Museum No, 34 /

11 (i), 11 (ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: 32 to 34 Ll scales. A black lateral stripe is present along center of the body.

Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (including River Gomati in Tripura: First

report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in West Bengal, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orisa, Uttar Pradesh, also in Bangladesh, Myanmar and Nepal, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Coll, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 ex, Museum No, 27 / 7,

Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Lateral Line 32 to 34 scales. Presence of a well-defined black border in the

caudal fin.

Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India, particularly, in the Gangetic provinces and

the Coromandel Coast, also in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, etc.

Genus: Amblypharyngodon Bleeker, 1860

Amblypharyngodon Bleeker, 1860 [Physics Journal for the Dutch East Indies 20(3): 433] Masc Cyprinus mola Hamilton 1822. Type by being a replacement name.

Generic characters: Body moderately long, sub-cylindrical. Abdomen round. Heads are much compressed. Snout obtusely rounded. Mouth wide, antero-lateral and not protractile. Eyes are centrally-placed and large, they are not visible from below ventral surface. Upper lip is absent. Lower lip with a short labial fold. Lower jaw prominent with a thin sharp edge and a symphysial knob which fits into the upper jaw. Barbells absent. Dorsal fin inserted little behind insertion of pelvic fins. Anal fin short. Caudal fin forked. Scales minute.

Material examined

a) River Deo in Tripura, Coll, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 ex, Museum No, 35 / 5 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

b) Fish in Dharmanagar Fish Market, in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 3 exs, Museum No, 45 / 12 (i) to 12 (iii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Lateral line incomplete with 65-91 scales. A silvery lateral band with dark

markings on dorsal, anal and caudal fins present.

Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies almost throughout India (including Sat Beel, Narapati

Beel in Cachar Assam; River Gomati, River Feni and River Lubdachhara in Tripura: In all these collections: First Report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Osteobrama Heckel, 1843

Osteobrama Heckel 1843, Ichth Russegger’s Reisen in Europe, Asia and Africa 1: 1033 (Type-species, Cyprinus cotio Hamilton - Buchanan, by subsequent designation), Silas, 1952, Proc nat Inst Sci India 18(5): 430, Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes I: 237, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 101, Menon [80]. Rec Zool Surv India, Occ. Paper No. 175: 62.

Generic characters: Body, short, deep, compressed. Abdominal keels present entirely or

from pelvic fin base to anus. Head shorts. Snout bluntly rounded. Moth small, somewhat directed upwards and forwards. Eyes large, lateral. Upper jaw is slightly longer. Barbels 4, 2 or none. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind origin of pelvic fins extending over anal fin. Absence of precumbent dorsasl spine. Anal fin long. Caudal fin deeply forked.

Material examined: Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 4 exs,

Museum No, 45 / 9 (i) to 9 (iv), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of 14 scales between lateral line and pelvic fin base. Presence of

48 to 66/ lateral line scales.

Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Systomus McClelland, 1838

Systomus McClelland 1838, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 7: 948 (Masc. Systomus immaculatus McClelland 1839. Type by subsequent designation).

Generic characters: Last simple dorsal-fin ray strongly serrated, soft dorsal fin rays

usually, eight. Presence of two pairs of well-developed barbels rostral and maxillary, some may have small maxillary barbels. Many of them have a longitudinal stripe extending the length of the body dorsal to the lateral line.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Coll, 8 11 2007 (Lot 3), 1 ex, Museum No, 44 /

3 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Body oblong, head, small, barbels 2 pairs. Maxillary pair longer than orbit,

rostral pair shorter.

Systomus sarana (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (including River Kushiyara at Tila Bazar in

Karimganj, Assam: First Report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Puntius Hamilton, 1822

Puntius Hamilton, 1822, Fish Ganges: 310, 388 (Type species, Cyprinus sophore, Hamilton-Buchanan, by subsequent designation), Jayaram 1991, rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No 135: 1-178 (revision), Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes 1: 250, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 108, Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India, Occ Paper No. 175: 65, Nath and Dey 2000. Fish and Fisheries of NE India (Arunachal Pradesh): 39, Vishwanath 2002, Fish and Fisheries of NE India, NATP Pub: 69.

Generic characters: Body short to moderately long, deep, compressed. Abdomen round.

Head shorts. Snout obtuse, conical or pointed; sometimes, may be with tubercles. Mouth arched, anterior or inferior. Upper jawmay be protractile. Eyes moderate to large, dorsolateral; they are not visible from below ventral surface. Lips thin, cover the jaws, without any horny covering. Jaws simple without any tubercle at the symphysis. Barbels four, two or may be absent. Dorsal fin shorts are inserted nearly opposite to pelvic fins. Anal fin short. Caudal fin forked. Scales are small, moderate or large.

Material examined: 1(a) River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 2 Exs,

Museum No. 27 / 2, 13, Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: 1(b) River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex,

Museum No. 35 / 14 (ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (2) River Juri in Tripura, Coll 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 Exs, Museum

No. 34 / 9(i), 9(ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (3) Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 2

Exs, Museum No, 45 / 3(vi), 3(vii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to Species: Pre-dorsal scales 8-10. Presence of a black spot on dorsal fin and on caudal peduncle.

Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: Almost throughout India, (including River Barak at Lakhipur; Rupairbala Anua in Cachar Assam; Different locations of Rivers Monu, Gomati, Feni, Muhuri in Tripura: In all these collections: First Report by Professor D Kar and Party); also, found in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC)

Genus: Pethia Pethiyagoda, 2012

Pethia, 2012, Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura and Maduwage: 80 (Type species: Barbus nigrofasciatus Gunther, 1868. Type by original designation). Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura and Maduwage, 2012.

Generic characters: Body short to moderately long, deep, and compressed. Abdomen

rounded. Heads are short. Snout obtuse, conical, or pointed; sometimes, it may have tubercles. Mouth arched, anterior or inferior. The upper jaw may be protractile. Eyes moderate to large, dorsolateral; they are not visible from below the ventral surface. Lips thin, cover the jaws, without any horny covering. Jaws simple without any tubercle at the symphysis. Barbels four, two or may be absent. Dorsal fin shorts are inserted nearly opposite to pelvic fins. Anal fin short. Caudal fin forked. Scales are small, moderate, or large.

Material examined: (1) River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 35 / 14 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (2) Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 5

Exs, Museum No, 45 / 3 (i) to 3 (v), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Barbel absents, lateral line incomplete, and caudal peduncle with a black

blotch.

Pethia conchonius (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: Almost throughout India, (including River Vomvadung and River

Khuolzangvadung in Dima Hasao District, Assam, River Kopili at Panimur in Assam, River Feni in Tripura: in all these collections, first reports by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra, Orissa, Eastern, and western Himalayas, Deccan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Cirrhinus Cuvier, 1817

Cirrhinus (Oken), Cuvier, 1817, V.KI. Fische. IN: Isis order Encyclopadische Zeituny, 8: 113 (type species, Cyprinus cirrhosus Bleeker, by monotype), -Banarescu, 1983, Rev Roum Biol. (Zool) 28(1): 13-17 (revision).

Generic characters: Body moderate, elongate, compressed. Abdomen rounded. Head

short. Snout obtusely rounded, with thin skin covering it. Mouth wide, transverse. Eyes are moderately large. Upper lip fringed or entire, not continuous with lower. Lower jaw sharp with a small tubercle at the symphysis. Barbels four, two or none. Dorsal fin inserted ahead of pelvic fins. Anal fin short. Scales of varying sizes. Lateral line complete.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura; Collection, 8 11 2007 (Lot 3), 2 Exs, Museum

No. 44 / 1 (i), 2 (i); Coll. Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of 40-45 Lateral line scales.

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies almost throughout India (including Salchapra Anua, in Cachar, Assam, Rivers Feni and Muhuri in Tripura: First Report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Darjeeling, and Eastern Himalaya, Bangladesh, South and South-East Asia, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Labeo Cuvier, 1816

1816, Regne Animale, 2 (ed.1): 194 (Type species, Cyprinus niloticus Forskal, by subsequent designation), Jayaram and Dhas,1998, Occ Papers Zool Surv India, No. 183: 1-143, Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes I : 193, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 132, Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No, 175: 125, Nath and Dey, 2000, Fish and Fisheries of NE India (Arunachal Pradesh): 45.

Generic Characters: Body short, deep. Abdomen rounded. Head broad, very large. Snout

bluntly rounded with thin skin covering. Mouth wide, anterior, arched. Eyes large. Absence of upper lip. Lower lip is very thick. Lower jaw with a movable articulation at the symphysis; but, without a prominent knob. Absence of barbels. Dorsal fin long; inserted above tip of pectoral fins with 18 or 19 rays and without any spine. Anal fin short with 8 rays. Caudal fin forked.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura; Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 35 / 1 (i), Coll. Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Lateral line complete with 40-43 scales.

Labeo catla (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies almost throughout India; also in Bangladesh, South

and South-East Asia, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Labeo Cuvier, 1816

Labeo Cuvier, 1816, Regne Animale, 2 (ed. 1): 194 (Type species, Cyprinus niloticus Forskal, by subsequent designation); Jayaram and Dhas, 1998, Occ Papers Zool Surv India, No. 183: 1-143; Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes I: 193, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 132, Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No, 175: 125, Nath and Dey, 2000, Fish and Fisheries of NE India (Arunachal Pradesh): 45.

Generic characters: Body of moderate size, sometimes, could be much bigger in size,

elongated, abdomen rounded. Heads are quite large. Snout swollen, rounded or truncated; often projecting beyond mouth; covered by a groove across and with or without tubercles; generally overhanging the mouth. Mouths are usually semilunar and inferior. Eyes are moderately large, generally placed at the commencement of the posterior half of the head. Lips thick, fleshy and fringed; continuous at the angle of the mouth forming a labial fold. Post-labial groove may be continuous or discontinuous. Barbels may be present or absent. Dorsal fin inserted above anterior to origin of pelvic fins with 11 to 26 rays. Anal fin short with 7 or 8 rays. Caudal fin is deeply forked or emarginated. Lateral line complete.

Material examined: (a) River Deo in Tripura; Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 35 / 2 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (b) River Juri in Tripura; Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 1 Ex,

Museum No. 34 / 2 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of generally 6 to 6.5 scales between lateral line (Ll) and pelvic

fin base.

Labeo Rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies almost throughout India (including River Dhansiri at

Bokajan in Karbi Anglong district, Assam; Rivers Feni and Muhuri in Tripura: In all these Collections, First Report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Tariqilabeo Kuhl van Hasselt, 1823

Tariqilabeo Kuhl van Hasselt, 1823, Algem-Konst Letter- Bode, 2, p: 132 (Type species, Tariqilabeo oblongus (Crossocheilus oblongus) Kuhl and van Hasselt, by monotype), Mukerji, 1934, J Bombay nat Hist Soc 37(1): 49-54, Banarescu, 1986, Trans Mus Hist nat Gr Antipa 28: 142-154, Kottelat, 1987, Jap J Ichthyol, 33(4): 371, Talwar & Jhingran [96], Inland Fishes 1 : 413, Jayaram, 1999, FW Fishes of the Indian Region : 152, Menon, 1999, Rec Zool Surv, India, Occ Paper No. 175 : 139.

Generic Characters: Body elongates. Ventral profile horizontal or slightly curved.

Abdomen rounded. Head small. Snouts obtusely pointed. Mouth inferior. Eyes large. Post-labial groove is generally present. Rostral cap thick, its margin fimbriate. Presence of a pair of rostral and maxillary barbels only; latter may be absent. Dorsal fin is inserted midway between pectoral and pelvic fins, considerably nearer to tip of snout than base of caudal fin with 10 or 11 rays and without any spine. Anal fin short with 7 rays. Caudal fin deeply forked. Lateral line scales 33 to 46.

Material examined: (a) River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 Ex, Museum No. 27 / 8; Coll. Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (b) River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 8 11 2007 (Lot 3), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 44 / 4 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of 37-39 Ll scales. Diameter of eye 21.3 to 23.8 % of HL.

Tariqilabeo latius (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India, generally, in the rheophilic hill streams, and,

occasionally, also in the plain water bodies (including Salchapra Anua in Cachar, Assam: First Report by Professor D Kar and Party), Rivers Monu and Gomati in Tripura (First Report by Professor D Kar and Party); also, in Arunachal Pradesh, Bangladesh, Nepal, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Paracanthocobitis Peters, 1861

Paracanthocobitis Peters, 1861, Monats Akad Wiss Berlin for 1861: 712 (Type species: Acanthocobitis longipinnis Peters = Cobitis pavonaceus McClelland, by monotype), Menon, 1987, Fauna India, 4(1): 140, Kottelat, 1990, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen : 18 (as a valid genus), Banarescu and Nalbant, 1995, Trav Mus Hist nat. “Grigore Antipa”, 35: 430 (as a valid genus), Jayaram, 1999, FW Fishes of the Indian Region : 173; Vishwanath, 2002, Fish and Fisheries of NE India, NATP Pub. : 101.

Generic characters: Body deep and strongly compressed posteriorly. Head slightly

compressed. Nostrils close together. Presence of a slight indication of an adipose keel. Upper lip covered by 2 or 3 rows of papillae. Lower lip interrupted in the middle and with numerous papillae. Dorsal fin usually with 10 to 18 branched rays. Caudal fin slightly emarginated. Presence of conspicuous black spot at upper extremity of caudal fin.

Material examined: Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 1 ex,

Museum No, 45 /22 (i), Coll Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Dorsal fin with 9-11 branched rays. Body depth about 20.00 to 23.63 %

Paracanthocobitis botia (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India, (including Baskandi Anua in Cachar, Assam,

River Feni in Tripura: In all these collections, first report by Prof D Kar and Party), also occur in the upstream habitat of rheophilic streams; found also in Manipur, Myanmar, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Schistura McClelland, 1839

Schistura McClelland, 1839, Asiat Res, 19: 306, 439 (Type species: Cobitis (Schistura) rupecula McClelland by subsequent designation).

Generic characters: Body elongate of almost uniform depth; compressed posteriorly.

Head either depressed or compressed. Snouts are usually blunt. The posterior nostril may be prolonged as a tube in some species. Lips with a few furrows; medially interrupted. Upper lip slightly furrowed; continuous or with a narrow median interruption. Lower lips interrupted in the middle, moderately furrowed. Processus dentiform of upper jaw present with a corresponding incision on the lower jaw in many species. Dorsal fin short; inserted ahead or opposite to pelvic fins; with seven-eight rays; rarely 10. An auxiliary pelvic lobe may be present. Caudal fin slightly emarginated, forked, or truncate (never rounded), with a black bar. A general absence of adipose crest. If present, mostly in the posterior part of the body. Lateral line complete or incomplete. Presence of scales on the body generally. Usually, the presence of a characteristic color pattern.

Material examined: Fishes in Dharmanagar Fish Market in Tripura, Coll Oct 2008, 1 ex,

Museum No, 45 /25 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Body marked with 14 -16 vertical bands often bands split up particularly

in front of dorsal fin into several narrower bands. Lateral line complete.

Schistura multifasciata (Day, 1878)

Distribution: In many water bodies throughout India, particularly in the hill streams in

North-East India and the Eastern Himalayas (including River Barak at Karong (Nagaland-Manipur Border), River Barak at Phulpui in the upper hill stream stretch of the River Barak along Assam, Manipur, Mizoram border in NE India; River Gomati in Tripura: In all these collections, First Report by Professor D Kar and Party); also in Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Botia dario: River Deo, Sl 27, Coll 12 10 2008 (Lot 1): +(1),27 / 5

Genus: Botia Gray, 1831

Botia Gray, 1831, Zool Misc 8 (Type species, Botiaalmorhae Gray, by monotype), - Hora, 1922, Rec India Mus., 24: 313-321 (revision)- Banarescu and Nalbant, 1968, Mitt. Hamburg Zool Mus Inst, 65: 341 (revision)-Taki, 1972, Jap J Ichthyol, 19(2): 63-81(review)-Menon, 1992, Fauna India, 4(2), p. 31 (revision)- Jayaram [11], Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 209, - Menon [80], Rec Zool Surv India, Occ Paper No. 175: 155 (Check list).

Generic characters: Body oblong, short, moderately deep. Abdomen rounded. Head long,

pointed. Snout conical, ventrally flat. Mouth small. Eyes moderately large, superior, in mid-part of head without any skin covering them. Anterior nostrils tubular. Lips thick, fleshy. Presence of a bifid erectile sub-orbital spine below or in front of eyes. Dorsal fin inserted above origin of pelvic or slightly ahead. Anal fin short. Caudal fin deeply forked. Scales absent on head.

Material examined: (a) River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 Ex,

Museum No. 27 / 5, Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Eye diameter 33.3% snout length.

Botia dario (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: Almost Throughout India (including Baskandi Anua in Cachar, Assam, River

Lubdachhara in Tripura: In all these collections: First Report by Professor D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Lepidocephalichthys Bleeker, 1858

Lepidocephalichthys, Bleeker,1858, NaTijdschr Ned Indet 16: 3: 303 (Type species, Cobitis macrochir Bleeker, Tilak and Hussain,1981, rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No. 32: 3-28 (revision), Menon, Fauna India, 4(2) , p.52 (revision), Talwar & Jhingra [96], Inland Fishes, 1: 520, Jayaram [11], FW Fishes of the Indian Region: 216, Menon [80], rec Zool Surv India Occ Paper No.175 : 159.

Generic characters: Body elongate; caudal peduncle laterally compressed. Abdomen

rounded. Head short, conical. Snout blunt. Mouth inferior, narrow, slightly arched. Eyes small. Lower lips interrupted in the middle. Barbels six; one pair each rostral, mandibular and maxillary. Presence of a large erectile bifid sub-orbital spine below or in front of eyes. Origin of dorsal fin variable with 8 or 9 rays. Anal fin short with 7 to 8 rays. Caudal fins truncate or slightly emarginated. Scales are small. Lateral line absent.

Material examined: (a) River Deo in Tripura; Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2); 2 Exs; Museum No. 35 / 13 (i), 13 (ii); Coll. Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (b) River Juri in Tripura, Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 1 Ex,

Museum No. 34 / 5 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Depth of body <16.7 % SL. Presence of a dark lateral band or dark grey

spots on the body.

Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies throughout India (including Salchapra Anua in

Assam, Rivers Feni and Lubdachhara in Tripura: In all these collections: First report by Professor Devashish Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Mystus Scopoli, 1777

Mystus Scopoli, 1777, Introduction and historian naturalism: 451 (Type by subsequent designation: Masc Bagrus halepensis Valenciennes 1840).

Generic characters: Body short or moderately elongated. Head short, flattened. Snout

obtuse or rounded. Mouth sub-terminal, transverse. Eyes are anteriorly situated, moderately large. Teeth numerous. Upper surface of head mostly smooth with one or two median longitudinal grooves of varying length. Occipital process long or short, situated superficially concealed under skin. Four pairs of barbells; one each of maxillary, nasal and two mandibular, two dorsal fins; an anterior rayed dorsal with seven or eight rays and a spine; a posterior smooth low adipose fin of varying lengths. Pectoral fins with seven to 11 rays and a strong spine serrated along the inner edge. Pelvic fins with six rays. Anal fin with nine to 14 rays. Caudal fin forked, bilobed with unequal lobes; lobes may be rounded, pointed at or prolonged into filamentous extensions. Lateral line simple, complete.

Material examined: (a) River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 35 / 9 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: (b) River Juri in Tripura, Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 Exs,

Museum No. 34 / 13 (i), 13 (ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Maxillary barbels reach caudal fin base or even beyond. A mid-lateralstripes along Ll may sometimes be seen and another faint one above. Presence of a faint spot at base of dorsal spine.

Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many lentic and lotic water bodies in India (including wetlands in Assam,

notably, Fulbari Anua, Rupairbala Anua in Cachar, Assam: In all these collections: First report by Professor Devashish Kar and Party); also, found in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC)

Amblyceps Blyth, 1858

Amblyceps Blyth, 1858, Proc Asiat Soc Bengal, 27: 281 (Type species: Amblyceps caecutiens Blyth), Hora, 1933, Rec Indian Mus, 35: 607-621, Jayaram, 2006, Catfishes of India: 151, Ferraris, 2007, Zootaxa, 1418: 17.

Generic characters: Body elongate, sub-cylindrical, compressed. Abdomen rounded.

Heads are small, broad, depressed, covered with thick skin. Snouts are usually broadly rounded. Mouth anterior, wide, transverse. Eyes small, superior. Nostrils lie close together, separated by nasal barbel.

Presence of 4 pairs of barbels: One pair each of maxillary and nasal; and two pairs of

mandibular barbels. Maxillary barbels have broad bases. Presence of a fold of skin above and anterior to pectoral fin base; and, immediately behind the gill openings. Rayed dorsal fin is inserted above half or quarter of pectoral fins with 5 or 6 rays and a weak spine. Adipose dorsal fin of variable length, smooth and usually low. Pectoral fins with 7 rays and a smooth weak spine. Pelvic fins with six rays. Anal fin with 8-10 rays. Caudal fins truncate or emarginated to varying degrees. Lateral line is usually absent.

Materials examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 27 / 3; Coll Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of 8-11 rays in Anal fin.

Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (particularly, in rheophilic upstream

stretches of rivers: In all these collections: First report by Professor Devashish Kar and Party); also, found in Himachal Pradesh, Manipur Myanmar, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC)

Bagarius bagarius: River Deo, Sl, 44, Coll 8 11 2007 (Lot 3): + (1), 44 / 5 (i)

Bagarius Bleeker, 1853, Verh Bat Gen, 25, p. 121 (Type species, Pimelodus bagarius Hamilton by monotype), Hora, 1939, J Bombay nat Hist Soc, 40(4), pp. 585-593, Roberts, 1983, Copeia (2), pp. 435-445, Jayaram, 2006, Catfishes of India: 201, Thompson and Page, 2006, Zootaxa, 1345: 26, Ferraris, 2007, Zootaxa 1418: 383.

Generic characters: Body and abdomen long and flattened up to pelvic. Head broad. Body

almost entirely covered by heavily keratinized skin, which looks like tubercles superficially. Snout sharply conical; but, not pointed. Mouth terminal, wide, slightly inferior. Eyes are small, sub-cutaneous and dorsally lie at the posterior half of the head. Presence of 4 pairs of barbels: one pair each of maxillary and nasal; and 2 pairs of mandibular. Rayed dorsal fin inserted above base of pectoral fin with 7 rays and a smooth spine with an elongated soft termination of varying length. Adipose dorsal fin moderately long, posteriorly free. Pectoral fin usually has 9 to 12 rays and a spine with a soft prolongation. Pelvic fins have 6 rays. Anal fin short with 12 to 17 fin rays. Caudal fin deeply forked; upper lobe longer; and, both the lobes, sometimes, produced into soft filamentous prolongations. Lateral line complete and simple.

Materials examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 8 11 2007 (Lot 3), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 44 / 5 (i), Coll Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of 9-12 rays in pectoral fin.

Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India, particularly in rivers usually from upstream

stretch to downstream stretch; the big sized ones generally prefer the downstream deeper regions, also, in Bangladesh, Lao PDR, Kampuchea, Java, Vietnam, Sumatra, Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, etc.

IUCN status: Vulnerable (VU).

Genus: Gagata Bleeker, 1858

Gagata Bleeker, 1858. Ichthyol. ArchipelIndiciProdr, 1: 204 (type species: Pemelodus gagata Hamilton-Buchanan, by absolute tautonymy), Hora and Law 1941, Rec Indian Mus. 43 (10): 9 (revision), Roberts and Ferraris, 1998 Proc Calif Acad Sci, 50(14): 317, Jayaram, 2006, Catfishes of India : 187, Thompson ad Page, 2006, Zootaxa, 1345: 29 (Check list), Ferraris, 2007, Zootaxa, 1418 : 385 (Check list).

Generic characters: Dorsal profile rising not very sharply up to dorsal fin base; thereafter,

slopes very gently, nearly straight. Head and body compressed.

Heads are short. Snout obtusely rounded. Mouth inferior, small and narrow. Median longitudinal groove on head distinct. Eyes are large, dorso-lateral. Maxillary barbells with an osseous base and lying in a groove anteriorly. Nasal pair of barbels with broad flaps, separating the 2 nostrils. Mandibular barbels are inserted in a transverse row but at the same level. Rayed dorsal fin inserted above middle of pectoral fins. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete with pores on anterior half.

Materials examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 27 / 12, Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Tip of snout acutely pointed in lateral profile with a distinct notch

anteriorly. Maxillary barbels are shorter than head length.

Gagata cenia (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (including River Barak at Khangbor, River

Monu in Tripura: In all these collections: First report by Professor Devashish Kar and Party), also, in Manipur, Nepal, Indus River (Pakistan), etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Clarias Scopoli, 1777

Clarias Scopoli, 1777, Gronovius, 1763, Zoophylacii Gronoviani: 100, Clarias Scopoli, 1777, Introduction and historian naturalism: 455, Type species Silurus anguillaris Linnaeus, 1758, Cuvie, 1816, Le Regne Animal: 206 (Type species: Silurus anguillaris Linnaeus), Teugels and Roerts, 1987, Zool J Linn Soc 90-95 (Type species: Silurus anguillaris Linnaeus), Jayaram, 2006, Catfishes of India: 303, Ferraris, 2007, Zootaxa, 1418 : 138.

Generic characters: Body elongates, compressed. Abdomen rounded. Head of moderate

size, much depressed, covered with osseous plates dorsally and laterally. Snout broadly rounded or pointed. Mouth terminal, wide, transverse. Eyes small. Lips fleshy, papillated, upper jaw longer. A supra-branchial accessory respiratory organ present. Rayed dorsal fin long with 62-77 rays, no spine, free from the caudal fin. Pectoral fins with 7-11 rays and a strong serrated spine which is enveloped in the skin. Pelvic fins with 6 rays. Anal fin long with 45-63 rays, and, free from the caudal fin. Caudal fin almost rounded. Lateral line complete, simple.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum No.

35 / 6 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Dorsal fin inserted slightly anterior to tip of pectoral fin. Anal fin with 45-

58 rays.

Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India, both lentic and lotic (including River Barak

at Khangbor, River Monu in Tripura: In all these collections: First report by Professor Devashish Kar and Party), also, in Manipur, Nepal, Indus River (Pakistan), etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC)

Genus: Heteropneustes Muller, 1840

Heteropneustes Muller, 1840, Arch Anat Physiol: 115 (Type species: Silurus fossils Bloch), Hora, 1935, Rec Indian Mus, 38(2): 134, Jayaram, 2005, Catfishes of India: 313, Ferraris, 2007, Zootaxa: 1418.

Generic characters: Body slender, elongated, compressed. Abdomen rounded. Head

gently depressed. Snout flat. Mouth small, terminal. Eyes are small, lateral and situated in the anterior part of the head. Rayed dorsal fin short; inserted above tip of pectoral fin with 6 to 8 rays and without any spine. Pectorals fin not very big, with 7 or 8 rays and a strong spine.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura; Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum No.

35 / 7 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura; Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 Exs, Museum

No. 34 / 7 (i), 7 (ii); Coll. Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Body slender too deep, eyes small, pectoral fin short and rounded, half to

one-third the distance between pectoral and pelvic fin origin. Presence of a strong pectoral spine. Caudal fin rounded.

Species: Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)

Distribution: In many water bodies almost throughout India (including Beels in Assam

like Dholi Beel and Karbhala Beel in Barak valley of Assam; River Muhuri in Tripura: In all these collections: First report by Professor Devashish Kar and Party); also, in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Nepal, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN status: Least concern.

Genus: Mastacembelus Scopoli, 1777

Mastacembelus Scopoli, 1777, Introd Hist Nat: 458 (type – species, Ophidium mastacembelus Banks and Solander, by subsequent monotype), Travers, 1984, Bull Brit Mus nat Hist (zool.)47 (2): 141-145 (review), Roberts, 1986, Jap J Ichthyol, 23(2): 103-107 (review), - Sufi, 1956, Bull Raffles Mus, No. 27: 105-143 (systematic review).

Generic characters: Body eel-like, elongated, compressed, long, pointed. Snout long,

conical. Mouth inferior, cleft narrow. Eyes small, superior. Rim of anterior nostrils with two finger-like fimbriae and two flaps. Dorsal fin inserted above middle of pectoral fins. Pelvic fins absent. Caudal fin rounded. Dorsal and anal fins may or may not be confluent with caudal fin. Pelvic fins absent.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura; Collection, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 27 / 1, Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Dorsal fin with 32 - 40 detached, depressible spines and 67 to 90 rays.

Anal with three spines and 46 to 90 rays. Caudal fin merged and continuous with dorsal and anal fins, Caudal fin rays14 to 17.

Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (including Baskandi Anua and Salchapra

Anua, in Cachar, Assam: In all these collections: First report by Professor Devashish Kar and Party), also, in Bangladesh, China, Malaya, Java, Myanmar, Nepal, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Macrognathus Lacepede, 1800

Macrognathus Lacepede, 1800, Hist Nat Poiss, 2: 283 (Type species: Ophidium aculeatum Bloch by subsequent designation), Sufi, 1953, Bull Raffles Mus, No. 27: 99-105, Roberts, 1980, Copeia, No. 3: 385-391, Travers, 1984, Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist (Zool.) 47 (2): 141-145, Roberts, 1986, jap J Ichthyol, 33(2): 97- 103, Rhyncohdella Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst Ichth: 478.

Generic characters: Body deep, eel-like, long, compressed. Head long pointed. Snout long

fleshy, accommodating a concave prolongation of the upper jaw consisting of a paired series of tooth plates. Mouth inferior. Cleft narrow. Eyes, small, superior, in middle of head. Dorsal fin inserted far behind end of pectoral fins with 13 to 32 detached, depressible spines and 42 to 58 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 42 to 58 rays. Caudal fin rounded; and, distinctly separated from dorsal and anal fins. Pelvic fins absent.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura, Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 Exs,

Museum No. 34 / 15 (i), 15 (ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Dorsal fin with 24 to 26 spines and 30 to 42 soft rays. Anal with three

spines. Caudal fin distinctly separated from dorsal and anal fins.

Macrognathus pancalus Hamilton, 1822

Distribution: In many water bodies in India, (including Salchapra Anua, Shiv Narayanpur

Anua in Cachar, Assam, Rivers Feni and Muhuri in Tripura: in all these Collections, First report by Prof D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum No.

35 / 8 (i); Coll. Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Presence of 16-23 dorsal fin spines.

Macrognathus aral (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India, (including Rani Meghna Beel, Javda Beel, etc,

in Barak valley in Assam, in all these Collections, First report by Prof D Kar and Party), also in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Parambassis Bleeker, 1874

Parambassis Bleeker, 1874, Nat Verh Holland Maatsch Wetensch, 2(2): 86 (Type species, Ambassis apogonoides Bleeker by original designation), Guha and Talwar, 1975, J Inland Fish, Soc India, 8: 76, Roberts, 1994, Nat Hist Brit Siam Soc, 42: 271-289.

Generic Characters: Body elongate, compressed. Abdomen round. Head short,

compressed. Snout pointed. Mouth large; gape oblique, extending to anterior border of orbit. Eyes are large, superior, not visible from below ventral surface of head. Jaws straight or only slightly upturned. Supra-orbital ridge smooth or serrated, with one or two spines posteriorly. Pre-orbit serrated on both ridge and edge. Sub-orbit also serrated. Cheek with four to seven transverse scale rows.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum No.

35 / 10 (i), Coll Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura, Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 1 Ex, Museum

No. 34 / 4 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Body transparent with a silvery broad lateral stripe on sides. Caudal

peduncle depth 10.9 to 12.0 % of standard length

Parambassis ranga (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (including River Barak around Lakhipur in

Assam, River Lubdachhara in Tripura: in all these Collections, First report by Prof. D. Kar and Party); also in Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, etc.

IUCN status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Oreochromis Guenther, 1889

Oreochromis Guenther, 1889, Ann Mag nat Hist, 4(6): 70 (Type species: Oreochromis hunter (Gunther, by monotype), Trewavas, 1983, Publ Brit Mus Nat Hist No. 878: 139-373.

Generic Characters: Body elongates. Abdomen rounded. Head compressed,

with concave upper profile. Mouth terminal, large; cleft extending to below anterior border of eyes. Snout rounded. Eyes are large, lateral, almost in middle of head. Dorsal fin inserted above base of pectoral fins with 15 or 16 spines and 10 or 12 rays. Anal fin generally with 3 spines. Caudal fin rounded.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum No.

35 / 12 (ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Dorsal spinous portion longer than soft part; the latter may be prolonged

with a filamentous tip.

Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)

Distribution: In many water bodies in India (including Karbhala Beel in Cahar, Assam,

River Lubdachhara in Tripura: In all these Collections: First report by Prof. D. Kar and Party); widely introduced in India, Bangladesh Sri Lanka, etc.

IUCN status: Vulnerable.

Genus: Glossogobius Gill, 1859

Glossogobius Gill, 1859, Proc Acad nat Sci Philad: 46 (Type species, Gobius platycephalus Richardson, by monotype), Akihito, In: Masuda et al, 1984, Fish Jap Archipel: 274, Rema Devi, 1992, Rec zool Surv India, 90 (1-4): 174 (Ennore estuary).

Generic Characters: Body elongates, anteriorly cylindrical, compressed. Abdomen

rounded. Head depressed, little pointed. Snouts obtusely rounded or pointed. Mouth is a little oblique. Cleft is not extending to eyes. Eyes are large, superior, almost in middle of head. Gill openings continued far below the eyes. Presence of 2 dorsal fins, separated by a short interspace; first dorsal inserted above half or three-fourth of pectoral fins with six rays. Second dorsal fin with 6 to 10 rays. Pelvic fins united, oblong. Anal fin with 8 or 9 rays. Caudal fin oblong to rounded. Scales ctenoid on body, cycloid on head.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 12 10 2008 (Lot 1), 1 Ex, Museum

No. 27 / 6, Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum No. 35 / 11 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura; Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 Exs, Museum

No. 34 / 14 (i), 14 (ii); Coll. Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: First dorsal fin with one black spot or without it. Gill membranes

connected to isthmus.

Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822)

Distribution: In many water bodies almost throughout India (including Wetlands in

Assam, like Salchapra Anua, in Cachar, Assam; Rivers Feni, Muhuri, Lubdachhara in Tripura: in all these Collections, First report by Prof D Kar and Party), also, in Bangladesh, Myanmar, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Anabas Cuvier,1816

Anabas Cuvier, 1816. Le Regne Animal, 2: 339 (Type species: Perca scandens Daldorf, by monotype).

Generic Characters: Body oblong, compressed. Abdomen rounded. Head moderate,

compressed. Snout slightly conical or bluntly rounded. Mouth relatively terminal, oblique; cleft not wide. Eyes large, lateral, in anterior part of head. Upper jaw is weakly protrusible. Presence of a single dorsal fin, inserted above pectoral fin base with 16 to 18 spines and 8 to 10 rays, number of spines variable. Anal fin with 8 to 11 spines and 9 to 11 rays. Number of spines variable. Caudal fin rounded.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex, Museum No.

35 / 12 (i), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura, Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 1 Ex, Museum

No. 34 / 1 (i), Coll. Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report

Key to species: Body depth 28.6 to 33.3 % SL. Dorsal fin with 8 to 10 rays.

Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)

Distribution: Naturally available in many water bodies almost throughout India, notably

in the Wetlands in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Borneo, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, etc. (including Wetlands in Assam, like Repairbala Anua, in Cachar, Assam: in all these Collections, First report by Prof D Kar and Party).

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC)

Genus: Trichogaster Bloch and Schneider, 1801

Trichogaster Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst Ichth, p. 164 (Type species, Trichogaster fasciatus, Trichopodus Lacepede, 1801, Hist Nat Poiss, 3, p. 125 (Type species: Labrus trichopterus Pallas, by subsequent designation, Colisa Cuvier, 1831.IN: Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist Nat Poiss, 7: 359 (Type species, Colisa vulgaris Cuvier=Trichopodus colisa Hamilton-Buchanan (by absolute tautonymy).

Generic characters: Body elevated, compressed. Head moderate, compressed. Snout

blunt. Mouth upturned, terminal, cleft small. Eyes are large, lateral, in middle of head, not visible from below ventral surface of head. Jaws a little protractile. Ventral border of pre-opercle usually serrated. Number of spines in dorsal and anal fins variable. Pelvic fins in the form of single long filiform ray, and a rudimentary adnate spine. Caudal fin slightly emarginated or truncate. Lateral Line (Ll) may be interrupted with 6-29 scales.

Material examined: River Deo in Tripura, Collection, 10 1 2015 (Lot 2), 1 Ex; Museum No.

35 / 3 (i), Coll. Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura, Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 2 Exs,

Museum No. 34 / 12 (i), 12 (ii), Coll Professor D Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Bands on body 14 or more. Caudal fin may be slightly notched or cut-

square.

Trichogaster fasciata Bloch & Schneider, 1801

Distribution: In many water bodies (mainly lentic) throughout India (including Wetlands

in Assam like Salchapra Anua, Shiv Narayanpur Anua; Rivers Feni and Muhuri in Tripura: in all these water bodies, First report by Prof. D. Kar and Party); also, in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Genus: Channa Scopoli, 1777

Channa Scopoli, 1777, Introd Hist Nat: 459 (Type species, Channa orientalis Bloch and Schneider, by subsequent designation).

Generic characters: Body elongated, sub-cylindrical anteriorly. Abdomen rounded. Head

large depressed with plate-like scales. Snouts are somewhat obtuse. Mouth reasonably large; opening moderate to wide, may extend to below orbit. Eyes lateral, moderate; in the anterior part of the head. The lower jaw protrudes beyond the upper. Gill openings wide. Membranes of two sides connected beneath the isthmus. Dorsal fin long; inserted almost above the pectoral fins with 29-55 rays and no spine. Anal fin long with 21 to 36 rays. Both dorsal and anal fins are free from caudal fin. Caudal fin rounded; scales small; cycloid or ctenoid; scales on the head are more extensive than those on the body. Lateral line abruptly curved or almost interrupted with 37 to 110 scales.

Material examined: River Juri in Tripura, Collection, 3 4 2013 to 9 10 2014, 3 Exs,

Museum No. 34 / 10 (i) to 10 (iii), Coll Professor D. Kar and Party: First Report.

Key to species: Dorsal fin with 28-33 rays. Several dark blotches on flanks; some with

many black spots on body and also on dorsal and caudal fins. Ventral side of body usually white or pale yellow.

Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793)

Distribution: In many water bodies (particularly in the lentic ones) in India (including

Salchapra Anua and Fulbari Anua in Cachar, Assam; Rivers Feni and Muhuri in Tripura: in all these collections: First report by Prof D Kar and Party), also, in Bangladesh. China, Malaya, Myanmar, etc.

IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC).

Discussion

The habitat characteristics of the rivers Deo and Juri seem to portray little different types of microhabitats, both the rivers not being originating from lofty mountains. River Deo seems to have little, longer length of upstream region with some rifles and pools. However, both the rivers Deo and Juri have long run-sheet types of downstream stretches with laminar flow of water, harboring mainly plain water fishes. Moreover, there seem to be not too many types of highly rheophilic fish. The fish market is an essential component of fish trade. And the fish market situated at Dharmanagar town seems to serve as a landing point of fishes being brought by traders from different places including neighboring Assam. As such, a rich diversity of fishes could be seen at Dharmanagar fish market. However, the price of fish sometimes becomes unaffordable for the common people. Notwithstanding the above, unexpectedly less diversity and comparatively poor population of fish in all the studied rivers is a matter of concern. Further, the status of the ichthyo species based on locally estimated information (but, corroborating with IUCN criteria) is to be ascertained with due importance, particularly, with locally tailored species-specific conservation measures. Likewise, ichthyo-taxonomical exploratory works done in River Deo and Juri depicted 27 and 14 species of fishes respectively in their respective explorations.

All the above-mentioned rivers flow along the vicinity of Indo-Bangladesh international border; and, had remained ichthyologically not much attended to from the fisheries point of view; thus, displaying the present studies as one of the pioneeringoriginal studies in these water bodies. Moreover, these rivers, not being highly torrentially rheophilic, as in rivers in the high gradient zones, do not, much portray typical torrential rheophilic features like falls and cascades as microhabitats and bedrocks and boulders as substrata, as found in the rivers in the high and steep mountain zones. On the contrary, the microhabitat in the surveyed rivers mostly consists of run-sheet with mainly laminar flow of water and occasionally with riffles and pools, while the substratum consists mainly of fines with only occasional cobbles and gravels. Therefore, highly torrential rheophilic fish species are usually not much found here, except, may be sometimes accidental occurrences.

Notwithstanding the above, Bailey RG [33,34] and Bailey & Hickley [33] had worked much on the water bodies and fishes in Africa. Didem et al [38] had revealed New Record of Symphodus bailloni in the Western Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Kullander, Sven O & Ralf Britz [72], and Kevin W Conway & Maurice Kottelat [73] did much works on the fishes of Myanmar, while Aafke M Schipper & Valerio Barbarossa [1] studied the Global congruence of riverine fish species richness and human impact. Wikramanayake & Moyle [98] worked on the ecological configuration of Tropical Fish Assemblages in wet-zone streams of Sri Lanka. Incidentally, Armbruster JW, Werneke DC, Tan M [3] described three new species of saddled loricariid catfishes along with a review of Hemiancistrus, Peckoltia, and allied genera (Siluriformes). Further, Azadi, Mohammad Ali & Arshad-Ul-Alam, Mohammad [5] described the Ichthyofauna of the River Halda in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Batuwita Acharige & Sudesh Greshana [99] worked on the taxonomy of the South Asian Cyprinid genera Horadandia and Rasboroides (Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae: Danioninae), as well as the portrayal of the Present Distribution Pattern of Rasboroides vaterifloris pallidus in Gin River [100-140].

Acknowledgement

The author expresses his heartfelt gratitude to the Zoological Survey of India at Shillong for their help in the identification of fish specimens.

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