Review Article

Present Status of Freshwater Fish Diversity and Human impact with Particular Reference to North-East India Biodiversity Hotspot

Devashish Kar¹* and Ankush Kumar²

¹Micro-Institute of Water and Human Studies, India

²Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, India

Submission:June 20, 2023;Published:August 11, 2023

*Correspondence author: Devashish Kar, Micro-Institute of Water and Human Studies, India Email: devashishkar@yahoo.com

How to cite this article:Devashish K, Ankush K. Present Status of Freshwater Fish Diversity and Human impact with Particular Reference to North-East India Biodiversity Hotspot. Oceanogr Fish Open Access J. 2023; 16(4): 555943. DOI: 10.19080/OFOAJ.2022.16.555943

Abstract

Biodiversity (BD) is the living component in nature. Biodiversity in the freshwater (FW), domain comprise the FW BD, where `Fish’ is the prime component. In fact, fish is said to constitute almost half of the total number of vertebrates in the world and is said to provide with answer to the diminishing protein supply in the globe; having been one of the staple food items in diet of people, particularly, in the developing countries. c 21,723 living species of fish have been recorded out of 39,900 species of vertebrates. Of these, 8411 are freshwater species and 11,650 are marine. However, of late, there has been a depleting trend in fish diversity and yield principally due to shrinkage in the water spread area being impacted mainly by humankind. The present status of Freshwater Fish diversity and the impact of Human interventions have been discussed.

Keywords:Freshwater; Fish Diversity; Human impact

Introduction

The Indian sub-continent is one of the biggest Mega biodiversity regions in the World, occupying 9th position in terms of freshwater Mega biodiversity (Mittermeier and Mittermeier, 1997). In India, there are c 2500 species of fishes; of which, c 930 live in freshwater (FW) and c 1570 are marine [1-3]. This bewildering ichthyodiversity of this region has been attracting many ichthyologists both from India and abroad. Concomitantly, North-Eastern (NE) region of India has been identified as a `Hotspot’ of Biodiversity by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre [4]. This rich diversity of this region could be assigned to certain reasons, notably, the geomorphology and the tectonics of this zone. The hills and the undulating valley of this region gives rise to large number of torrential hill streams, which lead to big rivers and, finally, become part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Barak-Chindwin-Kolodyne-Gomati-Meghna system [5].

Based on IUCN categories, the CAMP Workshop [6] for FW fishes has identified certain fish species which have attained threatened/endangered status. Concomitantly, there has not been much in-depth study with regard to details of endemism and species richness in North-East (NE) India; although, some amount of works in this regard have been done [7-9]. As such, a detailed study related to Germplasm inventory, evaluation and gene banking of freshwater fishes would not only help us to land at a concrete decision on the above-mentioned aspects but would also contribute to fulfilling India’s obligation to CBD with special emphasis on Articles 6 and 8 [10]. Further, development of database on the biological parameters is a pre-requisite for preparation of detailed Fish Inventory. Genetic characterization and Gene Banking is a step forward towards further confirmation of the species at the molecular level.

The river is the basic storehouse of water to meet our country’s demand for water for various uses. Indian sub-continent is singularly blessed with unparalleled riverine resources, harboring one of the richest fish wealth in the world. Out of c 2500 species of fishes occurring in India, c 450 species of fishes occur in the Indo-Gangetic plains [11-13]. Menon [14] had listed 207 species of fish from the Gangetic plains which belong to 29 families and 82 genera. According to another estimate, the Gangetic system alone harbour not less than 265 species of fishes [15].

Besides lotic territories, the lentic water bodies having 0.72 × 106 ha lake coverage in India, constitute great potential of fishery resources. The NE region is blessed with a number of lentic systems, locally called `Beel, Haor, Anua, Hola, Doloni, Jalah, etc., which alone constitute c 81 % of the total lentic area (0.12 × 10⁶ ha) in Assam. These lentic systems are generally shallow and open, ranging in size from 35 to 3458.12 ha and with depth ranging from 0.25 to 6.0 m (Dey, 1981) [5,16].

In the Eastern India and in Bangladesh, the wetlands are usually classified into 3 broad categories. These are as follows:
a) Beel: These are the perennial wetland, which generally retain water throughout the year, e.g., Sone Beel, Sat Beel, etc. Sone Beel, one of the biggest (Area-3458.12 ha at FSL) wetlands in India and Asia. Sone Beel has been declared as a Wetland of National Importance by the Government of India mainly based on the research works of the Professor Devashish Kar, the present author of this paper (vide Resolution No. 11 dt. 16.10.2008 of the Meeting of the Expert Group of MOEF, Govt. of India, New Delhi; and Letter No. FRM 41/2008/63-A, dt. 8.9.2008 from Commissioner and Secretary to the Govt. of Assam, Department of Environment and Forests) [17].
b) Haor: These are the seasonal floodplain wetlands, which retain water only for part of year and, are otherwise dry during the rest of the year, e.g., Chatla Haor, Puneer Haor, etc.
c) Anua: These are the river-formed oxbow wetlands formed due to the change of course of a river. Barak being a highly serpentine river, there are a number of such `Anua’ s in the Barak valley region of NE India, e.g., Baskandi Anua, Algapur Anua, Satkarakandi Anua, Dungripar Anua,Ramnagar Anua, Salchapra Anua, Fulbari Anua, etc.

However, the above classification of water bodies is not very rigid and may vary from place to place. Notwithstanding the above, structural characteristics of the lotic environment are closely associated with the occurrence of fish species. The importance of habitats and the relationship between fish and habitat are of major concern to fishery biologists. A common use of fish habitats indicates the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment excluding biological attributes. Habitat features have been identified as the major determinants in the distribution and abundance of fish since earlier times [18]. Fish species diversity is associated with habitat complexity with regard to depth, water flow, microhabitat types and substrate types. Recently, fish assemblages have been used as indicators of environmental degradation [19], ecosystem health in streams [20] and environmental stress [21].

review of literature pertaining to the studies on fish with other parameters (diversity, habitat parameters, use of remote sensing and GIS, fish food fauna, fishing gears and fish catching devices, fish parasites and fish disease with particular reference to Epizootic Ulcerative Fish Disease Syndrome or EUS and other associated aspects) are given below: [1-4,5-7-9,10-14,15-19-209]

The icthyofauna of North-East (NE) region of India has elements of the Indo-gangetic region; and, to a some extent, of the Myanmarese and South-Chinese regions [15]. Ghosh & Lipton [55] had reported 172 species of fishes with reference to their economic importance, while Sen [200] reported 187 species of fishes from Assam and its environs. Sinha [202] compiled a list of 230 species of fishes from NE India. Nevertheless, Nath & Dey [189] recorded 131 species of fishes from the drainages in Arunachal Pradesh alone. Sen [199] comprehensively compiled a list of 267 species of fishes from NE India. Further, according to Sen [199], of the c 806 speices of fishes inhabiting the freshwaters of India [203], the NE region of India is represented by 267 species belonging to 114 genera under 38 families and 10 orders. This is c 33.13 % of the total Indian FW fishes. Of the 267 species, Cypriniformes dominates with c 145 species followed by Siluriformes (72), Perciformes (31), Clupeiformes (7), Anguilliformes (3), Cyprinodontiformes (3), Osteoglossiformes (2), Synbranchiformes (2), Syngnathiformes (1) and Tetraodontiformes (1). In addition, Kar [86,172] reported the occurrence of 133 species of fishes through a pilot survey conducted in 19 rivers spread in Barak drainage (Assam), Mizoram and Tripura. Kar [92], further, reported the occurrence of 103 species of fishes through an extensive survey conducted in six principal rivers in Barak valley (Assam), Mizoram and Tripura. Kar [172-174] and Kar and Sen (2007) have done detailed study on the biodiversity of fishes in NE India with reference to Barak drainage, Mizoram and Tripura.

Notwithstanding the above, studies on the fish assemblage structure and their habitat requirements in the streams of Northeast India are scanty. Few initiatives have started in South India [22]. A novel approach related to the study of Fish assemblage structure and species inventory and habitat requirement of individual ichthyospecies in the assemblage in a number of rivers in Barak valley region of Assam, Mizoram and Tripura have been undertaken and results reported by Kar [92-94, 172-174] (Sen, 2007).

Methodology

General survey of the Fish diversity and habitat parameters were studied using standard procedures [23,191]. Headwater to downstream studies were based on River Continuum Concept [207]. Spatial heterogeneity of river channel across small to large spatial scales [53], longitudinal (upstream vs downstream) and lateral (stream margin/mid-channel) dimensions were studied.

Fish samples were collected through experimental fishing using cast nets (dia.3.7m and 1.0m), gill nets (vertical height 1.0m - 1.5m; length 100m -150m), drag nets (vertical height 2.0m), triangular scoop nets (vertical height 1.0 m) and a variety of traps. Camouflaging technique was also used to catch the fishes. Fish have been preserved at first in concentrated formaldehyde in the field itself and then in 40 % formalin. Fishes have been identified after standard literature [1, 14, 41, 75-77, 183, 184, 196, 203]. Yield statistics were extrapolated (Dey and Kar, 1990) [5,79,172] from daily catch statistics recorded at the landing stations [52] while the trend and cyclic variations were constructed by applying 12 months moving average method [5, 30, 126, 172-174, 17].

Pilot study on the Fishes of North-East India

As indicated, pilot survey conducted in 22 rivers in Barak drainage, Mizoram and Tripura, during the period 1999 to 2016, revealed the occurrence of 133 species of fishes [5, 7-9, 17, 34, 102-105, 209, 210].

According to our field observations, there is a difference in habitat preference within the species in many families. Young fishes are generally found to prefer benthic zone of the rivers while the adults tend to live in all the different niches (Smith, 1994). The Garra spp. and the balitorids have been generally found in the fast-flowing hill streams. Sections of the rivers not having many aquatic macrophytes revealed an abundance of fishes. The food of the adults generally consists of herbivorous items with occasional carnivorous components. The gut contents revealed the occurrence of mainly phytoplankton food with zooplankton encountered only occasionally.

Of the fish species recorded, the cyprinids were the most abundant group. Altogether, 754 number of cyprinid fishes have been collected from six prominent rivers in NE India, viz., rivers Barak, Jatinga, Sonai, Dhaleswari in Barak valley region of Assam, river Tuirial in Mizoram and river Gomati in Tripura. The contribution of cyprinids to the total fish collection depicts its highest contribution in river Tuirial and lowest in river Dhaleswari. Among the cyprinids, Salmophasia bacaila, Aspidoparia morar, Barilius vagra vagra, Amblypharyngodon mola, Neolissochilus hexagonolepis & Pethia conchonius were recorded in almost all the study sites. Further, of the total fish species recorded, five species, viz., Puntius sarana sarana, Ompok bimaculatus, Ailia coila, Eutropiichthys vacha & Bagarius bagarius could be categorized as `vulnerable’ [186]. Still further, species like Gudusia chapra, Tor mosal, Labeo gonius, Crossocheilus latius latius, Balitora brucei, Mystus tengara, Xenentodon cancila, Mastacembelus armatus & Nandus nandus could be typified as `Indeterminate’ (Ibid, 1998).

Notwithstanding the above, freshwater (FW) fishes of this region have been infected by a hitherto unknown fish disease called the Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome or EUS. A summary of our studies on EUS fish disease is given below:

Summary of EUS fish disease

The EUS fish disease, having profound impact on fish sustenance vis-a vis human health and nutrition and economy of the fishermen and the nation, is being dealt with here briefly based mainly on the present author’s study. The dreadful and virulent EUS has been sweeping the FW in the globe in an epidemic dimension, unhindered, unimpeded and unabated, almost semiglobally. This disease has caused large-scale mortality among fish since 1988, rendering many of them endangered. It also leads to fear psychosis among the fish-eating people, causing untold misery to the fishermen and fish farmers, as well as devastation to the economy of the nation. EUS had initially affected four species of fishes very widely, viz., Pethia conchonius, Mystus vittatus, Macrognathus aculeatus & Channa punctata. Our study revealed fluctuation in the intensity of the disease in relation to species affected. Large hemorrhagic cutaneous ulcers, epidermal degeneration and necrosis followed by sloughing of scales are the principal symptoms of EUS. Low total alkalinity (TA) could be a pre-disposing `Stress factor’. Sick fishes show low haemoglobin and polymorphs, but high ESR and lymphocytes. The communicative nature of EUS revealed variation in time gap between fish and infection in different species. Inoculation of microbes in the test animals did not reveal any sign of ulcerations for two years. Bacterial culture revealed occurrence of haemolytic E. coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus epidermitis in the surface lesions as well as in the gut, liver, gills, heart, kidney and gonads of sick fishes. All these have been found to be sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Septran, Gentamycin, etc. Fungal isolation revealed the occurrence of Aphanomyces sp. with concomitant occurrence of the same fungal genus in histological sections of EUS-affected fishes. Histopathological (HP) studies showed focal areas of increased fibrosis and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in muscles; focal areas of fatty degeneration of hepatocytes surrounding the portal triads in the liver. Inoculation of 10 % tissue homogenate of EUSaffected Clarias batrachus into 80% confluent monolayer form RTG fish cell line in Leiboitz L-15 medium, revealed progressinve CPE which was passable in subsequent cultures: thus, indicating the `isolation’ of virus.

Electron Microscopic studies with the ultra-thin sections of EUS-affected fish tissues, revealed the presence of virus-like particles (inclusion bodies); and, preliminarily, the picobirna virus has been electron microscopically identified as the primary aetiological agent of EUS. Further studies in this regard are being conducted [2,5,17,172,100].

Potentials and Problems of the Water Bodies and Human Impact

There are a number of standing (Lentic) and running (Lotic) water bodies in the Indian sub-continent. North-East (NE) India contain a bewildering diversity of fishes in innumerable water bodies. But both the precious water bodies and the coveted fishes are not much being taken care of with regard to their proper management and conservation; thus, leading to their depletion [211-215]..

Nevertheless, it is, probably, essential to emphatically portray some of the potential, problems and difficulties in these water bodies and the fishes therein; and the present communication is a humble contribution to that.

Potentials and problems in the lentic systems Potentials

The potentials of Beels, Haors and Anuas are reflected in the many aspects as stated below:
a) Vast water spread area, presence of continuous inlets and outlets (in many wetlands), maximum depth sometimes up to 6.0m.
b) The occurrence of rich fish diversity to the extent of 70 species in a single Beel (Sone Beel), presence of migratory Hilsa in some of the Beels, Haors, etc.
c) Likewise, some of the Haors have rich diversity of Phyto- and zooplankton and occurrence of juveniles of IMCs and Hilsa; thus, indicating such wetlands serving as possible natural breeding grounds of IMCs and Hilsa.
d) The Anuas, being detached from original course of the rivers, could serve as ideal sites for culture fishery [47,112,113,126,127].

Problems

Notwithstanding the above, significant problems faced by these wetlands are mostly human induced, e.g.,
a) Diversification of the course of the inlets and blocking of the outlets, which results in siltation of the Beels and the channels due to less expulsion of silt from the Beel and leads to diminution of depth and water-spread area rendering loss of breeding ground for the large growing fish (LGF); exposure of the land, their subsequent encroachments and paddy cultivation often using chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
b) Day-in and day-out fishing operations by thousands of unrehabilitated fishermen using 26 different types of fishing gears (some of which are fine-meshed) and methods [17,172] is a problem of concern.
c) Acute weed problems in some of the “Anuas” are another problem of serious concern.
d) Also, the EUS fish disease, sometimes kill innumerable fishes, which is also to be tackled [2,100].

Suggestions

Some of the important suggestions include the following:
a) Removal/modification of man-made blockades in order to revive large-scale migration of fish, to help boost fish trade through navigation and to enable some amount of natural desiltation.
b) Furthermore, proposed measures could include: some amount of human-involved desiltation, which could revive the breeding ground of the Large Growing Fishes) (LGF), discourage paddy cultivation due to re-submergence of the exposed wetland beds; rehabilitation of the innumerable immigrated and unrehabilitated fishermen.
c) Further, to impart minimum education and monitoring of the riparian wetland users by the NGOs for less input towards eutrophication, etc. All these measures could help in the improvement of the Beel environment in an affirmative way.
d) In addition, culture of IMCs in the deep fishing centres at the DSL to boost local earnings; and, initiation/re-vamping of the Fishermen Co-operative Societies, could go a long way in the emancipation of the fisherfolk.
e) These measures could contribute to maintaining the health of the Wetlands, Wetland-users and fishes therein and, could go a long way in the socio-economic upliftment of the poor fishermen.

A list of some of the wetlands in the NE Region of India indicating their potentials and problems have been tabulated below. Further, the potentials and problems of Sone Beel alone which is the biggest wetland in Assam (Area at FSL= 345812 ha) and one of the biggest wetlands in the Indian sub-continent and in the Asian Continent, has been tabulated separately.

Potentials and problems of Sone Beel (wetland) Potentials of Sone Beel

a) Very Big size
b) Continuous inlet, outlet
c) High Fish yield, IMC Naturally growing, also could be cultured
d) Occurrence of Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha
e) Ideal site for rehabilitation of Fishermen

Problems of Sone Beel

a) Inlet and outlet diversifications
b) Outlet blockade, siltation inlet (max. 350.0 mg lit^-1) in contrast to low expulsion through the outlet (max. 216.0 mg lit^-1)
c) Mahajal operation
d) Paddy cultivation, Siltation, weeds
e) Big size carnivorous fish
f) Presence of exotic carps
g) Day-in, day-out fishing operations
h) EUS fish disease problem

Acknowledgment

We thank the authorities of the university of Río Negro for support all authors. LMM is supported by UNRN and CONICET, but this research was carried out with LMM personal financing.

References

1. Jayaram, KC (2010) The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region, Narendra Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp. 638.
2. Kar D, Roy A (2021) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) fish disease chronology, status and major outbreaks in the world. Transylv. Rev Syst Ecol Res The Wetlands Diversity, Romania 23(2): 29-38.
3. Kar D, Khynriam D (2020) On a recent pioneering taxonomic study of the fishes from rivers Diyung, Vomvadung, Khualzangvadung, Tuikoi and Mahur in Dima Hasao district of Assam (India) Transylv. Rev Syst Ecol Res The Wetlands Diversity, Romania 22(3): 83-106.
4. WCMC (1998) Freshwater Biodiversity: A Preliminary Gobal Assessment. A Document prepared for the 4^th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention of Biological Diversity, World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
5. Kar D (2019) Wetlands diversity and their fishes in Assam, India. Transylv Rev Syst Ecol Res The Wetlands Diversity: Romania, p. 47-80.
6. CAMP (1998) Report of the Workshop on Conservation, Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) for Freshwater Fishes of India. Zoo Outreach Organization and NBFGR, Lucknow, India, pp. 156: 22-26.
7. Kar D (2007a) Fundamentals of Limnology and Aquaculture Biotechnology. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp. 623
8. Kar D (2007b) Sustainability issues of Inland Fish Biodiversity and Fisheries in Barak drainage (Assam), in Mizoram and Tripura. In: Kurup MB, Ravindran K, Sustain Fish (Eds.), School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT): Proceedings of International Symposium on `Improved sustainability of Fish Production Systems and Appropriate Technologies for Utilization, Cochin, India, pp. 555-560.
9. Kar D (2007c) Lentic Fishery: Fishery of a Tropical Wetland (Beel) in Assam. Science & Society 5(1): 53-72.
10. UNEP (1992) The Convention of Biological Diversity (Nairobi).
11. Kar D, Laskar BA, Mandal M, Lalsiamliana, Nath D (2002a) Fish Genetic Diversity and Habitat parameters in Barak drainage, Mizoram and Tripura. Indian J Environment and Ecoplanning 6(3): 473-480.
12. Kar D, Laskar BA, Nath D, Mandal M, Lalsiamliana (2002b) Tor progenius (McClelland) under threat in River Jatinga, Assam, India. Science and Culture 68(7-8): 211.
13. Kar D, Laskar BA, Nath D (2002c) Tor sp. (Mahseer fish) in river Mat in Mizoram. Aquacult 3(2): 229-234.
14. Menon AGK (1974) A Checklist of the Fishes of the Himalayan and the Indo-gangetic Plains. Inland Fish Soc India Barrackpore, pp. 144.
15. Yadava YS, Chandra R (1994) Some threatened carps and cat fishes of Brahmaputra River System. In: Threatened Fishes of India, Natcon Publication No. 4 UP, India, pp. 45-55.
16. Govt of Assam (2006) Statistical Handbook of Assam. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Assam (Guwahati), pp. 323.
17. Kar D (2013) Wetlands and Lakes of the World, Springer, London, pp. 717.
18. Shelford VE (1911) Ecological Succession: Stream Fishes and the method of Physiographic analysis. Biological Bulletin 21(1): 9-35.
19. Scott MC, Hall LW (1997) Fish assemblages indicators of environmental degradation in Maryland Coastal plain streams. Transactions of Amerian Fisheries Society 126(3): 349-360.
20. Kar D, Dey SC (1991) Gill nets in Lake Sone of Assam with their Economics and Impact on Fishery. J Applied Zool Res 2(2): 76-79.
21. Cairns J, McCormick PV, Niederlehner BR (1993) A proposed framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health. Hydrobiologia 263: 1-44.
22. Arunachalam M, Madhusudan NKC, Vijberg J, Kortmulder K (1988) Food and Habitat usage of cyprinid fish assemblage in stream pools of a South Indian River. Rep Limnological Institute of Royal Academy of Sciences, The Netherlands 19: 89.
23. Armontrout NB (1990) Aquatic Inventory: Bureau of Land Management. Eugene District, USA, pp. 32.
24. Angermeier PL, Karr JR (1983) Fish Communities along environmental gradients in a system of tropical streams. Environmental Biology of Fishes 9(2): 117-135.
25. Angeermeier PL, Winston MR (1998) Local vs regional influences on local diversity in stream fish communities of Virginia. Ecology 79(3): 911-927.
26. Barbhuiya AH, Das B, Darlong L, Tarafdar RG, Sharma R, et al. (2009) Fish Biodiversity in certain rivers of Tripura. Environment & Ecology 27(1): 222-227.
27. Kar D, Barbhuiya AH (2009) Mahseer Fishes of Barak Drainage, Mizoram and Tripura. Souvenir: National Symposium on Coldwater Fisheries Management: new Strategies and Approaches. Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR), Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India: pp. 77-80.
28. Barman RC, Dana SS, Bhatacharya BK, Kar D, Barbhuiya AH (2008) Effect of situational variables on knowledge level of Fishermen for sustainable development of Beel fisheries. Environment and Ecology 26(4B): 2092-2094.
29. Barman RC, Kar D, Dana SS, Majumdar D (2012) Role of availability of critical aquaculture inputs and community-managed markets on community-based floodplain wetland management. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4(2): 164-166.
30. Coxton FE, Cowden DJ (1950) Applied General Statistics. Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London, pp. 944.
31. Benke AC, Van Ardsall TC, Gillespie DM, Parish FK (1984) Invertebrate productivity in a sub-tropical backwater river: The importance of habitat and life history. Ecol Monogr 54(1): 25-63.
32. Bhat A (2002) A study of the diversity and ecology of the freshwater fishes of four river systems of Uttar Kannada district. Karnataka, India, PhD thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India pp. 209.
33. Darlington PJ (1957) Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 675.
34. Das BK, Boruah P, Kar D (2015) Ichthyofaunal diversity of Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Springer, 70: 52-60.
35. Das BK, Boruah P, Kar D (2016) Habitat Mapping and Fish Diversity of River Siang in Arunachal Pradesh. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Research, Taiwan, 3(1): 9-18.
36. Das P, Mukherjee S, Kar S, Das U, Kar D, et al. (2018) Zooplnakton as dietary component of selected freshwater fish: Network Analysis based on gut content. AACL Bioflux 11(1): 232-244.
37. Datta MJS, Srivastava MP (2002) Natural History of Fishes and Systematics of Freshwater Fishes of India. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, India, pp. 403.
38. Day F (1873) Report on the Freshwater Fish and Fisheries of India and Burma. Calcutta, India, pp. 22-23.
39. Day F (1878) The Fishes of India, being a Natural History of the Fishes known to inhabit the Seas and Freshwaters of India. Burma and Ceylon, 195 pls, Text and Atlas in 4 parts, WM Dawson and Sons Ltd. London, pp. 778.
40. Day F (1885) Relationship of the Indian and African Freshwater Fish Fauna. J Linn Soc Zool 18(107): 308-317.
41. Day F (1889) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Fishes. 1-2: 509-548.
42. Bimola M, Das U, Das P, Kar S, Aditya G, et al. (2016) Rotifer Species Assemblages in Three Freshwater Habitats of Manipur, India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Springer, 71: 248–256.
43. Dey SC (1973) Studies on the Distribution and Taxonomy of the Ichthyofauna of the hill streams of Kamrup-Khasi-Garo Regions of Assam with special reference to the Functional morphology of some rheophillic Fishes, D.Sc. Thesis, , University of Calcutta, India, pp. 299.
44. Dey SC, Kar D (1987) Physico-chemical complexes of water and soil in Sone, an ichthyologically potential tectonic lake of Assam. J Assam Sci Soc 30(1): 1-11.
45. Dey SC, Kar D (1989a) Aquatic macrophytes of Lake Sone in Assam. Environment and Ecology 7(1): 253-254.
46. Dey SC, Kar D (1989b) Fishermen of Lake Sone in Assam: their socio-economic status. Science and Culture 55: 395-398.
47. Dey SC, Kar D (1989c) An account of Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton) of Lake Sone in the Karimganj district of Assam. Bangladesh J Zoology 17(1): 69-73.
48. Dhar N, Goswami MM, Kar D (2004a) Aquatic macrophytes in Baskandi Lake, an Oxbow Lake of Barak basin, Assam. Environment and Ecology 22(4): 606-608.
49. Dhar N, Goswami MM, Kar D (2004b) Co-operative Movement: Need of the hour in Capture Fishery Sector In: Goswami PJ, Acharjee PR, Cooperative Movement in Assam: Problems and Prospects (Ed.), GC College Credit and Thrift Co-operative Society Ltd., Silchar. Assam, India, pp. 113-116.
50. Dudgeon D (1995) The Ecology of rivers and streams in Tropical Asia: pp. 615-657. In: Cushing CE, Cummins KW, Minshall GW, Ecosystems of the World 22: River and Stream Ecosystems (Eds.), Elsevier Press (UK).
51. Dutta B, Das N, Kar D (2016) The Fish Catching Devices with their Efficacy and Cost-benefit Analysis in the Towkak River in Assam and Nagaland, India. Fish Aquac J 7: 156. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 7(1): 1000156.
52. FAO (1974) Design of Fisheries Statistical Surveys: Inland Waters. Food and Agricultural Organisation. Fisheries Tech Pap, 133: 1-122.
53. Forman RT, Godran M (1986) Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons (New York).
54. Govt of Assam (1980) Statistical Handbook of Assam. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Assam (Guwahati).
55. Ghosh SK, Lipton AP (1982) Ichthyofauna of the NEH Region with special reference to their economic importance. ICAR Research Complex, NEH Region, Shillong, Spl Bull 1: 119-126.
56. Hamilton B (1822) Account of the Fishes found in the river Ganges and its tributaries. Edinburgh, UK, pp. 405.
57. Hora SL (1921a) Fish and Fisheries of Manipur with some observations on those of the Naga Hills. Rec Indian Mus 22: 165-214.
58. Hora SL (1921b) Indian Cyprinoid fishes belonging to the Genus Garra with notes on the related species from other countries. Rec Indian Mus 22: 633-687.
59. Hora SL (1930) Ecology, Bionomics and Evolution of torrential fauna with special reference to the organs of attachment. Phil Trans Roy Soc London (B), 218: 171-282.
60. Hora SL (1936) Nature of substratum as an important factor in the ecology of torrential fauna. Proc Nat Inst Sci India 2: 45-47.
61. Hora SL (1937) Geographical distribution of Indian Freshwater Fishes and its bearing on the probable land connections beween India and the adjacent countries. Curr Sci 7: 351-356.
62. Hora SL (1938) A Preliminary note on the spawning grounds and Bionomics of the so-called Indian shad, Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton) in the Ganges. Rec Indian Mus 40: 147-158.
63. Hora SL (1939) The Game Fishes of India. VIII: The Mahseers of the large-scaled barbs of India. I: The putitor mahseer Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton). J Bombay nat Hist Soc 41: 272-285.
64. Hora SL (1940) Dams and the problem of migratory fishes. Curr Sci 9: 406-407.
65. Hora SL (1943) The Game Fishes of India XVI: The Mahseers of the large-scaled Barbs of India. 9: Further observations on Mahseers from the Deccan. J Bombay nat Hist Soc 44: 1-8.
66. Hora SL (1951a) Knowledge of the ancient Hindus concerning Fish and Fisheries of India. 3: Matsyarinoda or a Chapter on angling in the Manasollasa by King Somesvara (1127 AD). J Asiatic Soc Letters 17: 145-169.
67. Hora SL (1951b) Fish Geography of India. J Zool Soc India 3(1): 183-187.
68. Hora SL (1951c) Some observations on the Palaeogeography of the Garo-Rajmahal gap as evidenced by the distribution of the Malayan fauna and flora to Peninsular India. Proc Nat Inst Sci India 17: 437-444.
69. Hora SL (1953) Fish Distribution and Central Asian Orography. Curr Sci 22(4): 93-94.
70. Hora SL, Menon AGK (1952) Distribution of Indian Fishes of the past and their bearing on the geography of India. The extinct freshwater Dipnoan and Ganoid Fishes of India. Everyday Sci 1: 26-37.
71. Hora SL, Silas EG (1952) Evolution and Distribution of glyptosternoid fishes of the Family Sisoridae (Order: Siluroidea). Proc Nat Inst Sci India 18(4): 309-322.
72. Hora SL, Pillay TVR (1962) Handbook on Fish Culture in the Indo-Pacific region. FAO Fish Biol Tech Pap 14: 204.
73. Hugueny B, Paugy D (1995) Unsaturated fish communities in African rivers. American Naturalist 146(1): 162-169.
74. Jackson DA, Harvey HH (1989) Biogeographic associations in fish assemblages: Local vs regional processes. Ecology 70(5): 1472-1484.
75. Jayaram KC (1981) The Freshwater Fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka: a Handbook, Zoological Survey of India. Calcutta, India, pp. 497.
76. Jayaram KC (1999) The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, India, pp. 551.
77. Jayaram KC (2003) Ecostatus and Conservation Strategies for Mahseer fishes of India with special reference to Deccan species: In: Kar D, Dey SC, Datta NC, Welfare Biology in the New Millennium, (Eds.) Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore, India, p. 3-12.
78. Kar D (1984) Limnology and Fisheries of Lake Sone in the Cachar district of Assam (India). PhD Thesis, University of Gauhati, Assam, India, pp. 209.
79. Kar D (1990) Limnology and Fisheries of Lake Sone in the Cachar district of Assam (India). Matsya 15-16: 209-213.
80. Kar D (1999a) Preliminary Study of Limnology and Aquatic biota of Rudra Sagar wetland in South Tripura. Proc Regional Seminar on Biodiversity, Guwahati, Assam 1.
81. Kar D (1999b) Microbiological and Environmental Studies in relation to Fish Disease in India. Gordon Research Conference, Connecticut, USA.
82. Kar D (2000a) Socio-economic Development of the Fisherwomen through Aquaculture with emphasis on Integrated Farming in the villages around Chatla Haor Wetland in Silchar, Assam. Seminar presented on DBT-sponsored Awarness Workshop on Biotechnology-based Programmes for Women and Rural Development, NEHU, Shillong 1: 13-14.
83. Kar D (2000b) Present Status of Fish Biodiversity in South Assam and Tripura. In: Ponniah AG, Sarkar UK (Eds.), Fish Biodiversity of North-East India. NBFGR-NATP Publication, Lucknow, India 2: 228.
84. Kar D (2001) Species composition and distribution of Fishes in the rivers in Barak valley region of Assam and the Principal rivers in Mizoram and Tripura in relation to their Habitat parameters. Proc. National Workshop, NATP-ICAR Project Mid-term Review, 1: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin p. 25.
85. Kar D (2002) Present status of Biodiversity of Fishes of Barak valley region of Assam with a note on their Management and Conservation. Proc UGC-Sponsored State-level Seminar on Biodiversity of Assam. In: Bhattacharjee MK, Datta CM, Mazumder PB, Session Chairman’s Lecture, (Eds.), Karimganj College, Assam University, Assam, India pp. 3-10.
86. Kar D (2003a) Fishes of Barak drainage, Mizoram and Tripura. In: Kumar A, Bohra C, Singh LK, Environment, Pollution and Management (Eds.) APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India pp. 203-211.
87. Kar D (2003b) An account of the Fish Biodiversity in South Assam, Mizoram and Tripura along with a brief account of Epizootic Ulcerative Fish Disease Syndrome in freshwater fishes. UGC-sponsored Invited Lecture in Dept. of Environmental Engg, Guru Jambeswar University, Hissar, Haryana, India.
88. Kar D (2003c) Peoples’ Perspective on Fish Conservation in the Water bodies of South Assam, Mizoram and Tripura: In: Mahanta PC, Tyagi LK, Participatory Approach for Fish Biodiversity Conservation in North-East India (Eds.), National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR) Lucknow, India, pp. 325-328.
89. Kar D (2004) A Glimpse into the Fish Bioresources of North-East India with a note on their Management, Conservation and Biotechnological Potential. Proc (Invited Lecture) DBT-sponsored National Symposium on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilisation of Environmental Resources: Tripura University, p. 9.
90. Kar D (2004a) Inventorying of Fish Biodiversity in North-East India with a note on their Conservation. Proc National Conference on Fish and their Environment, B A Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India, 1.
91. Kar D (2004b) Conservation and Ichthyodiversity in the River Systems of Barak drainage, Mizoram and Tripura. Proc. National Symp. Management of Aquatic Resources for Biodiversity Maintenance and Conservation, J N Vyas University, Jodhpur, India, 1.
92. Kar D (2005a) Fish Genetic Resources and Habitat Diversity of the Barak drainage. In: Ramachandra TV, Ahalya N, Rajsekara MC, Aquatic Ecosystems, Conservation, Restoration and Management (Eds.)., Capital Publishing Company, Bangalore, India, pp. 68-76.
93. Kar D (2005b) Fish Fauna of River Barak, of Mizoram and of Tripura with a note on Conservation. J Freshwater Biol p. 16.
94. Kar D (2005c) Fish Diversity in the Major Rivers in Southern Assam, Mizoram and Tripura: Proc 2^nd International Symposium on GIS and Spatial Analyses in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton (UK), (Eds.), Nishida T, Kailola PJ, Hollingworth CE. Fisheries and Aquatic GIS Research Group, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan 2: 679-691.
95. Kar D (2010) Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation. Swastik Publishers, Delhi, India, pp. 170.
96. Kar D (2012a) Essentials of Fish Biology. Dominant Publishers, New Delhi, India, pp. 251.
97. Kar D (2012b) Wetlands, rivers, fish diversity, fish diseases and aquaculture in North-East India. Fishing Chimes 31(12): 35-37.
98. Kar D (2014a) Wetlands of Assam with Special Reference to Sone Beel. The Biggest Wetland in Assam and MoEF-Listed Wetland of Wetland of National Importance. Research Frontiers in Wetlands. Fishery & Aquaculture 19-42. In: Kar D, Research Frontiers in Wetlands, Fishery and Aquaculture, (Eds.) Dominant Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India, pp. 331.
99. Kar D (2014b) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome Disease in Wetland Fishes. Research Frontiers in Wetlands, Fishery & Aquaculture. 43-58. In: Kar D, Research Frontiers in Wetlands, Fishery and Aquaculture (Eds.) Dominant Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India, pp. 331.
100. Kar D (2015) Epizootic Ulcerative Fish Disease Syndrome. Elsevier, Academic Press, USA, pp. 312.
101. Kar D (2016) Wetlands, Rivers, Fish, Plankton resources and Fish disease and Aquaculture in North-East India. An Overview Proc International Symposium, Lake, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, and Alva’s Education Foundation, Mengaluru, India, pp. 37.
102. Kar D (2021a) Community Based Fisheries Management: A Global Perspective, Elsevier, Academic Press, USA, pp. 623.
103. Kar D (2021b) Fish and Their Habitats in North-East India Biodiversity Hotspot. Oceanography and Fisheries, USA 13(2): 1-3.
104. Kar D (2021c) Unique Oxbow Wetlands in Assam, India. Review Article: Oceanography and Fisheries 14(3): 1-9.
105. Kar D (2021d) Wetlands, Fishes and Pandemics with Special Reference to India. Sustainability in Environment 6(3): 136-142.
106. Kar D, Barbhuiya MH (2000a) Length-weight Relationship and Condition Factor in Gudusia chapra (Ham-Buch) and Botia dario (Ham-Buch) from Chatla Haor (flood plain wetland) in Cachar district of Assam. Environment and Ecology 18(1): 227-229.
107. Kar D, Barbhuiya MH (2000b) Ichthyodiversity of Chatla Haor: A Floodplain wetland in Barak valley Region of Assam. In: Pandey BN, Singh BK, Advances in Zoology and Environmental Degradation and Biodiversity, (Ed.) Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp. 3-6.
108. Kar D, Barbhuiya MH (2001) Ecology of Aquatic Macrophytes of Chatla Haor, a floodplain wetland in Cachar district of Assam. Environment and Ecology 19(1): 231-233.
109. Kar D, Barbhuiya MH (2002) Macrophytic diversity in certain Wetlands of Barak valley region of Assam. In: Ramachandra TV, Rajasekara MN, Ahalya N, Restoration of Lakes and Wetlands (Eds.), Allied Publishers (P) Ltd. Bangalore, India, pp. 86-89.
110. Kar D, Barbhuiya MH (2004) Abundance and Diversity of Zooplankton in Chatla Haor, a floodplain wetland in Cachar district of Assam. Environment and Ecology 22(1): 247-248.
111. Kar D, Barbhuiya MH (2005) Length-weight relationship and relative condition factoring Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha (Hamiilton) of Barak drainage of Assam. Indian J Environment and Ecoplanning 10(1): 265-267.
112. Kar D, Dey SC (1982a) Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton) from Lake Sone in Cachar. Assam Proc Indian Sci Congr 69: 77.
113. Kar D, Dey SC (1982b) An account of Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton)of Sone Beel (Cachar district, Assam, India). Proc All-India Sem Ichthyol 2: 3.
114. Kar D, Dey SC (1986) An account of ichthyospecies of Lake Sone in Barak valley of Assam. Proc All-India Sem Ichthyology 6: 3.
115. Kar D, Dey SC (1987) An account of the Fish and Fisheries of Lake Sone in the Barak valley of Assam (India). Proc Workshop Development of Beel Fisheries in Assam 1: 13.
116. Kar D, Dey SC (1988) An account of Fish yield from Lake Sone in the Barak valley of Assam. Proc Indian Sci Congr 75: 49.
117. Kar D, Dey S (1988) Preliminary Electron Microscopic studies on Diseased fish tissues from Barak valley of Assam. Proc Annual Conference of Electron Microscopic Society of India 18: 88.
118. Kar D, Dey SC (1988a) A critical account of the Recent Fish Disease in the Barak valley of Assam. Proc Regional Symp. On Recent outbreak of Fish Diseases in North-East India 1: 8.
119. Kar D, Dey SC (1988b) Impact of Recent Fish Epidemics on the Fishing Communities of Cachar district of Assam. Proc Regional Symp. On Recent outbreak of Fish Diseases in North-East India 1: 8.
120. Kar D, Dey SC (1990a) Fish Disease Syndrome: A Preliminary Study from Assam. Bangladesh J Zoology 18: 115-118.
121. Kar D, Dey SC (1990b) A Preliminary study of Diseased Fishes from Cachar district of Assam. Matsya 15-16: 155-161.
122. Kar D, Dey SC (1990c) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Fishes of Assam. J Assam Sci Soc 32(2): 29-31.
123. Kar D, Dey SC (1993a) Variegated Encircling gears in Lake Sone of Assam. J Appl Zool Res 4(2): 171-175.
124. Kar D, Dey SC (1993b) Interrelationship and Dynamics of Fish Population of Lake Sone in Assam. Environment and Ecology 11(3): 718-719.
125. Kar D, Dey SC (1996) Scooping Gears of Lake Sone in Assam. J Applied Zool Res 7(1): 65-68.
126. Kar D, Dey SC (2000) Yield and Conservation of Indian major carps of Lake Sone in Assam. Environment and Ecology 18(4): 1036-1038.
127. Kar D, Dey SC (2002) On the occurrence of Advanced fry of Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan) in Chatla Haor Seasonal wetland of Assam. Proc Zool Soc Calcutta 5 (2): 15-19.
128. Kar D, Upadhyaya T (1998) Histopathological Studies of Fish tissues affected by Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Assam. Technical Bulletin, XIII Convention and National Symposium of Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomists (IAAM). College of Veterinary Sciences, Assam Agricultural University (Guwahati).
129. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2000a) Fish Genetic Resources in the Principal rivers and wetlands in North-East India with special emphasis on Barak valley (Assam), in Mizoram and in Tripura, with a note on Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome fish disease. Proc National Project Initiation Workshop of the NATP-ICAR World Bank- aided Project on Germplasm Inventory, Evaluation and Gene Banking of Freshwater Fishes, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Lucknow, India 1: 12.
130. Kar D, Mandal M, Laskar BA, Dhar N, Barbhuiya MH (2000b) Ichthyofauna of some of the oxbow lakes in Barak valley region of Assam. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetlands and Fisheries Research in the New Millennium 1: 16.
131. Kar D, Dey SC, Kar S, Bhattacharjee N, Roy A (1993) Virus-like particles in Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome of Fish. Proc. International Symp. On Virus-Cell Interaction: Cellular and Molecular Responses 1: 34.
132. Kar D, Dey SC, Kar S, Roy A, Michael RG, et al. (1994) A Candidate virus in Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome of Fish. Proc National Symp of the Indian Virological Society 1: 27.
133. Kar D, Roy A, Dey SC, Menon AGK, Kar S (1995a) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Fishes of India. World Congress of In Vitro Biology, in vitro 31(3): 7.
134. Kar D, Kar S, Roy A, Dey SC (1995b) Viral Disease Syndrome in Fishes of North-East India. Proc. International Symp. Of International Centre for Genetic Engg. And Biotechnology (ICGEB) and the Univ of California at Irvine 1: 14.
135. Kar D, Dey SC, Kar S (1995c) A Viral Disease among the Fishes of North-East India. Annual Congress on Man and Environment, National Environment Sci. Acad and National Institute of Oceanography 10: 62.
136. Kar D, Dey SC, Purkayastha M, Kar S (1996a) An overview of the Impediments in Conservation of Biodiversity of Lake Sone in Assam. Proc Seminar on Conservation of Biodiversity in Indian Aquatic Ecosystems, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 1.
137. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A, Kar S (1996b) Viral Disease Syndrome in Fishes of India. Proc International Congress of Virology, 10.
138. Kar D, Purkayastha M, Kar S (1996c) Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Project: A case study from Sone Beel in Assam. Proc National Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Project (BCPP), World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nature-India and Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore).
139. Kar D, Saha D, Laskar R, Barbhuiya MH (1997) Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Project (BCPP) in Barak valley region of Assam. Proc National Project Evaluation Workshop on BCPP, Betla Tiger Reserve and National Park, Jharkand, India 1.
140. Kar D, Saha D, Dey SC (1998a) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Barak valley of Assam. In: Project Report submitted and presented at the National Symposium of Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Project (BCPP) held at WWF-New Delhi, India.
141. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (1998b) Present status of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) in Southern Assam. Proc Regional Project Initiation Workshop for NATP-ICAR-NBFGR Project 1: 9.
142. Kar D, Dey SC, Kar S, Roy A (1998c) An account of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Assam. In: Final Project Report of Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Project (BCPP). Submitted and presented at the International Project Finalisation Workshop of BCPP, 1, New Delhi, India, pp. 1-3.
143. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (1998d) Fish Disease Diagnosis and Fish Quarantine problems in India and South-East Asia with particular emphasis on Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) fish disease problems. Proc. International Workshop on Fish Disease Diagnosis and Quarantine, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Govt. of India (GoI)-Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA)-Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN)-OIE, France: Held at the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), 1.
144. Kar D, Dey SC, Kar S, Ramachandra TV (1999) Trawls of Lake Sone in Assam. J Applied Zool Res 10(2): 170-172.
145. Kar D, Rahaman H, Barnman NN, Kar S, Dey SC, et al. (1999a) Bacterial Pathogens associated with Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Freshwater Fishes of India. Environment and Ecology 17(4): 1025-1027.
146. Kar D, Mandal M, Bhattacharjee S (1999b) Fungal Pathogens associated with Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Fishes of Barak valley region of Assam. Proc 1^st National Conference on Fisheries Biotechnology CIFE, 1: 34.
147. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A, Mandal M (2000c) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome Fish Disease in Barak valley region of Assam, India. Proc Nat Symp. Current Trends in Wetlands and Fisheries Research in the New Millennium 1: 2.
148. Kar D, Dey SC, Mandal M, Lalsiamliana (2000d) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome among the fishes of Assam. In: Proc. National Workshop of NATP-ICAR-NEC North-East Programme. Shillong, India 1: 24.
149. Kar D, Mandal M, Lalsiamliana (2001a) Species composition and distribution of Fishes in the rivers in Barak valley region of Assam and in the principal rivers of Mizoram and Tripura in relation to their habitat parameters. Proc National Workshop, NATP-ICAR Project, Mid-term Review,1: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, 25.
150. Kar D, Laskar BA, Lalsiamliana (2001b) Further studies on the Ichthyospecies composition and distribution of Freshwater Fishes in Barak drainage and in the principal rivers in Mizoram and in Tripura with a note on their Feeding and Breeding biology. Proc National Project Monitoring Workshop of NATP-ICAR Project, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India, 1: 22.
151. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2002d) Prevalence of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome among fishes of Assam. In: Proc Regional Symp. On Biodiversity, SS College, Assam (Central) University, Hailakandi, Assam, India.
152. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2002e) On the diseased fishes suffering from hitherto unknown Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Fishes in India. Proc All-India Congress of Zoology, Bangalore, India.
153. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2002f) Prevalence of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) among fishes of Mizoram. In: Proc Regional Symp. On Aquaculture 1.
154. Kar D, Laskar BA, Lalsiamliana (2002g) Germplasm Inventory, Evaluation and Gene Banking of Freshwater Fishes. 3^rd Annual Technical Report. National Project Evaluation Workshop, 3: NATP-ICAR World Bank-aided Project: National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India p. 57.
155. Kar D, Dey SC, Mandal M, Laskar BA, Lalsiamliana (2002h) Preliminary Survey of the Fish Genetic Resources of the Rivers in Barak Drainage, Mizoram and Tripura. In: Restoration of Lakes and Wetlands (Eds.) Ramachandra TR, Rajasekahra MC, Ahalya N, Allied Publishers (P) Ltd. Bangalore, India pp. 73-81.
156. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A, Mandal M (2002i) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Fishes of Barak valley of Assam, India. In: Ramachandra TV, Murthy RS, Ahalya N, Restoration of Lakes and Wetlands (Eds.), Allied Publishers (P) Ltd. Bangalore, India pp. 303-307.
157. Kar D, Dey SC, Datta NC (2003a) Welfare Biology in the New Millennium, Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd Bangalore, India, pp. 297.
158. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2003b) Capture Fishery in Lnetic Systems with some light on Sone Beel in Assam with special reference to prevalence of EUS in the Barak valley region of Assam. Proc Lecture Series in UGC-sponsored Vocational Course in Industrial Fish and Fisheries, Cachar College, Assam University, Silchar, Abstracts, 1.
159. Kar D, Roy A, Dey SC (2003c) Epizootic Ulcerative Disease Syndrome in Freshwater Fishes with a note on its Management for Sustainable Fisheries. Proc International Conference on Disease Management for Sustainable Fisheries. Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Trivandrum.
160. Kar D, Lohar M, Ngassepam Z, Sinom S, Tiwary B, et al. (2003d) Fish Bioresources in certain rivers of Assam and Manipur with a note on their assessment, management and conservation. Proc Nat Symp Assessment and Management of Bioresources, North Bengal University and The Zoological Society, Calcutta, India, pp. 56.
161. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2003e) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome: A virulent disease among the freshwater fishes of India. In: Proc Guest Lecture delivered at the Dept of Zoology, Arunachal University, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 1.
162. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2003f) Biodiversity of freshwater fishes of North-East India with a note on their health status. In: Proc DBT-sponsored Guest Lecture Series delivered at the Dept of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur (Central) University, Tezpur, India, 1.
163. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2003g) Epidemiology of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome disease among the freshwater fishes of India. In: Proc Regional Symp. On World Bank-aided programme entitled, Assam Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Services Project (ARIASP), Silchar, India 1.
164. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A (2003h) Review of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome disease among the freshwater fishes of India. In: Proc UGC-sponsored lecture series delivered at the Department of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Guru Jambeswar University, Hisar, Haryana, India.
165. Kar D, Laskar BA, Nath D (2003i) Length-weight relationship of Salmostoma phulo (Hamilton Buchanan) collected from River Karnafuli along Indo-Bangladesh border (in Mizoram). J Applied Zoological Researches 14(2): 188-190.
166. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A, Mandal M (2003j) Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome Fish Disease in Barak Valley Region of Assam. In: Kar D, Dey SC, Datta NC, Welfare Biology in the New Millennium (Eds.), Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd Bangalore, India, pp. 73-78.
167. Kar D, Roy A, Dey SC (2004a) An overview of Fish Genetic Diversity of North-East India. In: Garg SK, Jain KL, Proc National Workshop on Rational use of Water Resources for Aquaculture (Eds.), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, 1: 164-171.
168. Kar D, Roy A, Mazumder J, Patil P (2004b) Biotechnological approach for defining Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome Disease in Freshwater Fishes. In: Proc Mid-term Review: DBT-sponsored Project, New Delhi, India, 1.
169. Kar D, Dey SC, Roy A, Mazumder J, Patil P, et al. (2004c) Fish Disease Prevalence in Assam with particular reference to Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome and its pathogens. Proc International Conference Bioconvergence. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 1: 220.
170. Kar D, Nagarathna AV, Ramachandra TV, Dey SC (2005) Fish Diversity and Conservation aspects in an aquatic ecosystem in North-East India. ZOOS. Print Journal 21(7): 2308-2315.
171. Kar D, Laskar BA, Nath D (2006) An account of Fecundity of Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton-Buchanan) a commercially important fish in Assam. Environment and Ecology 24(3): 726-727.
172. Kar D, Mazumdar J, Halder I, Dey M (2007a) Dynamics of initiation of disease in fishes through interaction of microbes and the environment. Current Science, Bangalore, India 92(2): 177-179.
173. Kar D, Mazumdar J, Barbhuiya MA (2007b) Isolation of Mycotic flora from fishes affected by Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in Assam, India. Asian J Microbiology and Biotechnology 9(1): 37-39.
174. Kar D, Barbhuiya AH, Arifuddidn, Barbhuiya MA, Chetia P, et al. (2007c) Traditional Riverine Fish Catching Devices of Assam. Fishery Technology 44(2): 137- 146.
175. Kar D, Barbhuiya AH, Thangjam G, Devi SM, Deb S, et al. (2008) Panorama of Fish Biodiversity in certain rivers and wetlands in Manipur. Proc Zool Soc India 7(2): 123-134.
176. Kar D, Barbhuiya AH, Baruah AR, Choudhury C, Banerjee P, et al. (2009) Panorama of Fish Diversity in certain rivers, wetlands and protected areas in Assam. Geobios 36: 57-64.
177. Kar D, Shomorendra M, Singha R, Puinyabati H, Geetarani B, et al. (2011) Fish diversity and Helminth fauna in the fishes of Assam and Manipur, India. Fishing Chimes pp. 55-65.
178. Kar S, Das P, Das U, Bimola M, Kar D, et al. (2018 a) Culture of the zooplankton as fish food: observations on three freshwater species from Assam, India. AACL Bioflux 10(5): 1210-1220.
179. Kar S, Das P, Das U, Bimola M, Kar D, et al. (2018b) Correspondence of zooplankton assemblage and water quality in wetlands of Cachar, Assam, India: Implications for environmental management. Limnological Review 18(1): 9-19.
180. Karr JR (1991) Biological Integrity, a long-neglected aspect of Water Resource management. Ecological Applications 1(1): 66-84.
181. Kottelat M (1989) Zoogeography of the Fishes from Indo-Chinese Inland Waters with an annotated checklist. Bull Zool Mus Univ Amsterdam 12(1): 1-54.
182. Lowe MRH (1975) Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters. Longman, London, pp. 364.
183. Menon AGK (1999) Checklist: Freshwater Fishes of India. Occasional Paper No. 175, Zoological Survey of India Calcutta, India, pp. 419.
184. Misra KS (1959) An aid to the Identification of Commercial Fishes of India and Pakistan. Rec Indian Mus 57(1-4): 1-320.
185. Misra KS (1976) The Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. In: Pisces (2^nd), Teleostomi: Cypriniformes, Siluri: pp. 387.
186. Molur S, Walker S (1998) CAMP (Conservation Assessment and Management Plan) Workshop on Freshwater Fishes of Inida. Zoo Outreach Organisation/CBS, Coimbatore, India, pp. 156.
187. Motwani MP, Jayaram KC, Sehgal KL (1962) Fish and Fisheries of Brahmaputra River System, Assam. I Fish Fauna with observation on their zoogeographical significance. Trop Ecol 3: 17-43.
188. Myers GS (1949) Salt tolerance of freshwater Fish Groups in relation to geographical problems. Bijdr tot de Dierk, 28: 315-322.
189. Nath P, Dey SC (1997) Fish and Fisheries of North-East India. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 1-140.
190. Nath P, Dey SC (2000) Conservation of Fish Germplasm Resources of Arunachal Pradesh. In: Ponniah AG, Sarkar UK, Fish Biodiversity of North-East India (Eds.), NATP Publication NBFGR, Lucknow, India, pp. 49-67.
191. NBFGR (2000) Manual on Habitat Inventory. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR), Lucknow, India pp. 27.
192. Nichols JT (1928) Fishes of the White Nile (with Table of World’s Freshwater Fish Faunae). American Mus Novitates No. 319.
193. Ricklefs RE (1987) Community Diversity: Relative roles of Local and Regional processes. Science 235(4785): 167-171.
194. Riji JK, Rosalind M, Kar D, Md M, Kumar M, et al. (2016) Detection of Ranavirus infection in cultivated carps of North-East India. Fish Pathology, 51(Spl issue): 66-74.
195. Schlosser IJ (1982) Fish Community Structure and Function along two habitat gradients in a headwater stream. Ecol Monogr 52(4): 395-414.
196. Shaw GE, Shebbeare EO (1937) The Fishes of Northern Bengal. J Royal Asiatic Soc Bengal Science 137: 6.
197. Shelford VE (1929) Laboratory and Field Ecology. Baltimore 11(3): 609-611.
198. Sen N (1982) Studies on the Systematics, Distribution and Ecology of the Ichthyofauna of Meghalaya and their bearing on the Fish and Fisheries of the State. PhD Thesis, University of Gauhati, Assam, India pp. 582.
199. Sen N (2000) Occurrence, Distribution and Status of Diversified Fish Fauna of North-East India. In: Ponniah AG, Sarkar UK, Fish Diversity of North-East India (Eds.), National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, ICAR, Lucknow, India, pp. 31-48.
200. Sen TK (1985) The Fish Fauna of Assam and the neighbouring North-Eastern States of India. Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper 64: 1-216.
201. Sen TK, Jayaram KC (1982) The Mahseer Fishes of India: A Review. Rec Zool Surv. India Misc. Publ Occasional Paper 39: 38.
202. Sinha M (1994) Threatened cold water fishes of North-Eastern Region of India. In: Threatened Fishes of India, Natcon. Publication No. 4 UP, India pp. 173-176.
203. Talwar PK, Jhingran AG (1991) Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Oxford and IBH Co, Pvt Ltd New Delhi, India, 1-2: 1158.
204. Taylor CM (2000) A large-scale comparative analysis of riffle and pool fish communities in an upland stream system. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58: 89-95.
205. Toham AK, Tuegels GG (1997) Patterns of Microhabitat use among fourteen abundant fish of the Lower Ntem River basin (Cameroon). Aquat Living Resour 10: 289-298.
206. Toham AK, Tuegels GG (1998) Diversity Patterns of Fish assemblages in the Lower Ntem River basin (Cameroon) with notes on potential effects of deforestation. Arch Hydrobiol 141(4): 421-446.
207. Vannote RL, Minshall GW, Cummins KW, Sedell R, Cushing CE (1980) The River Continuum Concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 130-137.
208. Wikramanayake ED, Moyle PB (1989) Ecological structure of Tropical Fish Assemblages in wet-zone streams of Sri Lanka. Journal of Zoology (London), 281: 503-526.
209. Yashmin S, Romita DP, Devi BR, Kar D (2007) Panorama of Fish catching devices in Manipur State of India. Science and Society 5(2): 181-188.
210. Kar D, Khynriam D, Das B, Das S (2020) A recent taxonomic study of the fish from the Jinam River in Dima Hasao biodiversity hotspot region of Assam (India) Transylv Rev Syst Ecol Res, The Wetlands Diversity, Romania 22(2): 87-99.
211. Barbhuiya AH, Kar D (2009) Status of Tor mahseer in river Barak in North-East India with a note on their morphometry and meristics. J Natcon 21(2): 239-246.
212. Kar D, Dey SC, Michael RG, Kar S, Changkija S (1990a) Studies on Fish Epidemics from Assam, India. J Indian Fisheries Association 20: 73-75.
213. Kar D, Bhattacharjee S, Kar S, Dey SC (1990b) An account of `EUS’ in Fishes of Cachar district of Assam with special emphasis on Microbiological studies. Souv. Annual Conference of Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists of India (NE Chapter), 8: 9-11.
214. Kar D, Dey SC, Kar S, Michael RG, Gadgil M (1996) Ichthyoecology, Management and Conservation Fish Resources of Lake Sone in Assam (India). Tiger Paper (FAO, UN) 23(3): 27-32.
215. Kar D, Barbhuiya AH, Singha R (2021) Golden Mahseer in Barak in North-East India with a note on their morphometry and meristics. In: Advances in Animal Research, Global Net Publication, New Delhi, India, pp. 11-19.