Mango Butter: a Low-Cost Structuring Material for Food Applications
Dilshad Qureshi1, Suraj Kumar Nayak1, Doman Kim2*and Kunal Pal1*
1Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
2Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
Submission: October 16, 2017; Published: January 08, 2018
*Corresponding author: Doman Kim, Department of International Agricultural Technology & Institute of Green Bioscience and Technology, Seoul National University, Gwangwon-do-25354, Republic of Korea, Email: kimdm@snu.ac.kr
Kunal Pal, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela- 769008, India,Email: kpal.nitrkl@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Dilshad Qureshi, Suraj Kumar Nayak, Doman Kim, Kunal Pal. Mango Butter: a Low-Cost Structuring Material for Food Applications. Nutri Food Sci Int J. 2018; 4(4): 555641. DOI: 10.19080/NFSIJ.2018.04.555641
Abstract
Mango is the most common tropical fruit available worldwide. Its each part contains a pool of nutrients, e.g., vitamins, carbohydrates, antioxidants, protein, fats and phenolic compounds. Unfortunately, besides pulp, its kernels and peels are discarded by the fruit processing industries without utilizing their full potential. The fat extracted from the mango seed kernel (MSK) is regarded as mango butter or mango kernel oil. It has gained widespread applications in non-food industries like cosmetics, and pharmaceutical. In food industry, mango butter has shown great promise to serve different roles such as natural antioxidant, trans-fat free edible oil, food additive, functional food ingredient, cocoa butter equivalent in chocolate and confectionaries. This article attempts to highlight the physicochemical properties and recently proposed food applications of mango butter.
Keywords: Mango; Mango butter; Bioactive compound; Physicochemical property; Food applications
Introduction
Mango is an important tropical fruit, usually found in Southern Asia and Central America [1]. It belongs to the genus Mangifera, which comprises of about 30 species of fruiting plants. It is categorized under the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae [2]. The mango fruit is regarded as the king of fruits due to its pleasant taste, eye catching color and chemical composition [3-4]. It is ranked as the second most traded and fifth most cultivated tropical fruit in the world [3].
Its structure consists of: (i) a pericarp or peel (either thick or thin) with a great degree of color variation from green to orange, (ii) an edible, juicy, and fibrous mesocarp (pulp) with varying texture, thickness, color and taste at different stages of development, and (iii) a stony, kidney or bean-shaped endocarp (pit) incorporating a kernel inside it [5]. The weight percent contributed by the seed to the total fruit weight is 10%-25% and the kernel comprises of 45% to 85% of the seed depending on the variety of the mango [3]. The mango seed kernel (MSK) has been reported to contain bioactive compounds (e.g., carotenoids, dietary fiber, vitamin C and phenolic compounds), micronutrients (like Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, etc.), carbohydrates, proteins, and fats [3]. Mango butter, i.e., the fat content of the MSK, is pale yellow in color (due to the low concentration of carotenoids) [4] with a semi-solid consistency, and mild fragrance at room temperature, but melts at body temperature. It has found wide applications in drug delivery, cosmetics and food industry [6]. This article describes the properties and importance of mango butter as a low-cost structuring material in food industry.
Physicochemical Properties of Mango Butter
On the account of the continuous increase in the human population size, there is an acute shortage of the edible oils [7]. Consequently, there is a need to explore the plant sources for the production of the cheap edible oil supply with qualities and composition similar or better than the conventional ones. The underutilized mango kernels are discarded as the waste by the people and the fruit processing industries, creating enormous waste production. However, the scientists have evinced the nutritional importance of this mango waste in the last few decades [4]. The mango butter has been reported to be fit for human consumption without any adverse effects on the body akin to other solid edible fats [8]. It contain 45% unsaturated oleic acid (C18:1) and 38% saturated stearic (C18:0) acid as the predominant fatty acids [9]. The remaining fats include linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and triglycerides (e.g., 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (SOS) and 1-palmitoyl- 2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-glycerol (POS)) [6]. Numerous scientific studies have highlighted the antioxidant properties due to the phenolic content and the free radical scavenging activity of mango butter [4]. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of mango butter in order to explore its suitability for different applications [4]. The method of extraction has been found to influence the physicochemical properties of the mango butter [9].
Food Applications of Mango Butter
Many studies have been performed to explore the suitability of mango butter for different applications in the food industry. The shortage of edible oils (especially in the developing countries) has motivated the researchers to search for new untraditional sources of edible oils. In the last few decades, plenty of research has been carried out to explore the potential of mango butter as an edible oil having high antioxidative and antimicrobial nature [10]. Abdel-Razik et al. [11] reported that the characteristics of mango butter are in the normal range of the edible oils, and hence, it can be a potential candidate as an edible oil [11]. The auto-oxidation of oils and fats results in the formation of toxic oxidation products. On the other hand, the commonly used synthetic antioxidants are carcinogenic [12]. Jafari et al. [13] reported the use of mango butter as a natural antioxidant concentrate [13]. 1%, 5% and 10% concentrations of mango butter were blended with tallow. It was found that the addition of mango butter significantly inhibited the lipid peroxidation at all concentrations. Based on the results, the authors suggested that mango butter can be used as a suitable natural antioxidant in the food products. Nadeem et al. [12] proposed that the oxidative stability of the butter oil can be improved by blending it with mango butter [12]. Cocoa butter serves as the binding agent of different components in the chocolate and confectionaries. However, the tempering problem and high cost of cocoa butter has led the food industry to search for its alternatives having similar physicochemical properties [4]. Sagiri et al. [14] have reported that mango butter contains the fat profile and other properties similar to cocoa butter and can be explored as an alternative of cocoa butter [14]. Juhurul et al. [6] have reported that mango butter and palm oil blends in 80:20 ratio can be used to produce a high temperature resistant cocoa butter replacer [6].
Conclusion
Mango is consumed worldwide owing to its sensory pleasures and package of nutrients, but its nutrient rich by-products like the peel and the kernel are wasted by food industries. These by-products have received the attention of the researchers due to their great functional and nutritional potential. The extracted mango butter has been extensively studied for its potential usage in both non-food and food industries. However, further research is still required to discover the efficient methods of extraction and to uncover more applications of mango butter.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the funds accredited from the project (INT/Korea/P-37), sanctioned by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India.
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