ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555568

 

Abstract: This study was conducted at AL-Najaf AL- ashraf by using 100 cows had metritis and vaginitis from three breeds (local, Australian and friesian crossbred) in different ages (5 to 8) years old from the period of 1/11/2012 – 1/4/2013. Results showed significant effect (P ≤0.05) for the different concentrations of Quercus cortex extract with alum for metritis, vaginitis and pregnancy ratio. Overall means was about (59.68, 61.33 and 56.75) % respectively. Significant effect (P ≤0.05) was found for breed on treatment ratio from metritis, vaginitis and pregnant ratio. Least ratios were found in T. cont. in Friesian breed it’s about (20,19 and 19)% respectively. But the highest ratio of treatment were found by using 20% from Quercus cortex extract with alum in local breed it’s about (87, 90 and 87) % respectively. Significant effect (P ≤0.05) for cows ages in all traits that studded. The overall means was about (59, 61.25 and 60.75) % respectively. Least ratios were found in T-cont. In 8 years old. But the highest ratios of treatment were found by using 20% from extract in 4 years old. Different concentrations from the extract and parity were affected significantly (P ≤0.05) in Metritis, Vaginitis treatment and pregnancy rate. The overall means were about (63.70, 59. 35and59.05) % respectively. Least rate was found in T. cont. in 5th parity. The highest ratio of treatment was found by using 20% from the extract in 1st parity. Significant effect (P ≤0.05) of Quercus cortex extract with alum in metritis, vaginitis and pregnancy ratio according to the causative agent. Least ratios were found in T. cont. with Staph. Epidermidis, it’s about (14,10 and10)% respectively. But the highest ratio of treatment were found by using 20% from extract with E.coli it’s about (89, 92 and 87) % respectively. The overall means were about (56.82, 61.6, 68, 314). Sensitivity test was made in vetro for rall types of isolated bacteria for each alum, Quercus cortex extract and mixture of them. Results showed that all types of bacteria were sensitive to the all substances in a verity grades but it is identical within the same level.

Keywords: Quercus cortex; Metritis; Vaginitis; Caws

Introduction

Quercusbrantti is big high tree (25-30) m height has unisex flours; It’s flouring in May. The cortex was hard and rough with dark color [1]. The cortex extract was used for: anal and uterine prolapsed, infected wound, nerve weakness treatment and stop bleeding. Chemical compounds of Quercusbrantti were Alkaloids, Phenols, Saponins, Turpentine, Ratings, Coumarone, Tannins, Glutamine, Flavonoides, Glycosides, Pectin and different acids, many of these compounds were antibacterial [2]. Alum is in reference to potassium alum, which is the hydrated form of potassium aluminum sulfate and has the chemical formula KAl (SO4)2•12H2O. However, any of the compounds with the empirical formula AB (SO4)2•12H2O are considered to be alum. Alum has several household and industrial uses. Potassium alum is used most often, although ammonium alum, ferric alum and soda alum may be used for many of the same purposes [3].

Metritis in cows is one of the distributed diseases generally in world and especially in Iraq. Due to distribute of causative agents, like Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and Parasites [4]. From the bacterial causative agents are: Escherichia coli, Archano bacterium, Staphylococcus, Fuso bacterium, Prevotella, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Peptococcus, Bacillus and others [5]. These causative agents can enter female genital tract by many methods and causes different diseases. The most important of these diseases were metritis. This leads to less fertilization, lack of parturitions, milk production deficiency. And may leads to lots of animal itself. Causative agents make resistant for antibiotics and chemical medicines, when it used for a long time [6]. They are expensive and causes side effect such as irritation of genital tract mucosa and estrus cycle effect [7]. But the Quercus cortex extract with alum were characterized by cheap, broad spectrum, high activity, less period treatment, with less or without side effect. For that the aim of this study was treatment of metritis and vaginitis caused by different bacteria with different ages and breeds.

Materials and Methods

The investigations were carried out at different aspects in Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The experimental site is located within 30° 51’ N latitude and 76° 11’ E longitude (survey of India Toposheet No. 55 F/1) at an elevation of 1250 m above mean sea level. The climate of the area is transitional between subtropical to sub-temperate with maximum temperatures risings up to 37.8°C during summer. The mean annual temperature is 19.8°C. In general May and June are the hottest months whereas December and January are the coldest ones. The annual rain fall ranges between 800-1300 mm of which 75 per cent is received during mid June to mid September. Growth and yield of Kaunch (Mucuna pruriens) integrated under Chir pine and without Chir pine (Open) on different aspects and under different tillage practices were studied separately. Hence, studies involved three factors i.e. topographical aspects, tillage practices and systems (crop grown in understorey of Chir pine and in open conditions). Kaunch was grown on three aspects viz Northern (A1), North western (A2) and Western (A3) at a spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm, followed by three tillage depths viz minimum (T1: 0 cm), Medium (T2: up to 10 cm ) and deep tillage (T3: up to 15 cm). The 18 treatments, including all possible combination of three aspects, three tillage depths and two systems were used for the evaluation of velvet bean performance under three replicates in factorial randomized block design.

Experimental field was prepared by removing the pine needles and tillage practices were done just before the onset of monsoon. Plots were prepared as per the treatment details under different tillage practices. The whole experiment was conducted under rain fed conditions entirely dependent on the monsoon rains. Keeping in view the forest site conditions no irrigation and fertilizer was applied and the selection of Velvet bean as medicinal plant was done on the basis of its minimum input requirement for irrigation and fertilizers. For the transplanting of seedlings nursery was prepared and with the commencement of monsoon and after getting the sufficient moisture availability in the soil in first fortnight of July, direct seeding of velvet bean collected from the local plant communities were done in the experimental field. The crop was harvested in the month of December. The observations on growth parameters (vine length, leaf area and leaf area index) were recorded at vegetative, pre-bloom and harvesting stage. Whereas, the data for the yield and the yield attributes were measured at the time of harvesting. To make the economic appraisal for Velvet bean based silvi-medicinal system, the yield of respective species was subjected to economic analysis by calculating cost of cultivation, gross and net returns per hectare.

Results and Discussion

Materials

Disinfectants, sterilizers, surgical gloves, long nylon gloves, waxes, vagino scope, Transport media swab, cooler, Uterine swab, Autoclave, Petri dishes, different types of culture media, incubator, ruler, Quercus extract, alum.

Experimental animals

In this study was used 100 cows had metritis and vaginitis from three breeds (local, Australian and Friesian crossbred) in different ages (5 to 8) years old. Cows were divided in to four groups randomly and equally numbers 25/ group (T1. control while T2, T3 and T4 were treated by 10, 15 and 20) gm/100ml of Quercus cortex extract with alum respectively. The dose was 120ml/cow for metritis treatment and 50 ml/ cow for vaginitis using locally injection. Animals of experiment were chose characterized by1- regular estrus cycle fertilized from different bull’s fife times and no fertilization happened. 2- Turbid unclear vaginal discharge. 3- Ovaries and ovarian ducts were intact. These three factors inshore that the defect was in the uterus which 80 % of the defect was metritis and 20% was due to other causes. The treatment by extract gave after took the swap.

The extract was prepared in three concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%). The cortex was grinded by electric grander to be as powder. Weighted 100 g from this powder by Sartorius and soluble in one liter of D.W then boiled for 20 minutes and then cooling to 30 °C and filtered , divided on 10 vials equally, in this way we were made 10% concentration, Added 10 g of alum power for any vial, and made the other concentrations in same way. Bacterial identification: The swab was toke from the uterus by uterine swab, vaginal swab was toke by normal swab, put them in the Transport media, and put it in the cooler and transport to the laboratory for culture in the Petri dishes, incubation in 37 °C for 24 hour, primary test was done by Gram Gention, purification of colonies, biochemical classification, motion test was done by use SIM medium as [8], culture by using Candle Jar for identification of semi aerobic bacteria, the identification was certain by A B I 20. Sensitivity test was done for all isolated bacteria by pepper discs in Mueller Hinton agar.

Conclusion

Used SAS Program for Results analyses as following mathematic model: Yijklmn: effect of observation in any treatment. µ: General mean of experiment. Di: effect of Different concentration of extract 0-20%. Mj: effect of breed (local, Australian and Friesian crossbred). Sk: effect of age (5 to 8) years old. RL: effect of causative agent. Pm: effect of parity (1st -5th). Eijkman: value of rondo mirror.

Results showed significant effect (P ≤0.05) for the different concentrations of Quercus cortex extract with alum for metritis, vaginitis and pregnancy ratio. Overall means was about (59.68, 61.33 and 56.75) % respectively because the extract had ability to kill bacteria in different concentration. The results were similar to [9] in types of isolated bacteria and number of isolation. Significant effect (P ≤0.05) was found for breed on treatment ratio from metritis, vaginitis and pregnant ratio. Least ratios were found by T-cont. In Friesian breed it's about (20,19 and19)% respectively. But the highest ratio of treatment were found by using 20% from Quercus cortex extract with alum in local breed it's about (87, 90 and 87) % respectively Table 1. This difference was due to high activity of extract and strong defense of local breed. It’s similar to [10].

In addition, a significant effect (P ≤0.05) for cow's ages in all traits that studded. The overall means was about (59, 61.25 and 60.75) % respectively. Least ratios were found by T-cont. in 8 years old it's about(19 ,18 and18)% respectively but the highest ratios of treatment were found by using 20% from extract in 4 years old it's about (89,89 and 84) Respectively Table 2. This result was due to immunity force of animals in fourth years old which lead to increase extract ability to kill the bacteria opposite the aged animals. Different concentrations from the extract and parity were affected significantly (P ≤0.05) in metritis, vaginitis and pregnancy ratio. The overall means were about (63.70, 59.35 and 59.05) % respectively. Least ratios were found by T-cont. in 5th parity it’s about (15, 14 and 12)% respectively but the highest ratio of treatment were found by using 20% from the extract in 1st parity it’s about (92, 96 and 88)% respectively Table 3. Accumulation of parturitions lead to weakness of immunity of females and increase of diseases, this case connected with age which leads to high infection ratio when parity was increased [11].

Results showed a significant effect (P ≤0.05) of Quercus cortex extract with alum in metritis, vaginitis and pregnancy ratio according to causative agent. Least ratios were found by T-cont. With Staph Epidermidis, It's about (14, 10 and10) % respectively. But the highest ratio of treatment were found by using 20% from extract with E.Coli, it's about (89, 92 and 87) % respectively. The overall means were about (56.82, 61.6, 68.314) respectively Table 4. The extract contain phenols, flavonoids, tannins, chlycosides, and saponin with alum, these compounds were kill bacteria [12-14]. Phenols able to proton motive force which leads to inhibition of enzymes, electron transport, and decrease of Oxidative phosphorylation leads to killing of bacteria [15,16]. Tannins can activate Phagocytes' cells and destroyed of bacterial proteins [17]. Turpentine can tear bacterial membranes by lipophilic compounds and finally alum was bactericide [18,19]. Different effect of extract on bacteria was due to Different bacterial defense [20].

  1. Chakravarty HL (1976) The plant wealth of Iraq (a dictionary of economic plants). Botany Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform 1: 471-477.
  2. Mohamdali KE, Alsaadi HA, Alhakeem MK (2009) Medical plants for animal treatment. pp. 81-82.
  3. Eickhoff TC, Myers MG (2002) Workshop summary: Aluminum in vaccines. Vaccine 20(Supplement 3): S1-S4.
  4. Al-abbasi HH (2006) Treatment of metritis in Iraqi cows. Inter J Ad Res 4(2): 1457-1463.
  5. Arora AK, Singh J, Pangaonkar GR, Nanda AS (2000) Bacteriological studies on the genital tract in repeat breeder bovines. Int J Animal Science 15(2): 205-207.
  6. Bondurant RH (1999) Inflammation in the bovine female reproductive tract. J Animal Sci 77(Suppl 2): 101-110.
  7. Gustafsson BK (1984) Therapeutic strategies involving antimicrobial treatment of the uterus in large animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185(10): 1194-1198.
  8. Cowan, ST Steels (1993) Manual for the Identification of Medical bacteria. J Clin Pathol 46(10): 975.
  9. Azawi OI, Taha MB (2002) Clinical and bacteriological study of endometritis in Iraqi buffaloes. J Vet Sci 16: 167-178.
  10. Al-abbasi HH (2007) Effect of age, breed and parity on genital diseases. Kufa Agriculture J 2: 2.
  11. Alashwal MM (2003) Genital analysis to Friesian cross breed with local breed. Inter J Adv Res 4(2): 1457-1463.
  12. Harborn JB, Mabary TJ, Mabary H (1975) Physiological and functional of flavonoids. The Flavonoids pp. 970-1055.
  13. Newall AC, Anderson AL, Phillipson JD (2002) Harbal medicines: a guide for health-care professionals. (2nd edn.), 10(3): 186-187.
  14. Alshmmah AA (1982) Pharmacology and chemical of medical plants. Pharmacy College, Baghdad University.
  15. Cowan MM (1999) Plants products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Biol Rev 12(4): 564-582.
  16. Recio MC, Rios JL, Villar A (1989) A review of some antimicrobial compounds isolated from medicinal plants reported in the literature 1978- 1988. Phytotherapy Res 3(4): 117-125.
  17. Hadi SM (2006) Activity of Rosemarinus officinalis against some bacteria. Master research. Inter J Adv Res 4(2): 1457-1463.
  18. Shitole DM, Patil UR, Pawar (2000) In vitro evaluation of 656 chemicals and antibiotics against important fruit rotting fungi of strawberry. J Maharashtra Agric 25(2): 179-181.
  19. Williams DJ, Beach, BG.W, Horri Pre, Marechal G, (1977) 666 In vitro evaluation of LS 74-783* a new systemic fungicide with activity against 667 phycomycete diseases. In: Proceedings 1977 British Crop 668Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases. 669. Inter J Adv Res 4(2): 1457-1463.
  20. Abbas MS (2011) Sensitive of some bacteria to antibiotic and some plants extracts. Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences 4(2): 7-14.
  • #

    Table 1: Effecting of extract and breed in the studying characters..

  • #

    Table 2: Effecting of extract and age in the studying characters.. .

  • #

    Table 3: Effecting of extract and parturition serious in the studying characters.

    .

  • #

    Table 4: effecting of extract and causative agent in the studying characters .

  • # # #