Impacts of Biogenic Nanoparticle on the Biological Control of Plant Pathogens
Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun1,2* and Neera Bhalla Sarin2
1Department of Biological Sciences, Landmark University, Nigeria
2Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
Submission: October 25, 2017; Published: November 21, 2017
*Corresponding author: Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun, Landmark University, Department of Biological Sciences, Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, P.M.B. 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria, Jawaharlal Nehru University, School of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Genetic Manipulation for Stress Alleviation and Value Addition in Plants, New Delhi-110067, India, Email: adetunjicharles@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Adetunji C O, Neera B S. Impacts of Biogenic Nanoparticle on the Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Adv Biotech & Micro. 2017; 7(3): 555711. DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.07.555711
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been reported as an additional technology which could help in meeting the global demands for sustainable agriculture and prevention of crop losses. Several scientists have concentrated their efforts on the development of non-target, biodegradable and eco- friendly nano-formulations showing strong biological activities against plant pathogens. This mini review highlights some of the nanomaterial- based agents that have been used in the management of plant pathogens affecting several crops of interest.
Introduction
It has been observed that global pesticide consumption constitutes about millions of tonnes per year [1]. The drawbacks that have been established from using pesticides include development of resistance to these pesticides, unwanted side effects on beneficial organisms, pesticide residues in food, animal feed and ecosystem distruption [2]. The hazardous consequences of pesticides have been a major bottleneck in achieving sustainable agriculture, food safety and prolonged human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for biological control agents that would help in getting rid of pathogens without any adverse effects on the environment [3].
What is nanotechnology and it's significance in pest management?
Nanotechnology offers potential uses in pest management. Formulations of nanomaterial scan enhance the resistance of plants to pathogens and pests by modulating the genetical material available in plants [4]. The small size of the nanoparticles makes them an important carrier, enhancing their attachment to plant surfaces. Also, the controlled and slow- release nature help to minimize the amount of spillage into the surroundings [5]. Nanoparticles have been synthezised from various metals including silver, zinc, copper, gold and iron, most of which have been used in the management of plant diseases. Their antimicrobial activities could be linked to the fact they can deactivate the cell wall of plant pathogens, thereby affecting the normal metabolism of the cell and leading to cell lysis [6].
Significance of plant pathogens
A huge amount of loss has been recorded in crop production due to plant pathogens. They are one of the major biological factors responsible for plant diseases, and the crop loss reported is approximately 2,000 billion dollars per year [7]. Among the plant pathogens, phytopathogenic fungi alone are responsible for $45 billion loss globally. The main reason is the ability of pathogens to establish and damage any parts of the plant they are in contact with [8].
Recent trends in the application of nanoparticles in controlling plants pathogens
Mishra et al. [9] synthesised silver nanoparticles with the cultural filtrate from Serratia sp. BHU-S4. These were used in controlling spot blotch disease in wheat [9]. Abdelmalek and Salaheldin, synthesised silver nanoparticles that served as fungicides against Citrusphytopathogenic fungi which include, Penicillium digitatum, Alternariacitri, and Alternaria alternate [10]. Patra et al. [11] were able to synthesize a nano-based antifungal compounds from zinc oxide, which was used in the effective management of plant pathogenic fungus including Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger. Kanhed et al. [12] & Bramhanwade et al. [13] also sythensised copper nanoparticles which exhibited strong antifungicide activities against tested plant pathogenic fungi responsible for crop diseases [12,13].
Conclusion
The biogenic nanoparticles because of their unique properties have proven to be effective nanomaterial based fungicides in the management of some plant fungal diseases responsible for major crop loss. On the whole, they are potential candidates for extensive use in agriculture as plant protecting agents. The fact that they are from biological source facilitates supports their utilization for promoting sustainable agriculture.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (DBT) and TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world (TWAS), Italy for the Postdoctoral fellowship given to Dr. Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun. Special thanks to the school of life sciences and Jawaharlal Nehru University, India, for the opportunity given to Dr. Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun for research collaboration.FR number: 3240293141. (2016).
References
- Joginder SD, Ravinder K, Naresh K, Pawan K, Kiran N, et al. (2017) Nanotechnology: The new perspective in precision agriculture. Biotechnol Rep 15: 11-23.
- Ivo I, Veruscka L, Donald HB, Anna AS (2017) Nanotechnology in agriculture: Opportunities, toxicological implications, and occupational risks. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 329: 96-111.
- Adetunji C, Oloke J, Kumar A, Swaranjit S, Akpor B (2017) Synergetic effect of rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa C1501 and phytotoxic metabolite from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae C1136 on Amaranthushybridus L. and Echinochloa crus-galli weeds. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15): 13700-13709.
- Ragaei M, Sabry AH (2014) Nanotechnology for insect pest control. Int J Sci Environ Technol 3: 528-545.
- Chen H, Yada R (2011) Nanotechnologies in agriculture: New tools for sustainable development. Trends in Food Science & Technology 22: 585-594.
- Velmurugan N, Kumar GG, Han SS, Nahm KS, Lee YS (2009) Synthesis and characterization of potential fungicidal silver nano-sized particles and chitosan membrane containing silver particles, Iran Polym J 18(5): 383-392.
- Pimentel D (2009) Pesticide and pest control. In: Peshin P, Dhawan AK (Eds.), Integrated pest management: innovation-development process. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 83-87.
- Fernández-Acero FJ, Jorge I, Calvo E, Vallejo I, Carbú M, et al. (2007) Proteomic analysis of phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea as a potential tool for identifying pathogenicity factors, therapeutic targets and for basic research. Arch Microbiol 187(3): 207-215.
- Mishra S, Singh BR, Singh A, Keswani C, Naqvi AH, et al. (2014) Bio fabricated silver nanoparticles act as a strong fungicide against Bipolarissorokiniana causing spot blotch disease in wheat. PLoS One 9: e97881.
- Abdelmalek GMA, Salaheldin TA (2016) Silver nanoparticles as a potent fungicide for Citrus phytopathogenic fungi. J Nanomed Res 3(5): 00065.
- Patra P, Mitra S, Debnath N, Goswami A (2012) Biochemical-, Biophysical-, and microarray-based antifungal evaluation of the buffer- mediated synthesized nano zinc oxide: an in vivo and in vitro toxicity study. Langmuir 28(49): 16966-16978.
- Kanhed P, Birla S, Gaikwad S, Gade A, Seabra AB, et al. (2014) In vitro antifungal efficacy of copper nanoparticles against selected crop pathogenic fungi. Mater Lett 115: 13-17.
- Bramhanwade K, Shende S, Bonde S, Gade A, Rai M (2016) Fungicidal activity of Cu nanoparticles against Fusarium causing crop diseases. Environ Chem Lett 14(2): 229-235.