Developing Local F1Hybrids of Sunflower by Extracting the Parental Lines of Introduced Commercial Exotic Hybrids
Dheya P Yousif* and Ahmed Hussain
Center of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Iraq
Submission: February 08, 2017; Published: March 27, 2017
*Corresponding author: Dheya P Yousif, Center of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Agricultural Research Directorate, Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Science and Technology, PO. Box 765 Baghdad, Iraq, Email: dpyousif@jfahoo.com
How to cite this article: Dheya P Y, Ahmed H. Developing Local F1 Hybrids of Sunflower by Extracting the Parental Lines of Introduced Commercial ExoticHybrids. Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2017; 5(2): 555658. DOI:10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.05.555658
Introduction
Iraq with its huge of more than 32 million populations, and GDP growth of approximately 2.7%, generates a major demand for edible oil. Despite being one of the consumers of oilseeds in the world, Iraq's domestic production of edible oil is insufficient to meet these overall needs. As much as of 90% of the edible oil demand is met through imports. Given the large demand in Iraq, there is a huge dependence on raw material imports Annual Statistical Book [1].
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the first important oilseed crop in Iraq [2] and one of the most important globally [3]. Develop[ping tomorrow's sunflower cultivation in Iraq will depend upon the interaction among its genetic variabilities and how breeders exploit it, farmers and field management, seed and oil industry, consumers preference and the environmental factors. Whereas, the crop is dominated approximately 21 million hectare all over the world Skoric et al. [4] which presents 78% of the world vegetable oil [5], the cultivated area in Iraq, either in spring or full season as an oil crop not increased than several thousands of hectares [6]. The annual production of sunflower is inadequate for Iraq food industries due to the big gap between the real demands and drastically decreases in seed and area production Annual Statistical Book [1]. The constraints of extending sunflower cultivation may due to
- The depending on synthetic and open pollinated varieties produced locally in its cultivation.
- The depending on synthetic and open pollinated varieties produced locally in its cultivation.
- The oldest field management practices, and
- The unavailable of suited hybrids characterized with high yield potential due to the unstable yield and the stagnating and vulnerability of its industry.
During the early of 1990s, Iraq started to cultivate sunflower commercial hybrids which introduced from Australia, Turkey, then from USA, Spain and France, but sever from the unstable importing according the diverse conditions concerned trading and seed costs. On the other hand, all scientific researchers were determined by the evaluating the introduced hybrids to assess their performance for seed and oil yield to be released for wide cultivation. Sunflower breeders attempt to extract some of these hybrids to breed inbred lined which may recombined for open or synthetic variety developing and suitable for irrigated area in Iraq [6].
Commercial sunflower hybrids usually relies on cytoplasmic male sterility as a female parent (CMS-HA) and fertility restoring as male parent (CMS- RHA) in its genetic base [7-9]. Cytoplasmic male sterility is return to the S-type cytoplasm and free of fertility restorer gene (Rf), whereas, the male parent carrying Nor S-type cytoplasm with the Rf gene (N-RfRf or S-RfRf, respectively) that resulting male- fertile hybrid with S-Rfrf base. Breeding programs all over the world revealed the obtaining inbred lines with the fertility restorer gene by selfing for the commercial hybrids and selection of male - fertile plants which will segregates in the next generation [8]. More than 62 new CMS sources of different origin have been reported.
Estimation of GCA and SCA to identify the additive and nonadditive genetic effects in the experimental inbred lines are important for seed and oil content and other metric characters [10-18]. Heterotic patterns must be exploited to develop inbred lines derived from diverse and broad gene pools to replace conventional varieties according to its high yield, pest management, uniformity and self- compatibility [19-23]. The main objective of sunflower breeding program is breed and developing of local parental lines (male maintained female and fertility restorer inbred lines) with desirable traits which utilized for commercial hybrids production. Based on the inheritance of fertility restoration genes, two dominant gene pairs were discovered Reddi et al. [19].
Materials and Methods
Introduction of commercial hybrids and inbred lines production
Developing program of deducing local F1 hybrids of sunflower by extracting the parental lines from introduced commercial exotic hybrids was started at the late of 1999 at Al-Ishaqi Agricultural Experimental Station, State Board of Industrial Crops; Ministry of Agriculture. Fifty-three commercial sunflower hybrids which introduced from USA, France, Spain and other countries. selfing procedure to derive inbred lines in different generations (Sn) during 1999-2004 (Table 1) was practiced. Several thousands of Sn was evaluated for its agronomic traits, seed yield and its components by cultivation in 2 rows, 5m long and 25cm apart with 4 replications. All Sn lines with law emergence, undesirable characteristics, self-incompatibility, and poor yield potential were eliminated. More than 6500 S1-2 inbred lines were introduced in topcross program with Peridovic open pollinated variety to detect the exceeded inbred lines with high general combining ability (GCA) according to Yousif et al. [24] procedure in maize. Induction of artificial male sterility was practiced by gibberellic acid. Six hundred-fifty one inbred lines were exceeded in their GCA. Selfing program was continued to S5-S7 generation (Table 2). Exceeded inbred lines were selected according to their morphological traits, agronomic performance and good seed yield.
*sunflower hybrids which released officially for Iraq cultivation by the National Committee of Registration and Release of Plant Cultivars in Iraq. Database of Agricultural Varieties and Hybrids, NCRRPPV, MoA, Iraq. 2014.
Developing of cytoplasmic male sterility lines
Extended program for inducing cytoplasmic male sterility starts in spring 2000. More than 123 lines were derived (from all introduced hybrids) and tested as a source for CMS-HA to develop the parental lines which may utilized for commercial use. Only five CMS-HA sources were discriminated according to its genetic and agronomic abilities. Backcrossing for 5-6 generations in which the non-recurrent parent as an analogue (A- line) with S-type cytoplasm and the recurrent parent was HA inbred (B- line) that carrying the N-rfrf previously selected, tested and improved according to Miller & Vick [8], Miller & Seiler [25].
Extracting restorer fertility lines
Almost all commercial hybrids segregates in F2 and phenotypically the offspring revealed some plants with multi branches. Plants of each hybrid segregate wereselfedwith selection for at least 8-10 generations Miller et al. [9], Miller & Seiler [25].
Hybrid seed production
In this program, the developing process for CMS - HA produced 3 local commercial RHA inbred lines that initially altered into HA inbred lines. The advance step for this program started in full season 0f 2005 to reproduce A and B lines and at the same time producing the promise experimental hybrids was investigated in full season of 2008.
Evaluating and testing hybrids performance
During spring and full seasons of 2009, an extended yield trials experiments at Al-Ishaqi Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture. 50km-north of Baghdad were carried out. Planting of 40 empirical hybrids in 9 of February and 7 of July in 12 row spacing 75cm apart with 5m long and 25cm between hills in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Advance 2 yield trials for 11 selected promise hybrids in comparison with Euroflour were conducted in Spring season of 2010 and 2011 by its cultivation in extended plots (10 x 10m) in 2 replications. Field management concerned with soil preparation, fertilizers applications and irrigation was practiced according to the certificated recommendations Abbas et al. [26], Yousif et al. [2]. Data for days to flowering was measured for all plants. Plot-1 whereas 20 plants were harvested for head diameter, plant height, seeds. head-1, fertility percentage, seed partition percentage, and 100 seed weight. Seed yield was measured by harvesting the 4 center rows and converted to kg. ha-1. Least significant difference at p>o.o5 and simple linear correlation among traits under investigation were estimated. Oil seed content was estimated for the best performance hybrids [27-29].
Results and Discussion
Inbred lines production
As a result of any plant breeding program, it is primarily depends on the nature and magnitude of variation present among the germplasm available. Since, the wide phenotypic and genotypic variation among commercial hybrids introduced from different origins, inbred lines produced at early generations reflects the broad variation within and among hybrids. Inbreeding depression was very limited across inbreeding cycles. Seed yield. plant-1 ranged between 18.2 -33.1 g at S5-7 in comparison with 24.7 - 28.4 g at S1-2 (data not shown).
Testing of general combining ability (GCA)
Table 2 reveals the number of inbred lines which exceeded in their GCA within its origin of the commercial hybrid. Testing depend upon the exceeding of the to pcross mean by at least 2 standard errors on the overall mean according to reveals that about 10-12% of all top crosses tested had good GCA within each extracted hybrid. Trenor hybrid gave the highest number of Inbred lines derived, whereas the hybrid 113 gave the lowest (24 and 1 inbred line, respectively). The emphasis of selection was on the seed yield and at least 2 metic characters.
Backcrossing
Only three of five CMS-HA lines (Alister, Emberator Euroflour, Peridovic and Coban) proved its exceeding in its agronomic traits, plant architecture, and seed and oil yield. CMS HA inbred lines which were derived from 3 RHA inbred lines by selfing- selection and presents genotypes having mono-genic fertility restoration. All CMS-HA lines produced successfully with good agronomic traits, high seed and oil content and free of fungal infection. HA inbred lines of Alister, Emberator and Euroflour successes to be maintainer of CMS-HA.
Producing the parental inbred lines
The A-line and its analogue B-line for (Alister, Emberator and Euroflour) were hybridized with 40 of 50 RHA which presents the male-fertile parental lines. At the same time,38 of 50 inbred line from the segregated populations from each commercial hybrid presents the R-line were introduced in hybrid seed production with the Alines (Alister, Emberator and Euroflour). Registration of Alister X F5 )Ishaqi 1) and Emb .xMecado (Ishaqi 2) were investigated by the National Committee of Registration, Release, and Protection of Plant Varieties in Iraq (NCRRPPV) as local sunflower hybrids.
Yield trials and evaluation
Statistical analysis for yield trials of 40 empirical and released sunflower hybrid revealed the significant differences of all traits under investigation for spring and full seasons at P>0.05 and/or P>0.01 except the partitioning percentage in full 2009 (Table 3 & 4).
The pooled analysis for the two seasons (Table 5) reflects the high significant differences (P>0.01) for days to flowering, head diameter, plant height, seed. head'1, seed fertility percentage and seed yield. Whereas, partitioning percentage and 100 seed weight were significant at P>0.05. days to flowering ranged 55 to 79 days for Alister x Stiasoland Eur. x F6, respectively Similarly, for the head diameter when its range was between 19.9-27.2cm, and about 15 of 38 empirical hybrids were in range of the head diameter of the two released hybrids (Coban and Flamme). Plant height of all tested hybrids were favorable for mechanical harvesting and 10 of 38 local hybrids were less value of plant height in comparison with the check hybrids. A wide range of seeds. Head-1 (875-1344) reflects the exceeding of 33 and 4 of 38 local hybrid on Coban and Flamme check hybrids. Although, the high significant differences among all hybrids for fertility percentage, almost all hybrids revealed the highself-compatibility and reflected on seed yield which it was between 1356 and 2228kg. ha-1. The two registered local hybrids out yielded 1658kg. ha-1)Ishaqi 1)and 1656kg. ha-1 (Ishaqi 2) in comparison with the two check hybrids )Ishaqi 1 and Ishaqi 2) which its yielding were 1683 and 1808 kg. ha-1 for Flamme and Coban, respectively (Table 5).
*A and E means CMS inbred lines derived from Alister and Emberatoras female which hybridized with the restore fertility lines named as its origin extraction.
Table 6 The performance of 11 selected of empirical local hybrids of sunflower in comparison with Euroflour, the check released hybrid reveals the significant differences for Plant height, Head diameter, seed. Head-1, 100 seed Weight, Seed Yield and Seed Oil Content. No significant differences reveald between the check variety and the registered varieties Ishaqi 1 and Ishaqi2 for plant height, seed. Head-1 Seed Yield and Seed Oil Content, whereas the Euroflour differed significantly with Ishaqi 1 in Head diameter and100 seed Weight. Ishaqi 1 was exceeded on all hybrids under study including the check variety which reflects the ability of investing it in wide cultivation and decreasing the imports of hybrid seeds, at least for the near future.
The breeding program reveals the utilization of introduction, screening and extraction of inbred lines to investigate the elite development of parental lines of sunflower, especially when develop it for hybrid seed production using the cytoplasmic male sterility technigues.
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