Review Article

The Benefits of Halal Biofertilizers in Oil Palm Plantation Industries: The Social–Economy Perspectives

Chee Kong Yap¹*, Shih Hao Tony Peng² and Isma Nadia Sham^1,2

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²All Cosmos Bio-Tech Holding Corporation, PLO650, Jalan Keluli, Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, Pasir Gudang 81700, Johor, Malaysia

Submission:March 04, 2026; Published: March 25, 2026

*Corresponding author:Chee Kong Yap, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

How to cite this article:Chee Kong Y, Shih Hao Tony P, Isma Nadia S. The Benefits of Halal Biofertilizers in Oil Palm Plantation Industries: The Social– Economy Perspectives. Adv Biotech & Micro. 2026; 19(3): 556011.DOI:10.19080/AIBM.2026.19.556011

Abstract

The oil palm plantation industry plays a central role in the socio-economic development of many tropical countries, particularly Malaysia, where it contributes significantly to employment, rural livelihoods, and national export revenue. At the same time, increasing environmental pressures and growing demand for ethically compliant agricultural inputs are reshaping production systems. Halal biofertilizers, defined as biologically derived soil amendments produced from permissible and ethically compliant sources under Islamic principles, represent an emerging innovation that integrates sustainability, circular resource management, and value-based production. This narrative review paper examines the social and economic benefits of halal biofertilizers in oil palm plantation industries through an interdisciplinary conceptual analysis. Drawing on research in microbial biofertilizers, circular bioeconomy systems, waste valorization, soil health improvement, and sustainable agricultural productivity, the study evaluates how halal-certified biological inputs influence productivity, resource efficiency, market trust, and rural socio-economic resilience. Evidence indicates that biofertilizers improve nutrient use efficiency, enhance crop performance, restore soil biological function, and support environmentally responsible production. When aligned with halal compliance, these benefits extend to consumer confidence, supply chain transparency, and ethical branding in global markets. The analysis further highlights economic advantages related to reduced fertilizer costs, waste recycling opportunities, and enhanced sustainability certification compatibility. The paper proposes a socio-ecological framework linking halal compliance, microbial soil enhancement, circular bioeconomy integration, and plantation productivity. It concludes that halal biofertilizers represent not only an agronomic innovation but also a socio-economic strategy that strengthens ethical agriculture, environmental stewardship, and long-term resilience in oil palm plantation systems.

Keywords: Halal Biofertilizer; Oil Palm; Socio-Economic Sustainability; Circular Bioeconomy; Plantation Agriculture

Introduction

Oil palm plantations are a major driver of economic development in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia, where the industry supports employment, export income, and rural development. However, contemporary oil palm production faces increasing scrutiny regarding environmental sustainability, resource efficiency, and ethical supply chain practices. In response, plantation management is gradually shifting toward biological inputs and circular resource management systems that reduce dependency on synthetic fertilizers while improving soil health and productivity. Biofertilizers, which enhance plant growth through microbial activity and biological nutrient cycling, are emerging as key tools in sustainable plantation agriculture [1,2]. Beyond environmental sustainability, agricultural inputs are increasingly evaluated through ethical and cultural frameworks, especially in Muslim-majority societies. Halal certification ensures that production processes and material sources comply with Islamic principles of permissibility, cleanliness, and ethical stewardship. When applied to agricultural inputs, halal compliance extends beyond food processing to include fertilizers, soil amendments, and cultivation practices. Halal biofertilizers therefore represent a convergence of biological sustainability and value-based production systems, aligning agricultural innovation with religious and ethical expectations.

Biofertilizer research demonstrates consistent agronomic benefits across diverse cropping systems. Microbial inoculants improve nutrient availability, enhance plant growth, and restore soil biological function through nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and microbial community restructuring [3,4]. These biological processes increase productivity while reducing environmental impact, supporting long-term plantation sustainability. When produced from permissible biological sources and controlled processing systems, such inputs can be integrated into halal-certified agricultural supply chains. The expansion of circular bioeconomy practices further strengthens the relevance of halal biofertilizers. Organic waste streams from agriculture and industry are increasingly converted into biofertilizer products through biological processing, creating closed nutrient cycles and reducing environmental burdens [5] Martín-Sanz-Garrido et al., 2025. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems, for example, simultaneously remove pollutants and generate nutrient-rich biomass suitable for fertilizer use [6]. When such processes comply with halal requirements, they support both environmental and ethical sustainability.

Despite growing interest in sustainable inputs, limited research has examined the socio-economic implications of halal biofertilizers in plantation industries. This narrative review paper therefore explores the benefits of halal biofertilizers in oil palm plantation systems from social and economic perspectives, integrating agronomic performance, ethical value creation, circular resource management, and market dynamics into a comprehensive analytical framework. The approach follows the principles of narrative literature synthesis, which emphasize conceptual interpretation and interdisciplinary integration rather than rigid procedural screening. Such reviews are particularly suitable for emerging topics where knowledge is scattered across multiple domains including agronomy, socioeconomics, sustainability science, and ethical production systems [7-9].

Conceptualizing Halal Biofertilizers in Plantation Agriculture

Figure 1 presents the transition from conventional agricultural practices associated with environmental concerns and reduced consumer trust toward a more sustainable plantation system through the implementation of halal biofertilizers. At the center of the framework is the adoption of halal-compliant biological fertilizers, which integrate microbial soil enhancement, ethical sourcing of organic materials, and environmentally responsible production processes. The framework highlights three key functional pathways: the natural enhancement of soil fertility through beneficial microorganisms, the transformation of organic wastes into nutrient-rich fertilizers via circular bioeconomy processes, and the assurance of ethical sourcing and environmentally responsible processing consistent with halal principles. Collectively, these processes contribute to sustainable plantation agriculture characterized by improved soil health, enhanced resource efficiency, strengthened consumer confidence, and the development of transparent and ethical supply chains within the oil palm industry.

Halal biofertilizers can be understood as biological soil amendments produced from permissible organic materials through processes that meet Islamic ethical and hygiene standards. The concept extends beyond material composition to include sourcing transparency, processing integrity, and environmental responsibility. In plantation agriculture, halal compliance reinforces consumer trust and aligns production systems with broader ethical expectations, particularly in regions where halal certification represents an important component of food system governance and ethical supply chain management [10]. Microbial-based biofertilizers form the scientific foundation of halal fertilizer development. Beneficial microorganisms enhance soil fertility through biological nutrient transformation and plant growth promotion [2]. These microbial processes are compatible with halal principles because they rely on natural biological mechanisms rather than synthetic chemical inputs, thereby supporting environmentally responsible agricultural practices while maintaining ethical production standards [10].

Circular production pathways further support halal compliance when waste materials are processed under controlled and permissible conditions. Organic residues, wastewater biomass, and agricultural by-products can be transformed into nutrient-rich fertilizers through microbial fermentation or bioconversion [5] (Pastawan et al., 2025). Such processes align with Islamic concepts of resource stewardship and environmental responsibility, emphasizing the transformation of waste into productive resources within a sustainable bioeconomy framework [10]. Halal biofertilizers therefore represent an integrated system combining biological productivity enhancement, ethical material sourcing, and environmentally responsible production. By integrating microbial biotechnology, circular bioeconomy principles, and halal compliance, these systems provide a pathway toward sustainable plantation agriculture while strengthening consumer confidence and socio-economic resilience in agricultural supply chains [10].

Agronomic Benefits for Oil Palm Productivity

The framework in Figure 2 illustrates how the adoption of halal biofertilizers contributes to multiple interconnected socioeconomic outcomes within plantation agriculture. The model begins with the integration of halal-compliant biofertilizer production based on microbial biotechnology and ethically sourced organic materials. This foundation enhances soil fertility, improves nutrient use efficiency, and supports environmentally responsible plantation management. These agronomic improvements translate into broader economic benefits such as reduced dependency on synthetic fertilizers, lower production costs, and increased plantation productivity. At the same time, halal certification strengthens consumer trust, improves supplychain transparency, and enhances market competitiveness in global agricultural trade. The framework ultimately highlights how halal biofertilizers function not only as agronomic inputs but also as socio-economic drivers that reinforce ethical agriculture, circular resource utilization, and long-term sustainability in oil palm plantation industries.

Biofertilizers enhance plantation productivity through complex biological processes that regulate nutrient availability, plant growth, and soil ecosystem functioning. Unlike conventional fertilizers that primarily supply nutrients in mineral form, microbial biofertilizers improve nutrient mobilization through biological transformation pathways such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and organic matter mineralization. These processes increase nutrient use efficiency and promote sustained crop performance across different agroecological conditions [1,2]. Studies demonstrate that biofertilizer application enhances soil microbial diversity and functional activity, which directly influences nutrient cycling and plant physiological development [3] Salitha & Surendra Gopal, 2025. In perennial plantation systems such as oil palm, long-term soil biological activity is particularly important because continuous monoculture often reduces microbial diversity and weakens nutrient transformation capacity. By restoring microbial functionality, biofertilizers help stabilize productivity across growth cycles.

In addition to improving nutrient availability, biofertilizers strengthen plant resilience to environmental stress. Microbial inoculants have been shown to improve tolerance to salinity, drought, and nutrient imbalance by regulating plant hormonal responses and enhancing root system development [11] Srivastava et al., 2025. Such stress adaptation is critical for oil palm plantations, where productivity depends on stable physiological performance over long growth periods. Biofertilizer-mediated microbial symbiosis also improves disease resistance by suppressing pathogenic organisms and promoting beneficial rhizosphere communities [4,12]. The protective effects of microbial consortia are increasingly recognized as key components of sustainable crop management, particularly in systems where chemical pesticide reduction is desired.

Another important agronomic benefit lies in the enhancement of soil structure and organic matter stability. Biofertilizers improve aggregation, water retention capacity, and nutrient buffering through microbial decomposition and biopolymer production [13] Miché et al., 2025. Improved soil structure facilitates root penetration and increases nutrient accessibility, thereby supporting long-term plantation productivity. Field studies across diverse cropping systems demonstrate that biofertilizers significantly increase biomass production, yield quality, and nutrient efficiency, even when synthetic fertilizer inputs are reduced [14] Santos et al., 2025; Prihandarini et al., 2025. These findings indicate that biofertilizers can partially substitute chemical fertilizers while maintaining or enhancing productivity.

Emerging research also highlights the importance of microbial community engineering in optimizing crop performance. Synthetic microbial communities and rhizobacteria consortia enhance cooperative nutrient transformation and ecological stability in soil systems [15] Syafruddin et al., 2025. Plant growth–promoting bacteria, endophytic fungi, and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms collectively regulate nutrient uptake and metabolic processes that influence yield formation (Sofyan et al., 2025; van Tien et al., 2025). For oil palm plantations, such integrated microbial management offers a promising pathway to reduce nutrient loss and maintain long-term soil fertility. When biofertilizers are produced under halal-compliant processes, these agronomic benefits are combined with ethical assurance regarding material sourcing and production integrity. This dual function enhances both biological productivity and value-based agricultural practice, reinforcing the role of halal biofertilizers as strategic inputs for sustainable plantation management.

Environmental and Circular Bioeconomy Benefits

Figure 3 illustrates how halal-compliant biofertilizers function within a broader circular bioeconomy framework in oil palm plantation systems. Organic residues, agricultural by-products, and biodegradable wastes are converted through microbial fermentation and biological transformation into nutrient-rich biofertilizers that comply with halal principles of ethical sourcing, hygiene, and environmental stewardship. The application of these biofertilizers enhances soil biological activity, improves nutrient availability, and supports plant growth while reducing dependency on synthetic chemical fertilizers. Through this circular production pathway, waste materials are transformed into valuable agricultural inputs, strengthening resource efficiency, environmental sustainability, and economic resilience in plantation agriculture. The model emphasizes the interconnected relationship between ethical production standards, microbial biotechnology, and sustainable plantation productivity.

Halal biofertilizers play a significant role in advancing circular bioeconomy principles by transforming waste materials into productive agricultural inputs. Organic residues from agriculture, food processing, and industry can be biologically converted into nutrient-rich fertilizers, thereby reducing waste accumulation and closing nutrient cycles [5] Mistry et al., 2025. Such waste valorization processes are particularly relevant for plantation industries, where large volumes of biomass residues are generated annually. Recycling these materials into biofertilizer products reduces environmental pollution while enhancing resource efficiency. Microalgae-based systems represent a major innovation in circular biofertilizer production. Microalgae cultivated in wastewater capture nutrients, remove pollutants, and generate biomass suitable for soil application [6,16]. These integrated systems simultaneously address wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery, and agricultural fertilization, demonstrating the multifunctional nature of biofertilizer technologies. Similarly, agro-industrial wastewater and organic residues can be processed through microbial fermentation to produce biofertilizer products with significant agronomic value (Monzón Martínez et al., 2025; Lima e Silva et al., 2025).

Environmental benefits also extend to greenhouse gas mitigation and carbon sequestration. Biofertilizers reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, whose production and application contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions [17]. Enhanced microbial activity improves soil organic matter stabilization and carbon storage, strengthening ecosystem resilience [18]. Microalgae cultivation further contributes to carbon capture during biomass production, linking biofertilizer generation to climate mitigation strategies [19]. Additional environmental advantages arise from improved nutrient retention and reduced leaching. Controlled nutrient release from biofertilizer formulations minimizes environmental contamination of water bodies (Montegiove et al., 2025). Biofertilizer application also supports soil biodiversity and ecosystem stability by promoting beneficial microbial populations [20,21]. These ecological improvements contribute to long-term sustainability of plantation landscapes. From a halal perspective, circular resource use aligns strongly with principles of environmental stewardship and responsible resource management. The transformation of permissible organic materials into beneficial agricultural inputs reflects ethical commitments to waste reduction, ecological balance, and sustainable production.

Economic Benefits and Market Competitiveness

Figure 4 illustrates how halal-compliant biofertilizers function as a connecting mechanism between ecological improvement and socio-economic development within plantation agriculture. The framework highlights the role of microbial biofertilizers in enhancing soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and biological soil health, thereby supporting sustainable crop productivity while reducing reliance on synthetic chemical fertilizers. These ecological improvements contribute to broader environmental benefits such as improved soil structure, reduced environmental pollution, and more efficient resource utilization. At the same time, halal certification strengthens consumer confidence, market credibility, and ethical branding in global agricultural markets. The integration of these ecological and socio-economic pathways demonstrates how halal biofertilizers support sustainable plantation management while promoting economic stability, environmental stewardship, and responsible agricultural production.

The adoption of halal biofertilizers generates economic benefits through multiple pathways, including cost reduction, value-added production, and market differentiation. Biofertilizers enhance nutrient efficiency, reducing dependence on expensive synthetic fertilizers and lowering production costs [1,14]. Improved soil health and yield stability also reduce long-term input requirements, enhancing economic resilience in plantation operations. Circular biofertilizer production creates new economic opportunities by converting waste streams into valuable agricultural inputs. Waste valorization systems reduce disposal costs while generating revenue from recycled products [22,23]. Integrated resource recovery systems, including wastewaterbased microalgae cultivation and organic residue processing, contribute to diversified income streams and improved resource efficiency (Pérez Mesa et al., 2025; Petrucci et al., 2025).

Halal certification further strengthens economic competitiveness by enhancing product credibility in global markets. Ethical and religious compliance increases consumer confidence, particularly in Muslim-majority markets where halal integrity is a critical purchasing factor. Halal-certified agricultural inputs support traceable and transparent supply chains, which are increasingly valued in international trade. In addition, alignment with sustainability certification frameworks improves market access and export potential. Biofertilizers also support technological innovation and industry diversification. Advanced production systems, including microbial consortia engineering, controlled-release formulations, and integrated biorefinery processes, create new industrial sectors and employment opportunities (Mussagy et al., 2025 Verardi et al., 2025). These innovations contribute to economic growth beyond primary agricultural production. Overall, halal biofertilizers strengthen plantation economic performance by reducing input costs, enhancing market value, and promoting circular resource utilization.

Social Benefits and Ethical Agriculture

The conceptual diagram in Figure 5 demonstrates how halalcompliant biofertilizers operate as a bridge between microbial biotechnology, circular bioeconomy practices, and socio-economic development within plantation agriculture. Organic residues and agricultural by-products are biologically transformed through microbial fermentation processes into halal-certified biofertilizers that enhance soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. The application of these biological inputs improves plantation productivity while reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers and minimizing environmental impacts. At the same time, halal certification enhances transparency, ethical sourcing, and consumer confidence in agricultural supply chains. The framework highlights the interconnected outcomes of improved soil health, resource efficiency, environmental sustainability, and strengthened socio-economic resilience, emphasizing the role of halal biofertilizers as a strategic pathway toward sustainable and ethically responsible plantation management.

Halal biofertilizers contribute significantly to social sustainability by aligning agricultural practices with cultural, ethical, and religious values. In Muslim-majority societies, halal compliance ensures that agricultural inputs meet standards of purity, safety, and ethical responsibility. This alignment enhances public trust and social acceptance of plantation operations, which is particularly important in regions where environmental and social concerns influence agricultural policy and community relations. The adoption of halal biofertilizers also supports rural development by promoting localized production systems. Community-based biofertilizer manufacturing using agricultural residues or organic waste can create employment opportunities and strengthen local economies [24]. Decentralized production systems reduce dependency on imported chemical fertilizers and enhance community resilience.

Farmer knowledge and perception play crucial roles in adoption. Research indicates that awareness, education, and institutional support influence willingness to implement biofertilizer technologies [25]. Extension services and training programs therefore become essential components of successful adoption strategies. Ethical agriculture extends beyond production methods to include environmental responsibility and resource stewardship. Biofertilizers support soil conservation, pollution reduction, and ecosystem protection, reinforcing ethical commitments to sustainable land management.

Policy and Industry Implications

Figure 6 illustrates how halal-compliant biofertilizers connect biological soil enhancement, ethical agricultural practices, and socio-economic benefits within plantation agriculture. Organic residues, agricultural wastes, and biodegradable by-products are biologically converted through microbial fermentation into nutrient-rich fertilizers that comply with halal principles of permissible sourcing, hygienic processing, and environmental responsibility. The application of these biofertilizers improves soil fertility, enhances nutrient availability, and supports plant growth, thereby increasing plantation productivity while reducing dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers. This circular production pathway transforms waste into valuable agricultural inputs, promoting resource efficiency, environmental protection, and sustainable agricultural management. At the same time, halal certification strengthens consumer confidence, market transparency, and ethical branding within global agricultural supply chains. The framework highlights the role of halal biofertilizers as a strategic mechanism for linking microbial biotechnology, circular bioeconomy practices, and long-term sustainability in oil palm plantation industries.

The integration of halal biofertilizers into plantation systems has important implications for agricultural policy, sustainability governance, and industry regulation. Governments can support adoption through incentives for circular bioeconomy development, certification frameworks, and research funding for microbial technologies. Policy support is particularly important for scaling waste-to-fertilizer systems and ensuring quality control in biofertilizer production [26]. Regulatory frameworks must address both halal compliance and environmental safety, ensuring that production processes meet standards of ethical integrity and ecological sustainability. Quality control systems for microbial formulations are essential to maintain product reliability and effectiveness [27].

Industry collaboration between plantation companies, certification bodies, and research institutions is necessary to develop standardized production protocols and adoption strategies. Integration with sustainability certification programs can further enhance industry competitiveness and environmental performance. Ultimately, halal biofertilizers represent a convergence of agricultural innovation, ethical governance, and sustainable development policy. Their adoption requires coordinated institutional support, technological development, and market integration.

Conclusion

Halal biofertilizers represent a transformative innovation that integrates biological productivity enhancement with ethical agricultural practice. By improving soil fertility, enhancing crop resilience, and supporting circular resource management, these inputs contribute to sustainable oil palm production while aligning with cultural and religious values. Their multifunctional benefits extend beyond agronomic performance to include environmental protection, social acceptance, and market differentiation. From a socio-economic perspective, halal biofertilizers strengthen plantation sustainability by reducing input costs, creating value from waste resources, and enhancing consumer trust in agricultural supply chains. As global demand for ethical and environmentally responsible products increases, halal-certified biological inputs offer strategic advantages for the oil palm industry. Future plantation development should therefore integrate microbial soil management, circular bioeconomy systems, and halal compliance to ensure resilient, ethical, and economically competitive production.

1. Bam R, Mishra SR, Khanal S, Ghimire P, Bhattarai S (2022) Effect of biofertilizers and nutrient sources on the performance of mungbean at Rupandehi, Nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 10: 100404.
2. Chen Q, Song Y, An Y, Lu Y, Zhong G (2024) Soil Microorganisms: Their Role in Enhancing Crop Nutrition and Health. Diversity 16(12): 734.
3. Ng FL, Lin TC, Wang E, Lee TY, Chen GT, et al. (2025) Bacillus-Based Biofertilizer Influences Soil Microbiome to Enhance Soil Health for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability 17(14): 6293.
4. Win TT, Boonlue S, Phansak P, Dethoup T, Jantasuriyarat C, et al. (2026) Ecological roles of Trichoderma as biofertilizer. Frontiers in Fungal Biology 6: 1641004.
5. An L, Zhang X, Lu J, Wan J, Liu Y (2025) Valorization of food waste to biofertilizer and carbon source for denitrification with assistance of plant ash and biochar toward zero solid discharge. Bioresource Technology 420: 132119.
6. Álvarez-González A, Castro IMP, Ortiz A, Díez-Montero R, Passos F, et al. (2025) Environmental and economic benefits of using microalgae grown in wastewater as biofertilizer for lettuce cultivation. Bioresource Technology 424: 132230.
7. Green BN, Johnson CD, Adams A (2006) Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 5(3): 101–117.
8. Ferrari R (2015) Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing 24(4): 230–235.
9. Grant MJ, Booth A (2009) A typology of reviews: An analysis of fourteen review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal 26(2): 91–108.
10. Yap CK, Al-Mutairi KA (2023) Effective microorganisms as halal-based sources for biofertilizer production and some socio-economic insights: A review. Foods 12(8): 1702.
11. Borjian M, Jafarinia M, Ghotbi-Ravandi AA (2025) Biofertilizer-mediated salt tolerance in sunflower: Synergistic effects of Glomus mosseae and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Plant and Soil 511(1): 713–732.
12. Dalrymple DEN, Punja ZK (2025) Bacillus species in biofertilizer formulations inhibit Fusarium root and stem rot development. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 47(6): 586–598.
13. Kumar V, Walia SS, Pal Kalra V, Kaur T, Gaber A, et al. (2025) Organic manure combined with biofertilizer influences growth and soil health. Journal of Plant Nutrition 48(16): 2796–2814.
14. Mahmud AA, Upadhyay SK, Srivastava AK, Bhojiya AA (2021) Biofertilizers: A nexus between soil fertility and crop productivity under abiotic stress. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 3: 100063.
15. Geerdes N, De Lorimier P, Howe A (2025) Synthetic microbial communities: Bridging research and application in second-generation bioenergy feedstock microbiomes. Plant Soil 517: 1533–1561.
16. Delgado Pineda D, Flores Guetti MY, Rosado-Espinoza X, Ahmed MA, Colina Andrade GJ, et al. (2025) Integrated approach for wastewater remediation and biofertilizer development using Chlorella vulgaris. Algal Research 88: 104022.
17. Gay JD, Goemann HM, Currey B, Stoy PC, Christiansen JR, et al. (2022) Climate mitigation potential and soil microbial response of cyanobacteria-fertilized bioenergy crops in a cool semi-arid cropland. GCB Bioenergy 14(12): 1303–1320.
18. Cheng X, Wang G, Zhou Y, Pan C, Wang Z, et al. (2025) Biofertilizer outcompete chemical fertilizer in enhancing carbon sequestration in Moso bamboo forests. Industrial Crops and Products 232: 121244.
19. Ildefonso LLH, Renato NDS, Silva ND, Rocha DN, Martins MA (2026) Potential of microalgae cultivation for carbon sequestration and stock associated with biofertilizer production. Biomass and Bioenergy 209: 108975.
20. Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhao M, Li Y, et al. (2026) Functional Biofertilizer with Microbial and Enzyme Complex Improves Nutrients, Microbial Characteristics, and Crop Yield in Albic Soil of Heilongjiang Province, China. Agronomy 16(3): 307.
21. Kimeklis AK, Gladkov GV, Polyakov VI, Nizamutdinov TI, Balakina SV, et al. (2026) Response of abandoned fallow soil microbiome to wheat cultivation and biofertilizer use. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 9: 1689336.
22. Amir SB, Zainol N, Nor HA (2025) Multiple objective optimizations of high nitrogen content biofertilizer production using mushroom waste. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 29(8): 1–10.
23. Baharudin AS, Zainol N, Aziz NH (2025) Parameters evaluation for biofertilizer production from mushroom waste through design of experiment. Journal of Environmental Management 378: 124734.
24. Debele AD, Adam J, Assefa B (2025) Assessment of biowaste potential for biogas and biofertilizer production. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 15(5): 467–478.
25. Hasan ME, Mithila ST, Akhter S, Sifa M, Ratul AA, Rahman MM (2025) Assessment of farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and challenges towards biofertilizer application. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 9(2): em0279.
26. Bharti S, Raj A, Saratale GD, Ferreira LFR, De Souza, et al. (2025) A critical review on the symbiotic effect of bacteria and microalgae on treatment of sewage with biofertilizer production. Journal of Environmental Management 373: 123704.
27. Bahuguna V, Matura R, Farswan AS, Naqvi SS, Sharma N, et al. (2025) Rhizobium as a potential biofertilizer and its quality control analysis for sustainable agriculture. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 13(3): 97–105.