Daniel Rittschof

Tapping the Potential of Modulated Light to Ward off Pathogens

Rajib Biswas*

Applied Optics and Photonics Lab, Department of Physics, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India

Submission:May 06, 2024; Published: May 16, 2024

*Corresponding author: Rajib Biswas, Applied Optics and Photonics Lab, Department of Physics, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India, Email: rajib@tezu.ernet.in

How to cite this article: Rajib B. Tapping the Potential of Modulated Light to Ward off Pathogens. Adv Biotech & Micro. 2024; 18(1): 555980 DOI:10.19080/AIBM.2024.17.555980

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance of pathogens poses a significant challenge to public health worldwide which necessitates urgent innovative approaches for infection control. The interplay between light and biological organisms has been a subject of interest for decades. In recent years, modulated light has gained attention as a potential tool for combating pathogens. This short paper appraises the possibility of using modulated light, specifically light with a controlled variation in intensity or wavelength, as a weapon against harmful microorganisms.

Keywords: Modulated Light; Pathogen; Inactivation; Wavelength; Microorganisms

Introduction

The battle against infectious diseases is a constant one, with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria highlighting the need for novel approaches. In recent years, research has explored the potential of light-based disinfection to inactivate pathogens. Recent advancements suggest that modulated light can influence pathogen behavior and host resistance, potentially serving as a non-invasive method to combat infections. The rise of antimicrobial resistance has underscored the need for novel strategies to combat infectious diseases. Traditional antimicrobial agents, while effective, often encounter challenges such as resistance development and toxicity. As such, researchers have turned to alternative approaches, including phototherapy, as a promising avenue for infection control [1-4]. Modulated light, characterized by its specific frequency and intensity, has emerged as a particularly intriguing option due to its ability to target pathogens while minimizing harm to host tissues. In this paper, we delve into the potential of modulated light as a non-invasive, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly tool for warding off pathogens. Light has long been known to affect the biological rhythms and physiological processes of living organisms. The concept of using light modulation as a defense against pathogens is gaining traction, with evidence suggesting that certain wavelengths and intensities can inhibit pathogen growth and virulence [5-10]. This paper explores the mechanisms by which modulated light affects pathogens and discusses its implications for future therapeutic strategies. This paper explores the promising role of modulated light in disrupting microbial growth and survival, highlighting its mechanisms of action and potential applications in diverse settings. Through a review of recent studies, the effects of modulated light on various microorganisms are elucidated and we discuss its advantages, limitations, and future directions in the field of infection control.

Mechanisms of Action

Photodynamic Inactivation

Photodynamic inactivation involves the use of light-sensitive compounds that, when activated by light, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular components of pathogens, leading to their inactivation. Light of a specific wavelength activates photosensitizing agents inducing oxidative damage to microbial cells. This oxidative stress disrupts essential cellular components, leading to cell death. Alternatively, in photothermal therapy (PTT), modulated light is absorbed by photosensitive materials, causing localized heating and thermal ablation of microbial cells. Additionally, modulated light can interfere with microbial biofilm formation and quorum sensing, further impeding pathogenicity. Visible light (400-700 nm) is generally considered non-hazardous. Studies have shown that pulsed visible light, particularly in the blue spectrum (400-470 nm), can inactivate bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The exact mechanism of action remains under investigation [5-10].

Circadian Rhythms and Immune Response

Circadian rhythms regulate various physiological processes, including the immune response. Modulated light can synchronize these rhythms, potentially enhancing the host’s immune response to pathogens [7].

Chromophore Targeting

Certain studies suggest that modulated light, specifically visible light with specific pulsing patterns or narrow wavelengths, may offer a safer and potentially more targeted approach. As for instance, certain pathogens possess chromophores, molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light. By targeting these chromophores with modulated light at their absorption peaks, it might be possible to selectively damage the pathogen without harming surrounding healthy cells [8-9].

Merits

This therapy possesses certain merits which are listed below.

· Safety: Compared to UV-C, visible light poses less risk to human health.

· Specificity: Targeting chromophores could allow for selective inactivation of pathogens.

· Non-invasive: Light-based disinfection can be applied remotely, minimizing the need for direct contact with contaminated surfaces.

Challenges and Future Directions

Despite its promise, modulated light therapy faces several challenges that warrant further research. Optimization of treatment parameters, including light dosage and delivery methods, is essential to maximize efficacy and minimize adverse effects. Moreover, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of action and potential resistance mechanisms is crucial for the development of targeted therapies. Additionally, studies evaluating the safety and long-term effects of modulated light therapy in clinical settings are needed to establish its feasibility and efficacy for widespread use. Future research efforts should focus on expanding our understanding of modulated light's antimicrobial properties and exploring its applications in diverse settings, including healthcare facilities, food processing, and water treatment.

However, significant challenges remain:

· Optimizing Parameters: The effectiveness of modulated light likely depends on various factors, including pulse frequency, wavelength, and total light dose. Research is needed to identify the optimal parameters for different pathogens.

· Efficacy in Real-World Settings: Laboratory studies have shown promising results, but translating this to real-world scenarios with diverse microbial communities requires further investigation.

· Cost and Implementation: Developing and deploying light-based disinfection systems necessitates cost-effective light sources and practical implementation strategies.

Although light modulation underscores its potential as deterrent for microbes, there is still a long way to go. Understanding the precise mechanisms by which modulated light can lead to effective inactivation of microorganisms is mandatory. Only, a better grasp of interplay of modulated light with microbe can make this area more prominent. Along side of it, the incorporation of combination therapies such as disinfection methods, like chemical disinfectants with modulated light results in synergistic effects. Another formidable challenge is the design as well as fabrication of cost-effective and power efficient light which can cater to specific and selective disinfection is extremely important leading to wider adoption.

Conclusion

Modulated light holds promise as a novel and potentially safer approach to pathogen control. While significant research is needed to address existing challenges, this technology presents exciting possibilities for the fight against infectious diseases. Its non-invasive nature and potential to reduce reliance on antibiotics make it an attractive option for further research and development. By leveraging its unique properties, including specificity, versatility, and non-invasiveness, modulated light has the potential to revolutionize infection control strategies. Continued research efforts are needed to optimize treatment protocols, validate efficacy in clinical settings, and address remaining challenges. With further advancements, modulated light therapy could emerge as a valuable tool in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and infectious diseases.