Review Article

Homosexuality in Massage Centers as Perceived by Sample Attenders

Abdulrhman Obiad alazmi*

Associated Professor of Counseling Psychology, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences- Crime Prevention Section, Saudi Arabia

Submission: October 15, 2021; Published: October 25, 2021

*Corresponding author: Abdulrhman Obiad alazmi, Associated Professor of Counseling Psychology, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences- Crime Prevention Section, Saudi Arabia

How to cite this article: Abdulrhman Obiad a. Homosexuality in Massage Centers as Perceived by Sample Attenders. Psychol Behav Sci Int J. 2021; 17(5): 556975. DOI: 10.19080/PBSIJ.2021.17.556975.

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to investigate the extent of homosexuality among workers in massage centers in East of Riyadh. The study adopted the descriptive survey method, as the study sample consisted of (385) individuals who were selected by the available method. A questionnaire consisting of (16) items was applied to the study sample members. The results showed that homosexuality is prevalent in an average degree among workers in massage centers. Further, there were no significant statistical differences (α = 0.05) due to the effect of age, the reason for attendance, and the effect of the number of times of attendance. Based on the Findings, the study presented a set of recommendations, including: tightening control over all massage centers, monitoring the workers in them, and closing every center that proves the existence of abuses in it.

Keywords: Homosexuality; Massage Centers; Workers; Attenders; Saudi Arabia

Introduction

Today the world is undergoing many social, technological and psychological changes and developments that have broken many restrictions and values, and the circle of personal freedom - regardless of its positive or negative - has become more extensive in many countries of the world, exceeding social constants and norms as a result of these changes and amendments to international laws and Customs within human rights claims. The issue of homosexuality is one of the most recent topics of interest to people on various religious, cultural and intellectual levels, due to the prevalence of this phenomenon in the Arab world and the transition of its propaganda from the stage of Defense to the stage of attack, and their defiance of laws and laws that prohibit and criminalize homosexuality [1].

As a result, the sexual practices of the interface have emerged, and have spread to TV shows, audio and video clips, pornographic websites, and social media sites, all of which are indicators of the growth of sexual motivations in individuals, and many of these motivations have deviated, bringing to the interface new concepts such as homosexuality which are in fact a kind of deviation or anomaly in thinking, motivations and behavioral practice [2].

The fifth diagnostic manual of mental disorders refers to homosexuality (Paraphilia) as “intense, continuous sexual interest that is different from the normal sexual interest of a normal, physically mature biological partner” [3]. Qatarji [4] defines homosexuality as “deviant and unnatural sexual activity inconsistent with the prevailing culture in society or the state”. Homosexuality is also considered a “disorder of sexual orientation” [5], an abnormal state of sexual gratification that is met through sexual activity with a person of the same sex [6], and homosexuality in its various forms is classified in several studies as “ having sex in a manner contrary to the natural instinct or biological composition of humans [2,7].

Psychological Litreture and studies indicate that the subject of homosexuality has emerged clearly in recent decades as a result of many international laws and conventions that decriminalized it on the pretext of preserving human rights, and many television shows and works of art that have tried to put it as normal and demand that many gay associations and conferences of states legalize illegal marital relations and protect gay rights [8].

Homosexuality is widespread worldwide, with studies showing that 3% -5% of men in the world suffer from homosexuality and 1-6% of women in the world suffer from it [2]. Other studies have shown that homosexuality is 20 times more common in men than in women, with homosexual perceptions beginning in males from the age of 13, while in females it begins many years later [8,9]. The Keith study, conducted in the United States of America [10], showed that the prevalence of homosexuality increased from 4% in 2008 to 6.7% worldwide, with the increase in female anomalies approaching that of males.

In the Arab world, the qatarji study [4] showed that 117 organizations that defended gays were sentenced to prison in Egypt, and that the number of cases of homosexuality in Syria is alarmingly large, while Lebanon is at the forefront of the Arab scene in this context, as the Abdel Wahab Study [11] in Egypt showed the need to confront homosexuality curatively and preventatively due to its prevalence among youth groups, and the different patterns of The Al-Juhani study [12] showed that there is a rapid prevalence of homosexuality in contemporary Arab society, especially among the age group between 18 and 40 years in various Arab countries.

It is well known that, homosexuality causes sexual overexertion, physical violence, unemployment [13], divorce, financial problems [11], psychological stress [14], and many incurable sexual diseases (Moser, 2018). Other studies have indicated that the most important risk factors caused by homosexuality are associated with other disorders such as depression, anxiety and abuse, and suicide risk, which are considered high among gay men [15].

Al-Juhani [12] also points out that the interest in homosexuality has become increasing in many countries of the world, and the establishment of clubs, swimming pools, beaches, neighborhoods, organizations and official associations supported private gay men, and authorized them to hold annual conferences and festivals, and moved its calls from the stage of Defense to the stage of attack, and because supporters of homosexuality have succeeded in phenomenon and its confrontation.

Statement of Purpose And Question

The moral gap imposed by globalization on all countries of the world caused the emergence of the phenomenon of homosexuality on a large scale, where it became her calling them, defend them [16], and homosexuality is a phenomenon worthy of research and study to represent the turbulent physically, psychologically, socially, and morally called human nature and human, is contrary to the values of society and its customs and traditions and trends [17,18]. Add to the negative and devastating effects of this phenomenon on the individual and society (Hijazi, 2015).

Although the treatment of such topics in Arab and Islamic culture is disgusting and is associated with shame and embarrassment; however, this phenomenon is widespread in many massage parlors, as these centers attract employment from African and East Asian countries and bring with them many different patterns of anomalies that are now addressed by the visitors of these centers raised their voices with criticism. This dangerous phenomenon must therefore be confronted, studied and identified with the duration and patterns of its spread in order to provide appropriate solutions.

In light of the spread of many massage centers in Saudi Arabia, and bringing in many foreign workers who have transmitted this anomaly, as well as in the light of studies such as [4,11,19,20] that confirmed the prevalence of the phenomenon of homosexuality in this era; and the tireless, serious and continuous efforts to address this problem in Saudi society; 2003) in order to reveal the main causes and factors leading to them to avoid them [12], it became necessary In-depth study to address the prevalence of this phenomenon among workers in these centers from the perspective of visitors. For the seriousness of this phenomenon, the researcher will focus in his study the descriptive survey method through the relevant literature and studies, and apply a questionnaire to the visitors of massage centers to determine the prevalence of this phenomenon and its patterns. The current study is seeking to answer the following questions:

a) What is the prevalence of homosexuality from the point of view of massage visitors in East Riyadh?

b) Are there significant statistical differences in the perceptions of the study sample members about the prevalence of homosexuality among massage workers due to variables (age, reason for attendance, and number of visits? In East Riyadh).

Significance of the Study

The importance of the current study is highlighted by its topic, where anomalies have become a serious and widespread phenomenon that needs to be studied from various aspects in order for the concerned state organs and civil society institutions to cope with them. The importance of this study in its theoretical and applied aspects can be addressed as follows:

Theoretical significance

a) Enrich Arab theoretical literature with a practical study that includes the concepts of homosexuality, and how to identify it in order to confront it and counter its spread.

b) The importance of presenting the same subject before specialists to inform them of the seriousness of this phenomenon, especially in massage centers that are legally licensed, which requires studying it and determining the extent of its prevalence.

c) The study may be an addition that contributes to fill part of the shortage suffered by the Gulf and Arab library in this field, especially as it deals with massage centers and their staff.

Applied Significance

a) The results may be used by all relevant ministries and government agencies, civil society institutions and the family in order to identify, address and eliminate risk and anomalies.

b) The study may open the door for researchers and scholars to carry out further studies of the subject through psychological and educational studies such as the role of guidance in the face of homosexuality, the role of schools, universities, and the media in the response and confrontation.

Definition of Terms

Homosexuality

Al-Sherbini [14] defines homosexuality as “the conduct of practice with the same sex, in which the male is described as Gay and the Female Lesbian and is an abnormal deviation from the normal instinct of Homo sapiens”. The researcher defines it procedurally in this study as all patterns of sexual deviation and abnormal forms of instinct as reflected in the response of the study sample members to its instrument.

Massage Centers

Kennedy [21] defines massage parlors as “physical therapy facilities that use touch to apply pressure to the skin, muscles, tendons and ligaments of the body, providing services to visitors either for treatment or just for relaxation”. The researcher defines massage centers as centers that provide (massage) and related services, and operate within state-approved licenses in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Limitations of the study Place the current study is conducted in massage centers (massages) east of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Time

The study will be conducted in 2018/2020.

Human

The study is limited to a sample of male massage therapists in eastern Riyadh.

Study Determinants

The generalization of the results is determined by the truthfulness and stability of the study tool, and the objectivity of the study sample members in responding to its items.

Theoretical Framework and Studies

Many studies [2, 22] have shown that the widening circle of personal freedom in the Western world today has led to the overriding of many social and instinctive constants, where Homosexuality has spread, become a defender of, and espouses principles that attempt to legitimize it in society. Many laws have been introduced authorizing same-sex marriage, and those who do not accept the idea of homosexuality are now covered by the term “homosexual phobia”, although before 1973 homosexuality was included in the list of mental disorders in America and the world at large [2].

The concept of homosexuality

Homosexuality can be defined as a group of people who are abnormal or unique to them, and who disagree with what they are accustomed to and familiar with sexual behavior and practice [23], as well as a type of sexual need that is met by sexual practices outside of the formative nature and social custom; having sex with persons of the same sex, or with individuals with whom such practices should not be carried out, such as incest, children, etc. (jurisprudence report, 2009: 3).

Al-qidah [12] defined it as: sexual enjoyment in any form between persons of the same sex, the act is called gay for men, lesbian for women, and marwati [19] defined it as: every homosexual act is incompatible with what God created the sexual instinct for. Homosexuality or homosexuality can also be defined as “a person who chooses to manifest a sexual desire towards a person of the same sex, with a tendency to associate with abnormal sexual practices resulting from this desire” [24].

Theories of Homosexuality

There are several theories dealing with the topic of homosexuality or vocabulary and terminology close to it, including:

Psychoanalytic Theories

psychoanalytic theories have linked homosexuality to fear of heterosexuality, here meant fear of contrary sexual contact, possibly due to factors of upbringing at early stages of an individual’s life [25]. Freud argued that this refers to the Oedipus complex in which the child is in a small dioecious, and responds to stay any sexual contact regardless of the type of person, and homosexuality when the baby in the case of a breakup in the family, poor relations between the parents, where per capita here tends to third parties to satisfy his needs Bhugra, Popelyuk & McMullen, [26].

Religious-behavioral conduct absence theory: this theory is rooted in criminology, and is based on the fact that there is an internal officer for each individual, and this officer controls the behavior of the individual and prevents him from committing error and crime, the absence of this officer tends the individual to delinquency and abnormality [4]. If the religious officer degrades the behavior, the individual tends to deviate, assisted by a combination of sub-factors such as family and society, without the religious officer with negative factors, the individual is more likely to deviate and be abnormal [27].

Factors of Homosexuality Prevalence

There are many factors that have caused the prevalence of gender anomalies and various studies and research [2,28,29] have shown these factors as follows:

External Factors

UN laws enacted since 1951, where the UN’s focus on legalizing homosexuality began, with the UN refugee treaty imposed on states; to ensure protection for any person who has a fear of being “persecuted for racial, religious or gender identity reasons” by belonging to a particular social group, as well as international support for gay people, including organizations, States, granting them political shelters.

Internal Factors

The internal factors that contribute to the spread of moral corruption in general and homosexuality in particular, the first of these factors start a family in which a child, which greatly helps in the formation of his character and guide his behavior. So is the wrong upbringing: some parents lengthen their male children’s hair, allow them to play girls ‘ games and dress them up, call girls by male names, and allow them to play with them in their own, sometimes violent, games. In addition, sexual harassment of children as young children by a family member, confidant or protection officer plays a major role in the conversion to homosexuality. The role of this community begins in schools and universities, which are the second source of sexual culture after parents.

Cultural Factors

Include the failure to study this phenomenon and explain its risks to society, as well as the publication of novels, literature and dramas about homosexuality and homosexuals in a way that encourages homosexuality. Not to mention the role of the media, and satellite channels and social networking sites.

Previous Studies

The Juhani study [29] identified the causes leading to the girl’s delinquency towards homosexuality, and the methods of treatment from an Islamic pedagogical point of view. To achieve this goal, the deductive approach, the descriptive approach in the style of documentary studies, were used. The results of the study showed that homosexuality is in constant sleep between males and females alike in all countries of the world, including Arab and Islamic countries, and that it is a moral aberration that threatens the continuity of states and societies, and threatens the existence of man in general, and that the subject of homosexuality has conquered international conferences, documents of world organizations. Decriminalization has been supported by the laws of many states, it has reached the stage of recognition and legislative regulation, there is a revolution in the legislation that criminalizes it, its supporters have moved from the stage of defense to the stage of attack, and one of the most important reasons leading to it are peripheral societal reasons.

Joyal and Carpenter Joyal & Carpentier [30] conducted a study in Canada aimed to detect homosexual behaviors and concerns in a sample of adult men. The study followed a survey methodology through a random sample of (1,040) men from the Canadian city of Quebec who responded to the measure of homosexuality, and then conducted telephone interviews with (10) gay men. The results of the study showed that half of the sample of men showed interests in homosexuality, which reflected on their sexual behaviors negatively. The study also showed that the rate of homosexuality was 15.9% among the respondents, and the results of the interviews showed that the sample does not see homosexuality as a sexual problem, and that their interests are attributed to a person of the same gender.

Egan [31] studied in the United States of America the prevalence of homosexuality and its behaviors, desires, and associated stress in a sample of undergraduates. The study followed an associative survey methodology through a sample of (500) students who answered on a scale of (30) paragraphs distributed on (7) abnormal behaviors. The general anxiety and Depression Scale was also applied. The results of the study showed that (69%) of the sample engaged in at least one abnormal behavior. And that the most practiced behavior is an anomaly with a person of the same sex. The results showed a significant correlation between homosexuality on the one hand and anxiety, stress and depression on the other.

Abdul Wahab [11] conducted a study aimed at clarifying the concept of homosexuality in linguistic and idiomatic terms, highlighting the reasons that helped its growth and spread, identifying the effects resulting from it, contributing to clarifying the protective and therapeutic methodology of the problem of homosexuality as stated in the light of the Holy Quran, and providing suggestions and recommendations to researchers and concerned The results showed that the reasons that helped the spread of homosexuality are religious, social, economic, psychological, media, legal, organic and others, as well as the study showed the seriousness of homosexuality, and that it is a problem that has become threatening the security and stability of societies in all religious, social, economic, health, legal, psychological, and moral aspects.

Castellini & Rellini, [32] conducted a study in Italy aimed at revealing gender differences in homosexual behaviors in a sample of undergraduates in Italy. The study followed a survey methodology through a stratified random sample of (775) students (243 males, 532 females) who responded on a scale of sexual interests and fantasies. The results of the study showed that the percentage of homosexuality in the study sample was average, with men (50.6%) higher than women (41.5%), and the study showed that homosexuality in men revolved around homosexuality and sadism, while in women it revolved around machoism and lesbianism. The results showed that cultural and media factors played a significant role in the phenomenon of homosexuality among university students.

patrova, and rovichova, Weiss and kalpilova Bartova, Androvicova, Weiss & klapilova, 2020 studied in Czech aimed the prevalence of the phenomenon of homosexuality in a community sample of men and women. The study followed a survey methodology by applying a measure of sexual motivation and behavior to a community sample of (1044) men and women (5023 men and 5021 women). The results of the study showed that 31.3% of men and 13.6% of women admitted to having sexual preferences towards the same sex, and that 44% of the sample engaged in homosexual behaviors with the opposite gender.

Methodology and Procedures

Study Method: The study adopted the survey descriptive approach for the homosexuality prevalence in Massage centers as perceived by the visitors as it fits the nature of the study.

Population and Sample

The study population is consisted of of all massage center visitors in the east of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the study sample was selected through available sampling; as it is difficult to obtain the sample in the random way due to the privacy of the study community. he size of the study sample was calculated using the equation (Yamane, 1967) which states [n=N1+Ne2]; where N stands for the size of the study community, and E stands for the amount of the sampling error of (0.05) in this study; the size of the study sample is (385) individuals, as shown in Table 1 total 385100.0.

Study Tool

For the purposes of achieving the objectives of the study; a questionnaire was developed identify the prevalence of anomalies in the massage centers from the point of view of visitors, based on a set of steps identified by (Huling, Drasgow & Parsons, 1983), those are: reviewing the literature and related studies, such as: Al-Alsheikh, 2003; Abdeleahab, 2018, Batrova, Klapilova, Androvicova & Weiss, 2020), the draft contains of (18) general items.

Validity and Reliability

Content Validity

A jury of (8) specialists from Saudi universities reviewed the tool and gave their remarks and comments. The researcher considered their comments and amend the tool. The final questionnaire consisted of (16) items.

Construct Validity

To extract the indication of the construction validity of the scale, the correlation coefficients of the items of the scale with the total degree were extracted in a survey sample from outside the study sample consisting of (30) individuals, as the correlation coefficient here represents an indication of honesty for each item in the form of a correlation coefficient between each item and the total degree. The values ranged between (0.41-0.80) as shown in Table 2. All coefficients were within accepted degree, therefore none of them was omitted.

Reliability of the Tool

To ensure the validity, the test-retest method was verified by applying the scale, and reapplied two weeks later to a group outside the study sample consisting of (30), and then the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between their estimates both times as high as (0.86). The internal consistency coefficient was also calculated according to the kronbach Alpha equation (0.82), and these values were considered appropriate for the purposes of this study.

Study Findings

Findings of the First question: What is the prevalence of homosexuality from the point of view of massage visitors in East Riyadh? To answer this question, means and standard deviations of the level of prevalence of homosexuality in massage center were extracted from the point of view of massage centers visitor, the table below shows this Table 3 shows that the means ranged between (3.30-265) as item (13), which states that “some massage center workers climb over the bed” came in the first rank with a mean of (3.65) with an average level, while item (1), “ Some workers in massage centers perform seductive movements for clients “ came in the last rank with a mean of (3.30) and an average level. The computational average prevalence of the anomaly as a whole was (3.50) with an average level.

*Sig at: 0.05 ** sig at: 0.01

All coefficients were within accepted degree, therefore none of them was omitted.

Findings of the second question: Are there significant statistical differences in the perceptions of the study sample members about the prevalence of homosexuality among massage workers due to variables (age, reason for attendance, and number of visits? In East Riyadh). To answer this question means, SD of prevalence according to age, reason for attendance, and number of visits as calculated, as shown in Table 4.

shows that there are differences in means and standard deviation for the prevalence of homosexuality in massage centers according to the variables, to clarify the indication of statistical significance three-way ANOVA was used, as shown in table 5.

Table 5 shows that: there are no significant statistical differences (α = 0.05) attributable to the age effect, with a value of 0.339 P and a statistical significance of 0.797. There are no significant statistical differences (α = 0.05) attributable to the reason of visit, with a value of 0.502 P and a statistical significance of 0.201. There are no significant statistical differences (α = 0.05) attributable to the number of visits, with a value of 0.747 P and a statistical significance of 0.525.

Discussion and Recommendations

Discussion of the first question: The findings showed that the level of prevalence of homosexuality in massage centers from the point of view of the respondents came in an average degree and a mean of (3.50), where item (13), which states that “some massage center workers climb over the bed” came in first rank and mean of (3.65) with an average level, while item (1), “some massage center workers perform movements to lure customers” came in last rank and a mean of (3.30) with an average level. The researcher argues that the prevalence of homosexuality is still small and its percentage is not large. This may be due to the nature of the Saudi society as well as the strict regulation of the state that forces those centers to hire competent workers. The rank of item (13) the first place refers to some of the individual actions of massage specialists, the majority of whom are non-Muslims, a practice that refers more to harassment than to homosexuality and evidence that the temptation movements as in item (1) are few and not of value. The apparent prevalence of homosexuality is therefore limited from the point of view of the apostles.

The related literature indicated that subject of homosexuality has emerged clearly in recent decades as a result of many international laws and conventions that decriminalized it on the pretext of preserving human rights, and many television shows and works of art that have tried to put it as normal and demand that many gay associations and conferences of countries legalize illegal marital relations [8]. Many countries and organizations, most notably the United Nations, have even been forced to change the terminology of perversion, homosexuality or disorder to terms such as homosexuality [12], which the Saudi state and society continue to reject because of its conservative Islamic nature. The result of the first question was consistent with the result of the Juhani study [12] on the causes leading to a girl’s delinquency towards homosexuality, which are moderate in prevalence and appearance. The result of the first question was also consistent with the result of the Joyal and Carpenter study [30] which showed that the incidence of homosexuality was 15.9%, which is an average prevalence.

Discussion of the Second Question

There are no significant statistical differences (α = 0.05) attributable to the age effect, there are no significant statistical differences (α = 0.05) attributable to the reason of visit, there are no significant statistical differences (α = 0.05) attributable to the number of visits. This result may seem justified because the vast majority of the visitors to these centers are adults who are aware of the risk of dealing with Asian labor, and therefore they choose centers of good reputation, in which such excesses cannot occur. As to the Islamic nature of the Saudi people make it away from this phenomenon is not recognized and does not decide and does not mind in any case.

This finding contrasts with the results of studies such as Castellini & Rellini, [32] and the patrova, and rovichova, Weiss and kalpilova Bartova, Androvicova, Weiss & klapilova, 2020)) the difference here may be due to the fact that the current study environment differs from those of these studies that are very open and distant from religious traditions.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended

a) Imposing real control over all massage centers, monitor the employment in them, and close all centers that prove the existence of excesses in them.

b) Assign massage centers to psychologists who follow the workers and discover the locations of defects and treat them.

c) Conducting comparative studies with other countries and making use of psychological and evaluation studies conducted by other countries to eliminate the phenomenon of anomalies.

References

1. Akasha A (2009) Contemporary psychiatry, Anglo library, Egypt.
2. Griffiths M (2019) Paraphilias and the Press: Don’t always believe what you read. Medical Journal of Armed Forces-India 75(3): 232-234.
3. Arias C, Herazo E (2018) Innovations, Reviews and Proposals on the DSM-5: the Case of Sexual Dysfunctions, Gender Dysphoria and Paraphilic Disorders. Review of Colombia Quarterly 47(1): 56-64.
4. Qatarji N (2010) The phenomenon of homosexuality in the Arab world: Causes, Consequences and mechanisms solution. Al-Bayan magazine: Islamic Forum 1(27): 12-18.
5. Eagan A (2017) Foot Obsessed But not Necessarily Depressed: the Relationship between Paraphilias and Mental Health Outcomes. PhD Dissertation, Murray State University. USA.
6. Christian C, Carpentier J (2016) The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population: A Provincial Survey. The Journal of Sex Research 1(2): 1-11.
7. Moser C (2018) DSM 5, Paraphilias, and the Paraphilic Disorders: Confusion Reigns. Arch of Sexual Behav 48(3): 681-689.
8. Abdullahi H, Jafojo R, Udofia O (2015) Paraphilia among Undergraduates in a Nigerian University. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 22(3): 249-257.
9. Hoover K, Tao K (2017) Nationally Representative Prevalence estimates of Gay, Bisexual, and other Men who have Sex with Men who have served in the U.S. Military. PLoS One 12(8): 18-42.
10. Keith E (2019) Paraphilias and the Medicalization of Criminal Behavior. Master Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. USA.
11. Abdulwahab H (2018) Preventive and curative measures of the Society of homosexuality in the light of the Koran. Journal of the Faculty of Arts 48(1): 149-198.
12. Al-Jahni H (2014) Causes of the girl's delinquency towards homosexuality and methods of treatment: an Islamic pedagogical study. Journal of Education 3(159): 781-844.
13. Doshi S, Zanzrukiy, K, Kumar L (2018) Paraphilic infantilism, Diaperism and Pedophilia: A review. J Forensic Leg Med 56(1): 12-15.
14. Sherbini L (2015) Gender: problems and their psychological causes. House of Science and faith for publishing and distribution, Egypt.
15. Fahim A (2018) Live healthy without disease. Arab Press Agency for publishing, Egypt.
16. Sherbini L (2018) Psychology of people's worries. Dar Al Jadeed publishing and distribution, Egypt.
17. Downing L (2015) Heteronormativity and Repronormativity in Sexological Perversion Theory and the DSM-5’s Paraphilic Disorder Diagnoses. Arch Sex Behav 4(5): 1139-1145.
18. Martos E (2017) Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans Gender (LGBT) Health Services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape. Plos One 12(7): e0180544.
19. Al-marwat A (1997) Homosexuality and its punishment in Islamic jurisprudence. Unpublished master's thesis, Higher Institute of the judiciary, Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia.
20. Al-Sheikh A (2003) Crimes of homosexuality and their punishment in Sharia and law applied study in the courts of Riyadh region. Unpublished master thesis, Department of criminal justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Saudi Arabia.
21. Kennedy A (2016) Clarifying Definitions of Massage Therapy Profession: the Results of the Best Practices Symposium. International Journal of therapeutic Massage and Bodywork 9(3): 15-26.
22. Kar S, Dixit S (2019) Zoophilia and hyper sexuality in an adult male with schizophrenia: A case report. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 34(2): 41-43.
23. Carstens P, Stevens P (2016) Paraphilia and Sex Offending: South Africa Criminal Law Perspective.
    Int J Law Psychiatry 47(1): 93-101.
24. Lackamp M, Osborne C, Wise N, Sierra D, Balgobin C, et al. (2016) Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders. Practical Guide to Paraphilia and Paraphilic Disorders. American Psychology Association, USA.
25. Garcia F, Thibaut F (2011) Current Concepts in the Pharmacotherapy of Paraphilias. Drugs 71(6): 771-790.
26. Bhugra D, Popelyuk D, McMullen I (2010) Paraphilias Across Cultures: Contexts and Controversies. J Sex Res 47(2): 242-256.
27. Khalidi A (2018) Causes of violence and sexual harassment against underage and underage girls and protection and prevention strategy. Journal of educational and psychological research 56(3): 165-195.
28. Bogaerts S, Daalder A, Vanheule S (2008) Personality disorders in a sample of Paraphilic and non-paraphilic child molesters: a comparative study. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 52(2): 21-30.
29. Yakeley J, Wood H (2014) Paraphilias and Paraphilic disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 20(4): 202-213.
30. Joyal C, Carpentier J (2017) The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population: A Provincial Survey. J Sex Res 54(2): 161-171.
31. Egan A (2017) Foot Obsessed but Not Necessarily depressed: The Relationship between Paraphilias and Mental health Outcomes. Master Thesis, Murray State University. USA.
32. Castellini G, Rellini AH, Cristina A, Irene P, Matteo F, et al. (2018) Deviance or Normalcy? The Relationship among Paraphilic thoughts and Behaviors, Hyper sexuality, and Psychopathology in a Sample of University Students. J Sex Med 15(9): 1332-1335.