Mini Review

How the Tsunami Effect to Fisheries in Sunda Strait, After Krakatao Eruption, Indonesia

Yonvitner^1*, Syamsul Bahri Agus² and Perdinan³

¹Department of Aquatic Resources Management, IPB University, Indonesia

²Department of Marine Science and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia

³Department of Agro climate and Meteorology, PB University, Indonesia

Submission:October 28, 2019; Published:December 12, 2019

*Correspondence author: Yonvitner, Aquatic Resources Management Department-Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science and Director for Disaster Research Centre (CERDAS IPB), IPB University, Indonesia

How to cite this article:Yonvitner, Syamsul Bahri Agus, Perdinan.How the Tsunami Effect to Fisheries in Sunda Strait, After Krakatao Eruption, Indonesia.Oceanogr Fish Open Access J. 2019; 11(3): 555812. DOI: 10.19080/OFOAJ.2019.11.555812

Introduction

The silent tsunami and disaster by the eruption of the Mount Anak Krakatao caused damage at the west coast region in Banten Province, especially in the Sunda Strait coastal zone. Based on BNPB data (2019), the impact of tsunami disaster records of the deaths of approximately 317 people in Serang and Pandeglang regencies. The affected areas are the Cinangka sub district, Carita subdistrict, Labuan subdistrict, Labuan subdistrict, Pagelaran sub district, Panimbang sub district, Cigeulis sub district, and Sumur sub district. In the capture fisheries sector, the damage recorded was as many as 420 vessels, both high damaged, moderate, and low damage. Furthermore, it also destroys some fisheries infrastructure such as fish sale points or street markets and fish landing sites. The fishing gear that is most affected by tsunamis is fishing gear is the settle lift net and boat lift net. Both fishing gears are used to catch small pelagic fish in the Sunda Strait waters. During disaster events, fisheries business is the sector with the highest intensity of impact. As a result, since the tsunami disaster, the most active fishing business activities have stopped. This condition means that, indeed, most of the business on the Labuan coast is fishing. The slide apart of Anak Krakatao mount also causes increasing suspended solids in the water body and then the potential to disrupt fish diversity. So, the direct impact of a tsunami can also occur on fish, related to local people who have as a fisherman as livelihoods.

Review

Fisheries have known as small scale fisheries in which to uncertainty in terms of supply and demand, and fishing activities usually are influenced by social, institutional factors [1], the risk of natural and anthropogenic hazards. The volcanic eruption of Anak Krakatao, which cause a tsunami on December 22nd, 2019, has caused various damage to residential areas, damage to economic infrastructure, especially capture fisheries. The calculation the number of occurrence of fish landed after tsunami tendency decline that causes an effect of the eruption and due to increasing exploitation except illegal or foreign exploitation [2,3]. Losses due to tsunami events are quite large for the size of community residential areas near the coast. The impact of the tsunami on areas with very minimal mitigation programs and disaster risk will usually be very high. The inadequate condition of disaster facilities, less sensitivity of the community will increase the high risk and loss due to the disaster so that the infrastructure built needs to be adaptive with the level of risk and potential disaster events. And then the impact on coastal ecosystems dominantly to mangrove ecosystem and terrestrial plants such as coconut, katapang, and another agriculture plant.

The coastal ecosystem plays as supporting to fish recovery and sustainable fisheries program [4]. The Sunda Strait tsunami effect on the ecosystem categorized as having a moderate impact, which requires a recovery period of no more than ten years [5]. As a large affected area, in addition to material losses, there were also economic losses of fishermen from the tsunami. This research shows that it takes more than one month for people to return to their activities again with an exposure level of 30-50 meters from coastline to the inland. The most significant impact is seen in the fisheries sector, both catch volume and catch value. The occurrence of tsunamis significantly impacts on decreasingproduction, which reaches between 27-50 percent at the same time as before the tsunami. Meanwhile, the impact of economic losses is the decline in the economic value of catches due to the tsunami reaching 26-53% with a loss of between Rp. 45 million to 117 million. This loss was classified as very high, especially for small-scale fishers in the Labuan area. The natural disaster has a significant effect on household income and expenditure inequality to fish production [6]. We found most of these livelihood linkages to human well-being recovery [7].

The coastal ecosystem plays as supporting to fish recovery and sustainable fisheries program [4]. The Sunda Strait tsunami effect on the ecosystem categorized as having a moderate impact, which requires a recovery period of no more than ten years [5]. As a large affected area, in addition to material losses, there were also economic losses of fishermen from the tsunami. This research shows that it takes more than one month for people to return to their activities again with an exposure level of 30-50 meters from coastline to the inland. The most significant impact is seen in the fisheries sector, both catch volume and catch value. The occurrence of tsunamis significantly impacts on decreasingproduction, which reaches between 27-50 percent at the same time as before the tsunami. Meanwhile, the impact of economic losses is the decline in the economic value of catches due to the tsunami reaching 26-53% with a loss of between Rp. 45 million to 117 million. This loss was classified as very high, especially for small-scale fishers in the Labuan area. The natural disaster has a significant effect on household income and expenditure inequality to fish production [6]. We found most of these livelihood linkages to human well-being recovery [7].

The accelerate post-disaster recovery program needs to be carried out by various systemic and fundamental actions by strengthening the fisheries business system and social capital [1]. The disruption of fisheries activity significantly affects the local community, particularly in the fisheries sector. Good fisheries governance starts from the process of structuring business systems, data collection, processing, marketing, and local perception [8]. For this reason, it is important to prepare post-tsunami fishers to be more concerned with disaster risk and safety and to be more proficient in using capture technology and data collection information systems in landing port and coverage of fisherman activity with asset insurance to sustaining fishing activity [9]. The future fish management, the government should prepare a disaster plan such as masterplan, people who would need assessment, and individual plan [10]. The silent tsunami dominantly impacts to infrastructure, economy, and social community in Teluk Village-Labuan Sub District Banten. The impact assessment estimated at 32 billion rupiahs includes ecosystem destruction and local community housing and infrastructure. In the economic impact a dominant record to fisheries activity with the losses reached 45 million to 114 billion per month until March 2019 [11]. To recover and reconstruction of infrastructure and economy of the local community needed a strategic plan for increasing community resilience. Because the coastal area in Banten coast and Lampung coast record as vulnerable are from the tsunami, earthquake, and volcano.

References

1. Apine E LM, Turner LM, Rodwell LD, R Bhatta (2019) The application of the sustainable livelihood approach to small scale fisheries: The case of mud crab Scylla serrata in South west India. Ocean and Coastal Management 170: 17-28.
2. Mayalibit DNK, R Kurnia, Yonvitner (2014) Bioeconomic analysis for management of yellow stripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis, Cuvier and Valenciennes) landed in Karangantu, Banten. Bonorowo Wetlands 4(1): 49-57.
3. Cashion T, SM Glaser, L Persson, PM Robert, D Zeller (2018) Fisheries in Somali waters: Reconstruction of domestic and foreign catches for 1950-2015. Marine Policy 87: 275-283.
4. Chu J, TM Garlock, P Sayon, F Asche, JL Anderson (2017) Impact evaluation of a fisheries development project. Marine Policy 85: 141-149.
5. Syamsidik, M Fahmi, E Fatimah, A Fitrayansyah (2019) Coastal land use changes around the Ulee Lheue Bay of Aceh during the 10year 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami recovery process. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 29: 24-36.
6. Keerthiratne S, RSJ Tol (2017) Impact of natural disasters on income inequality in Sri Lanka. World Development 105: 217-230.
7. Yang H, T Dietz, W Yang, J Liu (2018) Changes in Human Well-Being and Rural Livelihood under Natural Disaster. Ecological Economic 151: 184-194.
8. Liao CP, HW Huang, HJ Lu (2019) Fishermen's perceptions of coastal fisheries management regulations: Key factors to rebuilding coastal fishery resources in Taiwan. Ocean and Coastal Management 172: 1-13.
9. Parappurathu S, C Ramachadran, A Gapolakrishnan, D Kumar, MK Poddar, et al. (2017) What ails fisheries Insurance in India? An Assesment of issues, Challenges and Future Potential. Marine Policy 86: 144-155.
10. Okura M, A Hashimoto, H Arai (2019) Community and municipal organizational characteristic impacting the completion of disaster plan by local public entities in Japan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 36:101087.
11. Monteclaro H, G Quinitio, A D Mascoso, R Napata, L Espectto, et al. (2018) Impact of Typhoon Haiyan on Philippine capture fisheries and implication to fisheries management. Coastal and Ocean Management 158: 128-133.