Research Article

Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Consciousness Energy Healing Treated Lead Using PXRD, PSA, and DSC Analysis

Gopal Nayak¹, Mahendra Kumar Trivedi¹, Alice Branton¹, Dahryn Trivedi¹ and Snehasis Jana²*

¹ Trivedi Global, Inc, Henderson, USA

²Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt Ltd, Bhopal, India

Submitted: September 05, 2018; Published: September 19, 2018

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt Ltd, Bhopal, India

How to cite this article: Gopal N, Mahendra K T, Alice B, Dahryn T, Snehasis J. Evaluation of The Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Consciousness Energy Healing Treated Lead Using PXRD, PSA, and DSC Analysis. JOJ Material Sci. 2018; 5(2): 555657. DOI: 10.19080/JOJMS.2018.05.555657

Abstract

The lead metal is widely used for cosmetics, contraceptive, ornaments, enamels, currency, construction, lead-acid battery, etc. The research objective was to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of the lead sample using the modern analytical technique. The sample was divided into two parts, one part of the sample was considered as the control sample, while the second part of the sample was received the Biofield Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak and was termed as the treated sample. The particle size values were significantly increased by 18.08% (d10), 55.42% (d₅₀), 1328.55% (d₉₀), and 782.79% [D (4,3)], thus the specific surface area was significantly decreased by 32.7% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The powder XRD peak intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered from 31.21% to 140.79% and -3.05% to 142.47% respectively; whereas, the average crystallite size was significantly increased by 49.42% in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The latent heat of fusion was significantly increased by 6.53% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The Trivedi Effect® might be responsible for the generation of the new polymorphic form of lead which could have better powder flowability, and more thermally stable compared with the untreated sample. The Biofield Energy Treated sample might reduce the lead poisoning of the people continuously associated with the industries manufacturing paint, pipe, food, and alloys. The thermally stable treated lead also be advantageous for the metal industry.

Introduction

Lead (Pb) is a chemical element used by the human being since form prehistoric period. It is a less unreactive post-transition metal. Lead is found with four natural stable isotopes (mass numbers of 204, 206, 207, and 208) together with other five short-lived radioisotopes [1,2]. The ancient Egyptians used lead for the cosmetics, ornaments, glasses, glazes, enamels, and sinkers in fishing nets for the first time. The lead is also used by many other civilizations in the world for the currency, writing material, construction, wire drawing, contraceptive, stimulant, making amulets, etc [3]. It is plenty available in Australia, Ireland, China, Russia, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, and the United States [2]. Some of the physicochemical properties of lead, including ductility, inertness, low melting point, and high density has numerous beneficial roles for the application point of view. It is also used in the shotgun pellets, ballast in sailboat keels, scuba diving weight belts, protective sheath for underwater cables, architectural metals in roofing material, flashing, cladding, gutters and gutter joints, and on roof parapets; statues and sculptures; balancing the wheels of cars; lead-acid batteries; solder for electronics [2,4-8]. It is used due to its lubricating qualities for making the copper alloys such as brass and bronze to increase machinability. It is used in the research laboratory for the Oddy test to detect the aldehydes, organic acids, acidic gases in museum materials etc [9]. It is used as oxidants, colouring agents, glass, candles, plastic, semiconductors, polyvinyl chloride coating of electrical cords. The semiconductors are also made from lead i.e, lead telluride and lead selenide, which are used in photovoltaic cells and infrared detectors [10].

In the biological system, the role of lead is not clear [11]. A report from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry explained that lead has the most damaging effects on the human being, which can enter in the body through consumption of food (65%), water (20%) and air (15%), which may result in the bioaccumulation of lead [12]. It causes the toxicity in the body by interfering with the enzyme functions, i.e., mimicking and relocating other metals which act as cofactors in many enzymatic reactions or binding to the sulfhydryl groups, which are found in many enzymes [2]. The symptoms of the lead poisoning are nephropathy, degradation of the myelin sheaths and numbers, decreases neuronal growth, interferes with neurotransmission routes, weakness in the fingers, colic-like abdominal pains, wrists, and ankles, increases blood pressure, miscarriage in pregnant women, anemia, reduce fertility in males, etc. [2,13].

The heavy metal content in the water, air, soil, food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals, of the cultivated land, need to reduce. All over the world lead poisoning are the life-threatening health hazard and a major concern. Several efforts are made to reduce the lead contamination. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has shown significant alteration in the crystallite size, particle size, surface area, and thermal properties of metals [14-16]. The Trivedi Effect® is natural and the only scientifically proven phenomenon in which an expert can harness this inherently intelligent energy from the Universe and transmit it anywhere on the planet through the possible mediation of neutrinos [17]. Every living organism possesses a unique, para-dimensional electromagnetic field surrounding the body, which originates from the continuous movements of the charged particles, ions, cells, heart function, brain functions, and blood/lymph flow inside the body known as the “Biofield”. The Biofield Energy Therapy (energy medicine) has been reported to have substantial outcomes against various disease conditions and to maintain the overall quality of life [18]. The National Institutes of Health/National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/ NCCAM) recommend and included the Energy therapy under the Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) category along with other therapies, medicines and practices such as traditional Chinese herbs and medicines, Ayurvedic medicine, naturopathy, homeopathy, Qi Gong, Tai Chi, Reiki, hypnotherapy, acupuncture, acupressure, deep breathing, yoga, meditation, chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation, special diets, massage, progressive relaxation, relaxation techniques, guided imagery, healing touch, movement therapy, pilates, Rolfing structural integration, mindfulness, essential oils, aromatherapy, cranial sacral therapy and applied prayer (as is common in all religions, like Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism).

The CAM therapy that has been accepted by the most of the U.S. population [19,20]. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has also been reported with significant outcomes altering the characteristic properties of different organic compounds [21,22], ceramics and polymers [23,24], nutraceutical/ pharmaceutical compounds [25,26], microbes [27,28], cancer cells [29], livestock [30], crops [31], etc. This study was performed to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of lead powder sample using particle size analysis (PSA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Materials and Methods

Chemicals and Reagents

The lead powder sample was purchased from Alpha Aeser, India and the other chemicals required during the experiments were of the analytical standard also available in India.

Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment Strategies

The test sample (lead powder) was divided into two parts. One part of the test sample was received the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely under standard laboratory conditions for 3 minutes by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Gopal Nayak, India, and known as the Biofield Energy Treated sample. However, the other part of the test sample did not receive the Biofield Energy Treatment considered as the control sample, but, the sample was treated with a “sham” healer. The “sham” healer did not have the knowledge about the Biofield Energy Treatment. After that, the Biofield Energy Treated and untreated test sample were both kept in sealed conditions and further characterized using PSA, PXRD, and DSC analytical techniques.

Characterization

Particle Size Analysis (PSA): The PSA of test samples was performed with the help of Malvern Mastersizer 2000, from the UK, with a detection range of 0.01 μm to 3000 μm using the wet method [32,33]. The sample unit (Hydro MV) was filled with a dispersant medium, i.e., sunflower oil and the stirrer operated at 2500 rpm. Particle size distribution analysis of lead powder was performed to obtain the average particle size. Where d (0.1) μm, d (0.5) μm, d (0.9) μm represent particle diameter corresponding to 10%, 50%, and 90% of the cumulative distribution. D (4,3) represents the average mass-volume diameter, and SSA is the specific surface area (m2/g). The calculations were carried out by using software Mastersizer Ver. 5.54. The percent change in particle size (d) for lead at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d₅₀), 90% level (d₉₀), and D (4,3) was calculated using the following equation 1

Where d_Control and d_Treated are the particle size (μm) at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d₅₀), and 90% level (d₉₀) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively

The percent change in surface area (S) was calculated using the following equation 2

Where S_Control and S_Treated are the surface area of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated lead, respectively.

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis: The PXRD analysis of the test samples was executed with the help of Rigaku Inflex- II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) [34,35]. The Cu Kα radiation source tube output voltage and output current were 30 kV and 15 mA, respectively. Scans were performed at room temperature. The size of individual crystallites was calculated from PXRD data using the Scherrer’s formula (3)

Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle [36].

The percent change in crystallite size (G) of lead was calculated using the following equation 4

Where G_Control and G_Treated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): The DSC analysis of the test samples was executed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. A sample of ~2-3 mg was loaded to the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10°C/min from 30°C to 350°C [32,33]. The % change in melting point (T) was calculated using the following equation 5

Where T_Control and T_Treated are the melting point of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.

The percent change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using the following equation 6

Where ΔH_Control and ΔH_Treated are the latent heat of fusion of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated lead, respectively.

Results and Discussion

Particle Size Analysis (PSA)

The particle size distribution data of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder are presented in Table 1. The particle size distribution curve of the Biofield Energy Treated powder sample was significantly different compared to the control sample. One extra peak was observed in the case of the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared to the control sample (Figure 1). The particle size values of the control powder sample at d10, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D (4,3) were 15.354 μm, 36.386 μm, 85.948 μm, and 45.501 μm, respectively (Table 1). Correspondingly, the particle sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated powder sample at d10, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D (4,3) were 18.13 μm, 56.55 μm, 1227.806 μm, and 401.678 μm, respectively (Table 1). As a result, the particle size values in the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder were significantly increased at d10, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D (4,3) by 18.08%, 55.42%, 1328.55%, and 782.79%, respectively compared to the control sample (Table 1). The specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder (0.142 m2/g) was significantly decreased by 32.7% compared with the control sample (0.211 m2/g) (Table 1). These results suggested that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might reduce the intermolecular bond energy of the lead molecules responsible for increasing the particle size of the lead particle. The researcher has scientifically proven that when the particle size increases, the surface area of the particle decreases which may help in enhancing the shape, flowability, and appearance of the sample [37,38]. Hence, the improved powder flowability, lower the solubility, and bioavailability of the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder sample would be observed. Low bioavailability of the treated lead powder sample might be helpful to minimize the accident of lead poisoning of the people associated with the manufacturing industry utilizing lead as a raw material or by the lead-based product and industrial waste.

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis

The X-ray diffractograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated powder samples showed sharp and intense peaks Figure 2 which indicated that both the samples were crystalline. The PXRD peaks in the control sample were observed at Bragg’s angle (2θ) equal to 28.45°, 31.15°, 36.17°, 48.48°, 52.13°, 61.99°, 65.07°, and 76.63° (Figure 2). Similarly, the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed peaks at Bragg’s angle (2θ) equal to 28.51°, 31.26°, 36.25°, 48.57°, 52.2°, 62.11°, 65.2°, and 76.95° (Figure 2). The control and the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed the highest peak intensity at 2θ equal to 31.15° and 31.26°, respectively (Table 2). The peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder sample were increased ranging from 31.21% to 140.79% compared with the control sample. Likewise, the crystallite sizes of the treated lead were significand’s altered ranging from -3.05% to 142.47% compared to the control sample (Table 2). Finally, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (600.13 nm) was significantly increased by 49.42% compared with the control sample (401.63 nm).

The peak intensities and crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly altered compared to the control sample. The peak intensity of each diffraction face of the crystalline compound changes according to the crystal morphology [39], and alterations in the PXRD pattern provide proof of the polymorphic transitions [40,41]. The significant alteration in the crystal morphology in the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment lead sample probably leads to the formation of the new polymorphic form via neutrinos oscillation [17]. Different polymorphic forms of pharmaceuticals have a significant effect on drug performance, such as bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity, due to change in their physicochemical properties from the parent form [42,43]. Thus, the Biofield Energy Treated lead sample would be the better option for the manufacturing industry using lead as a raw material.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis

The control and the Biofield Energy Treated lead samples showed a sharp endothermic peak at 328.3°C in the DSC thermogram (Figure 3). The melting point of the Biofield Energy Treated sample did not alter compared to the control sample. But, the latent heat of fusion (ΔHfusion) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample (20.72 J/g) was significantly increased by 6.53% compared with the control sample (19.45 J/g) (Table 3). Any alteration in the ΔHfusion can be attributed to the disrupted molecule chains and the crystal structure [44]. Thus, it is assumed that the Trivedi Effect ®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might be responsible for the improved the thermal capacity of the Biofield Energy Treated lead sample compared with the control sample. The improved thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder might be advantageous for restricting it from thermal degradation compared to the control sample.

Conclusion

These experimental data suggest that the Trivedi Effect®- Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has shown a significant impact on the particle size, surface area, crystallite size, and thermal properties of the lead sample. The particle size values of the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder sample were significantly increased by 18.08%, 55.42%, 1328.55%, and 782.79% at d10, d₅₀, d₉₀, and D (4,3), respectively compared to the control sample. Therefore, the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated lead powder was significantly decreased by 32.7% compared with the control sample. The powder XRD diffractograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated lead sample showed the sharp and intense peaks indicating that both the samples were in crystalline form. The peak intensities of the treated powder sample were significantly increased ranging from 31.21% to 140.79% compared with the control sample. Similarly, the crystallite sizes of the treated sample were significantly altered ranging from -3.05% to 142.47% compared to the control sample. Overall, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly increased by 49.42% compared with the control sample. The ΔHfusion was significantly increased by 6.53% in the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared with the control sample. The Trivedi Effect®- Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might be responsible for the generation of the new polymorphic form of lead which could have better powder flowability and more thermally stable compared with the untreated sample. The Biofield Energy Treated lead powder might reduce the lead poisoning of the people continuously associated with the industries manufacturing paint, pipe, food, mining, plastic, glass, chemical, and alloys. The improved thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated lead might be very much advantageous for the metal industry.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Central Leather Research Institute, SIPRA Lab. Ltd., Trivedi Science, Trivedi Global, Inc., Trivedi Testimonials, and Trivedi Master Wellness for their assistance and support during this work.

Conflict of Interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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