Research Article

Causes of Small Ruminants Liver Condemnation and Financial Loss at Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House, Bishoftu, Ethiopia

Gamachis Bulbula and Hailegebrael Bedada*

College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, Ethiopia

Submission: December 27, 2018;Published: January 22, 2019

*Corresponding author: Hailegebrael Bedada, College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box, 132, Samara, Ethiopia

How to cite this article: Gamachis Bulbula, Hailegebrael Bedada. Causes of Small Ruminants Liver Condemnation and Financial Loss at Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Dairy and Vet Sci J. 2019; 9(2): 555757. DOI:10.19080/JDVS.2019.09.555757

Abstract

A study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 on sheep and goats slaughtered at Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House with the aim of determining major causes of liver condemnation and to estimate the direct financial losses attributed to the condemned liver. Ante mortem and post-mortem inspection procedures were followed throughout the study and abnormalities encountered were recorded. A total of 520 sheep and 510 goats were examined at ante mortem and all were passed for slaughter. Out of 1030 sheep and goats slaughtered, 381 (37%) livers were totally condemned. The major causes of liver condemnation were due to hepatitis, calcification, cirrhosis, stelesia hepatica, C. tenuicollis, fasciola and adhesion. The principal causes of condemnation were hepatitis 56(10.8%), calcification 47(9.04%), Stelesia hepatica 47(9.04%) and Fasciola 37 (7.1%) in sheep and hepatitis 36(7.06%) and cirrhosis 33(6.5%) in goats. Hepatitis was highest contributor in both species while calcification and Stelesia hepatica in sheep and cirrhosis in goat were mostly contributed to liver condemnation. Comparison of liver condemnation rate was carried out for different age, animal origin and species of animals. However, statistically significant difference was observed only between species (P-value=.000). The direct financial loss due to liver condemnation was calculated to be 58,018.4 ETB or 2,148.8 USD per annum, rendering them unfit for local market on esthetic ground or considering their zoonotic risks to human beings. To this end, public education on the effects of animal disease, application of strict control measures accompanying epidemiological studies and exercising appropriate meat inspection procedures were forwarded to minimize liver condemnation and as well as to safeguard the welfare of the public.

Keywords: ASSH; Condemnation; Financial Loss; Liver; Small ruminants

Introduction

Ethiopia has more domesticated animals than any other country in Africa and agriculture is the mainstay of economy. Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa with estimated population of 54 million cattle, 25.5 million sheep and 24.06 million goats [1]. In Ethiopia, sheep are the second most important livestock species next to cattle and ranks second in Africa and sixth in the world in sheep population. Sheep play an important economic role and make a significant contribution to both domestic and export markets through provision of food (meat and milk) and non-food (manure, skin and wool) products. They also play a major role in the food security and social well-being of rural populations living under conditions of extreme poverty which is particularly the case for eastern parts of Ethiopia.

Despite the number of populations, their potential use is hampered by rampant animal diseases, poor nutrition, poor husbandry, poor infrastructure and shortage of trained man power and other constraints. Each year a significant loss results from death of animals, inferior weight gain, condemnation of edible organs and carcass at slaughter [2]. The primary aim of the abattoir is to produce healthy meat, wholesome and clean products which are safe for human consumption [3]. Besides, abattoirs provide information on the epidemiology of diseases on livestock, to know to what extent the public is exposed to certain zoonotic diseases and to estimate financial losses incurred through condemnation of affected organs and carcasses [4]. Surveillance at the abattoir allows for all animals passing in to human food chain to be examined for unusual signs, lesions or specific disease [5]. Ante-mortem inspection attempts to avoid introduction of clinically diseased animal into the slaughter house and serves to obtain information that were useful in making sound post- mortem inspection. The final judgment as to action to be taken with an organ, carcass or part of carcass was based on the total evidence produced by the visual observation, palpation and incision [6].

Several studies have been conducted through abattoir survey to estimate the prevalence of certain diseases and financial losses associated with organ and carcass condemnation in various parts of the country. However, most of the studies were concentrated only to some diseases particularly parasitic disease like fasciola, Hydatidosis, Cysticercosis [7,8]. Hence, it is indispensable to conduct comprehensive research to investigate the major problems attributable to organ and carcass condemnation at municipal and export abattoir in different parts of the country to get a clear picture of the problems at national level. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were; to identify the causes of liver condemnation at Bishoftu Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House and to assess the magnitude of direct financial losses.

Material and Methods

Study Area and Study Population

The study was conducted in Bishoftu town at Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House, East Showa zone of Oromia regional state. The area is located at 9°N latitude and 40°E longitude at altitude of 1850 masl with annual rain fall of 866 mm of which 84% is in the long rainy season June to September. The annual average temperature ranges from 12.3 °C to 27.7 °C with an overall average of 18.7 °C. The soil and climate are like those in many highland areas in Ethiopia. It is an important town where most governmental institutions, national and international research centers are located. Cattle, small ruminant, poultry and equines are the major livestock species kept with fast growing smallholder dairy production. Currently the abattoir is one of the most facilitated modern export abattoirs in Ethiopia and is exporting meat of cattle and small ruminants. The study animals were all small ruminants brought to Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House for slaughter. Animals were grouped in to two categories as young and adult based on dentition standard given by Vatta [9]. In this study, animals were grouped in to young, which have not erupted permanent incisor teeth and one pair of permanent incisors (i.e. < 1 year to 1½ years (for sheep) and < 1 year to 2 years (for goats)). Those having two pairs and above permanent teeth (i.e. =1½ years (for sheep) and >2 years (for goats) were grouped as adult. Body condition scoring was also carried out based on the handbook given by [10].

Sample Size Determination and Sampling Procedures

The total number of sheep and goat required for the study were calculated based on the formula given by Thrusfield [11]. The sample size was determined based on expected prevalence of 50%, confidence interval of 95% and desired level of precision of 5%. Accordingly, the sample size was 384. But the sample size was raised to 1030 sheep and goats with the intention to increase the precision of the study. The sampling procedure were carried out using systematic random sampling in such a way that sampling units were selected at equal intervals with the first animal being selected randomly [11].

Study Design

Cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2017 to April 2018 to estimate the cause of liver condemnation and to calculate the direct financial loss due to condemnation in sheep and goats slaughtered at Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House.

Study Methodology

Ante mortem Inspection Randomly selected animals were subjected to routine ante mortem inspection during which various risk factors such as body condition, breed and age of animals were scored. The body condition score of animals were classified according to Nicholson & Butter [12]. Accordingly, animals were grouped into poor, medium and good body conditioned. Estimation of age were carried out by examination of teeth eruption and categorized into young and adult. Ante-mortem examination was conducted on individual animals, while the animals were entering in to the lairage and in mass after they entered the lairage. Both sides of the animals were inspected at rest and in motion. Moreover, the general behavior of the animals, sign of diseases and abnormality of any type were recorded according to the standard ante mortem inspection procedures [13]. Following the judgment guideline by FAO, animals fit for human consumption were allowed for slaughter

Active Abattoir Survey

Prior to sampling, a code was given on the skin, carcass, and visceral organ that corresponded to the code on live animal. During meat inspection, each organ of an animal was strictly and separately examined. A total of 1030 sheep and goats were inspected during ante mortem and postmortem examinations using standard examination procedures. During the ante mortem examination, general behavior, signs of disease, nutritional status, cleanliness and any type of abnormalities were recorded [14].

Postmortem Examination

During post mortem inspection, liver was thoroughly inspected by visualization, palpation and making systemic incisions where necessary for the presence of cyst, parasite and other abnormalities. Pathological lesions were differentiated and judged according to guidelines on meat inspection for developing countries and classified into the following categories of judgment namely: approved as fit for human consumption, conditionally approved as fit for human consumption, totally condemned as unfit for human consumption and partially condemned as unfit for human consumption [15].

Assessment of Direct Financial Loss

The financial loss due to liver condemnation was analyzed based on the average annual slaughter capacity of the abattoir, average market price of each liver and rejection rate of each liver. Average market price was determined based on the interview made with 30 personnel of the abattoir and different butchers. The financial loss due to condemnation of liver was estimated by the formula set by Ogunrinade [16]. As follows:

Where

EL=Annual economic loss estimated due to liver condemnation

Σsrx=Annual sheep and goats slaughter of the abattoir

Coy=Average cost of liver

Roz=Condemnation rates of liver

Data Management and Analysis

All raw data generated from this study were coded and entered in Micro Soft Excel spread sheet for data analysis; SPSS software version 20 were used. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the level of condemnation defined as proportion of liver condemned to the total number of livers examined. The variations between condemnation rates, age and body condition scores were evaluated by Pearson’s Chi -square(X2). The results of this study were considered statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05).

Result

The current finding revealed that from the total 1030 examined small ruminants’ liver 381 (37%) was condemned. A total of 520 sheep and 510 goats were examined at ASSH for the major causes of liver condemnation. Of these animals, the liver of 255 (49.04%) sheep and 126 (24.7%) goats was rejected due to various parasitic and gross pathological lesions (Table 1). The major causes of liver condemnation in the study abattoir were 92(8.9%) hepatitis, 66(6.4%) calcification, 64(6.2%) cirrhosis, 62(6.02%) S. hepatica, 41(4%) fasciola, 38(3.7%) C. tenuicollis and 18 (1.7%) adhesions (Table 2). From the total 520 sheep and 510 goat liver examined 255(49.04%) and 126(24.7%) sheep and goats’ liver were condemned respectively (Table 1). Significantly higher rate of liver condemnation in sheep were recorded than goats (χ2 = 65.406; p=0.000) (Tables 3 & 4).

The major causes of liver condemnation in sheep were 56(10.7%) hepatitis, 47(9.04%) 47(9.04%) Stelesia hepatica, calcification, 37(7.1%) fasciola, 31(6%) cirrhosis, 27(5.2%) c. tenuicollis and 10 (1.9%) adhesions. Likewise causes of liver condemnation in goats were 36(7.06%) hepatitis, 19(3.7%) calcification, 33(6.5%) cirrhosis, 15(2.9%) S. hepatica, 4(0.8%) fasciola, 11(2.2%) C. tenuicollis and adhesions 8(1.6%) (Table 2). Totally 568 and 462 small ruminants included in the study were brought from Afar and Borana respectively. Liver condemnation was 206(36.3%) in small ruminants originated from Afar whereas 175(37.9%) in animals brought from Borana. Rate of liver condemnation was higher in animals from Borana, however statistically significant difference was not recorded in between animals originated from Afar and Borana (χ2 =0.284, P=0.594) (Table 3). Out of 1030 sampled small ruminant’s liver examined 128 (38.3%) and 253 (36.4%) young and adult liver were condemned due to pathological defects or presence of parasites. Slightly higher condemnation of liver recorded in young small ruminants than the adults, however it was not statistically significant (χ2=0.377, P=0.539) (Table 3).

The study includes 511 medium and 519 good body conditioned small ruminants. Condemnation of liver on the body condition basis indicated higher rate was recorded in medium body condition animals 201(39.3%) than good body condition 180(34.7%) small ruminants. The difference was not statically significant (χ2 =2.391; P =0.122) (Table 3). According to the current finding estimated financial loss due to liver condemnation at the study abattoir was 58,018.4 ETB or 2,148.8 USD. The annual slaughter rate of ASSH is 7600 sheep and 8400 goats, the average rejection rate of sheep liver and goat’s liver at the abattoir in the current finding was 49.04% and 24.7% respectively. The average cost of sheep and goat liver during the study period was 25 ETB.

Annual slaughtered sheep at ASSH was 7600. On this study, from 520 samples 255 livers were totally condemned due to hepatitis, calcification, cirrhosis, stelesia hepatica, C.tenuicollis, fasciola and adhesion and from 7600 annually slaughtered animals average rejection rate was 49.04%. One liver on local market costs 25 ETB. So, the financial losses of condemned liver due to hepatitis, calcification, cirrhosis, stelesia hepatica, C.tenuicollis, fasciola and adhesion from sheep were estimated to be 93,176 ETB or 3450.99 USD. On the other hand, annual slaughtered goats at ASSH were 8400. In the current study, 180 livers were totally condemned from a sample size of 510. From 8400 annually slaughtered animals’ average rejection rate was 24.7%. One liver of goat on local market costs 10 Birr. So, the financial losses of condemned liver due to hepatitis, calcification, cirrhosis, stelesia hepatica, C. tenuicollis, fasciola and adhesion from goats were estimated to be 51,870 ETB or 1921.11 USD. The total financial loss due to small ruminant’s liver condemnation in the abattoir was estimated to be 145, 046 ETB or 5372.1 USD.

Discussion

Meat inspection is commonly perceived as the sanitary control of slaughter animals and meat. The aim of meat inspection is to provide safe and wholesome meat for human consumption. Meat inspection and meat hygiene shall make sure that meat and meat products are safe and wholesome for human consumption [6]. In the present study, the major causes of liver condemnation in small ruminants slaughtered at Abyssinia Slaughtering Service House were hepatitis, calcification, cirrhosis, stelesia hepatica, fasciola, c. tenuicollis and adhesions. This finding is in line with, previous works [17-21]. The overall liver condemnation rate of this finding (37%) is higher than previous findings of 16.63% by Jalelo & Geremew, 34% by Bekele & Szonyi [22]. However, it is lower than findings of 43.6% by Assefa, 48.7% by Addisu, 41.6% by Usman & Belay [23], 42.3% by Aynalem [18], 76.8% by Ezana [24] and 50.1% by Jibat [4].

Overall incidence of liver condemnation due to stelesia hepatica was 9.04% in sheep is similar with the findings of Aynalem & Ejeta [18,25,26]. However, the current finding is higher than pervious works of 4.3% by Assefa et al., (2017) and lower than findings of Addisu which was 12.3%. Similarly, goat’s liver condemnation in the current finding due to stelesia hepatica 2.9% is lower than findings of Assefa [17], Addisu, Aynalem [18] 4%, 20.7% and 12.5% respectively. Losses from liver condemnation were assumed to occur since hepatic pathology is associated to infection that might have public health importance [19] and aesthetic value. The current finding due to hepatitis 10.8%, 7.06% is in line with 10.1%, 7.8%, for sheep and goat respectively by Usman & Belaye [23]. However higher than pervious works of 5.73%, 5.99% for sheep and goat respectively by Gezahagn and lower than findings of Mesfin & Mekonnen [27], Ezana, Usman & Belaye [23] which was 27.3%, 15%; 19.3%, 23%; 26%, 20%; for sheep and goat respectively

Species based rate of liver condemnation in the current finding is significantly higher in sheep (49.04%) than goats (24.7%). This finding agrees with the others reports. However this finding is not in agreement with the findings reported there were no species based statistical significant differences of liver condemnation [7,23] The higher rate of parasitic causes of liver condemnation observed in sheep in comparison with goats could be due to their feeding behavior where sheep are usually grazers and goats tend to be more of browsers making them less exposed to the parasite [28].

Sheep liver condemnation due to hepatitis in this finding 10.8% is comparable with the finding of Usman and Belay (2016) (10.1%), but lower than others finding and higher than the reports of 2.8% by Assefa [17]. Likewise, goat’s liver condemnation due to hepatitis in this study is 7.06% is comparable with the findings of Addis et al. (2017) which is 7.7% and Usman & Belaye [23] which is 7.8%, on the other hand it is lower than others finding 23% by Ezana and higher than findings of 5.3% by Assefa [17], 4.7% by Ayenalem. The reason for the variation in the prevalence of hepatitis in those different places may be related with environmental situation in different areas.

Sheep liver condemnation due to calcification in this finding 9.04% is comparable with the finding of Mesfin & Mekonnen [27] 11.9% and Ayenalem 6.77%. But lower than others finding 26.04% by Gezehagn; 14% by Ezana [24]. Likewise, goat’s liver condemnation due to calcification in this study is 3.7% is comparable with the findings of Ayenalem. which is 4.95%. On the other hand, it is lower than others finding 8.8% by Mesfin & Mekonnen [27] and 18% by Ezana [24].

Sheep liver condemnation due to fasciola in this finding (7.1%) is comparable with the finding of Mesfin & Mekonnen [27] 6.6% and Ayenalem 6.77%. But lower than others finding 26.04% by Gezehagn; 18.75% by Bayu [29] and higher than the reports of 0.22% by Hikmat [30] ,3.91 % by Ayenalem. Likewise, goat’s liver condemnation due to fasciola in this study is (0.8%) is comparable with the findings of Hikmat [30]. which is 0.52%. On the other hand, it is lower than others finding 4% by Mesfin & Mekonnen [27], 3.1% by Ayenalem and 2.26% by Bayu [29]. The higher fasciollosis in sheep than in goats was due to feeding habit in which sheep can exposed to larvae during grazing of harsh area while goats are more browser.

Age based rate of liver condemnation in the current finding is slightly higher in young (38.3%) than adult (36.4%). This finding is in line with the findings of Usman and Belaye. However, there were no age based statistically significant differences of liver condemnation and this finding is not in agreement with the findings reported by, Mesfin & Mekonnen, Bayu & Ezana [24,27,29]. This higher prevalence in young than adult small ruminants may be attributed to the higher susceptibility to both infectious and non-infectious causes of liver rejection in young than adult.

In young animal liver condemnation due to hepatitis in this finding (30.5%) is comparable with the finding of Mesfin & Mekonnen [27] 37.3% and Ezana 27.8%). But lower than others finding 48.7% by Usman and Belaye and higher than the reports of 14.3% by Gezehagn and 24.1% by Ayenalem. Likewise, in adult liver condemnation due to hepatitis in this study is (20.9%) is comparable with the findings of Ezana [24] which is 15% and higher than the findings of Gezehagn which is 9.4%. On the other hand, it is lower than others finding 44.2%% by Mesfin and Mekonnen and 28.5% by Ayenalem.

Liver condemnation due to cirrhosis in young animal in this study (18%) is comparable with the finding of 14.1% by Gezehagn, but higher than others finding 2.9% by Ezana [24] 8.5% by Mesfin & Mekonnen [27]. Likewise, in adult liver condemnation due to cirrhosis in this study is (16.2%) it is higher than others finding 5.6% by Mesfin and Mekonnen, 5.5% by Ezana and 9.9% by Gezehagn. In young animal liver condemnation due to stelesia hepatica in this finding was (14.8%) is comparable with the finding of Ashenafi 24.5% and Taye (2008) 25.8%, but lower than other findings 56.6% by Usman and Belay (2016), 31.5% by Mesfin and Mekonnen, 31.4% by Ayenalem and higher than the reports of 8.7% by Gezehagn, 8.74% by Ezana. Likewise, in adult liver condemnation due to stelesia hepatica in this study was (17%) was higher than the findings of Gezehagn et al. (2017) 7.4%, Ezana, (2008) 5.5%. Similarly, it was lower than others finding 37.2% by Mesfin and Mekonnen (2014), 41.5% by Ayenalem, 27% by Ashenafi and 72% by Usman and Belaye.

The higher prevalence was observed in the medium body conditioned animals 39.3% as compared to good body conditioned animals 34.7%. This agrees with the previous works reported by Tsegeye & Gebeyo [31], Bayu [29]. This variation may be due to management system and the pathologies of liver may led to reduction of the body weight and animals become medium weight. In the medium body conditioned animals, management system is extensive which leads to higher chance of exposure to infection and in good body condition the management system is intensive which leads to reduction of the chance of exposure to infections. The prevalence of infectious and non-infectious causes of liver rejection in slaughtered sheep and goats at ASSH which were found to be 36.3% from Afar origin animals and 37.9% from Borana animals. Even if the rate of liver condemnation was higher in animals originated from Borana than Afar it was not statistically significant. The current study agreed with prevalence reported 30.5% by Mokonnen A and Muleta L. However lower than prevalence reported 69.53%, 64.84% Afar and Borana by Usman and Belaye. There was no significant difference in the prevalence among small ruminants from different sites of origin. This may be due to the similarity in the distribution of intermediate hosts and reservoirs among the different places from which the animals were brought.

Lesions of infectious and non-infectious cases including cirrhosis, adhesion and calcification were the major causes for the condemnation of liver. Moreover, parasites namely Stelesia hepatica and fasciola species were found to be the important causes of liver rejection from international market. Likewise, previous works Jibat, Aseffa, Yimam and Jembere reported the importance of parasites as causes of organs condemnation resulting in higher financial loss.

The direct annual loss in ASSH due to rejection of affected livers due to various reasons was estimated to be 145, 046 ETB or 5372.1 USD from international market. According to this result financial loss associated with liver condemnation was higher than the finding of Helina [32], who reported 9790.01 ETB, financial loss in the AAAE. However, this estimate was lower than the estimate of Aynalem who done in Bishoftu, ELFORA Export abattoir and recorded annual loss of 79894.58 USD due to liver condemnation in small ruminants [33,34]. This may be due to slaughtering capacity, number of organs condemned of abattoir and difference in foreign currency.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Several diseases are the major concern to small ruminant farming as it causes extensive financial waste because of direct and indirect economic losses. In general, pathological conditions and parasitic diseases were the major causes of financial loss through liver condemnations at ASSH, which may also reflect the same scenario in other slaughter houses in Ethiopia. Proper meat inspections are essential to remove gross abnormalities from meat and its products [35-38]. Furthermore, it helps in the prevention of the distribution of contaminated meat those results in public health risk. In this study the condemnation of liver was found to be very immense. Hepatitis, calcification, cirrhosis, Stelesia hepatica, C. teniculosis, fasciola and adhesion were found to be major causes of liver condemnation in the abattoir. According to the result of this study, parasitic diseases and pathological conditions were the major causes of financial loss through liver condemnation at ASSH. Thus, result in extensive financial losses about 145, 046 ETB or 5372.1 USD per annum from direct economic losses. The present study indicated that a significant amount of money was lost due to diseases and abnormalities. Hence, this study may be valuable for the country by providing data in monitoring disease conditions and management practices of animals that have public health hazard and aesthetic value. Therefore, regular deworming of small ruminants and intermediate host and elimination of stray dogs should be practiced, further studies should be carried out in small ruminants that are going to be slaughtered in different abattoirs of the country and introduce preventive measures to reduce unnecessary financial losses encountered in the industry, small ruminants ranching at pastoral areas where the shoat population is vast should be put into practice for the purpose of export market and the total (exact) economic impact of the diseases of small ruminants at depth should be investigated.

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