Abstract

Introduction: Proper muscle balance is essential in order to prevent injuries and to enhance athletic performance. Common sport-related injuries such as rotator cuff tendonitis or bicep tendonitis are due to overuse/improper muscular balance. These injuries are common in certain sports but are also common to the everyday wheelchair user.
Purpose: To assess strength for the person with Sports injuries. To assess the individual performance evaluation on skill tests.
Hypothesis: Study was hypothesised that the significant improvement on upper body muscles core strength between three categories of Para athletes.
Methodology: Effects of varied methods of training programmes related with performance enhancement in various categories of sports injuries and their age group range between 18 to 25 years, 26 to 40 years and 40 to 45 years. a. Etiology: Rotator cuff tears, degenerative changes, and other pathologies about the croacromial arch are commonly found in wheelchair users with symptomatic shoulder pain. These degenerative changes occur from repeated microtraumas when the joint space between the humeral head in upper arm and the acromioclavicular self decreases to the point where repeated contact occurs on the same area on the supraspinatus tendon. The position and the repetitive loading of the shoulder joint with use in sports and for propulsion most likely contribute to these changes. b. Muscle Imbalances: Most rotator cuff injuries are due to muscle imbalances of the shoulder. Shoulder strength and muscular length/ROM imbalance can cause impingement of the soft tissue structures of the acromiohumeral space. Wheelchair users are even more susceptible to muscle imbalances. Nearly every motion and all repetitive motions are anterior working the Pecs, shoulder internal rotators, anterior deltoid, etc. these anterior muscles become tight and shortened while the upper back muscles become weak and elongated. A typical posture is rounded shoulders with mild thoracic kyphosis and forward head. This posture is even more accentuated by non-supportive wheelchair back that is stretched out accommodating this poor posture. Yoga: It is difficult to find balance without the ability to look inward, whether it is physical balance or balance in our daily lives. It is an important component of a total fitness.
Conclusion: The consequences of shoulder, knee and ankle injury to the athlete and the wheelchair user can be devastating. Preventative measures can greatly assist in minimizing overuse injuries to the shoulder maintaining independence and enhancing performance.

Keywords: Microtraumas; Coracroacromial arch; Acromiohumeral.

Introduction

Proper muscle balance is essential in order to prevent injuries and to enhance athletic performance. Common sport-related injuries such as rotator cuff tendonitis or bicep tendonitis are due to overuse/improper muscular balance. These injuries are common in certain sports but are also common to the everyday wheelchair user. A high percentage of athletes in throwing sports baseball, shot put, discus, etc. and other sports such as wheelchair track, swimming, and paddling report shoulder pain and/or injury and some studies estimate that up to 75% of manual wheelchair users will develop shoulder pain during their lifetime. The impact of a shoulder injury can be devastating for both the athlete and the wheelchair user impacting performance, functional mobility, and independence.

Purpose

a. To assess strength for the persons with sports injuries.
b. To assess the individual performance evaluation on skill tests.

Hypothesis

Study was hypothesised that the significant improvement on upper body muscles core strength between three categories of Para athletes.

Methodology

Effects of varied methods of training programmes related with performance enhancement in various categories of spine, knee and ankle injuries on para athletes and their age group range between 18 to 25 years, 26 to 40 years and 40 to 45 years.

Etiology: Rotator cuff tears, degenerative changes, and other pathologies about the coracroacromial arch are commonly found in wheelchair users with symptomatic shoulder, knee and ankle pain. These degenerative changes occur from repeated microtraumas when the joint space between the humeral head in upper arm and the acromioclavicular shelf decreases to the point where repeated contact occurs on the same area on the supraspinatus tendon. The position and the repetitive loading of the shoulder joint with use in sports and for propulsion most likely contribute to these changes.

Muscle Imbalances: Most rotator cuff injuries are due to muscle imbalances of the shoulder. Shoulder strength and muscular length/ROM imbalance can cause impingement of the soft tissue structures of the acromiohumeral space. Wheelchair users are even more susceptible to muscle imbalances. Nearly every motion and all repetitive motions are anterior working the Pecs, shoulder internal rotators, anterior deltoid, etc. these anterior muscles become tight and shortened while the upper back muscles become weak and elongated. A typical posture is rounded shoulders with mild thoracic kyphosis and forward head, knee and ankle injuries. This posture is even more accentuated by nonsupportive wheelchair back that is stretched out accommodating this poor posture.

Yoga: It is difficult to find balance without the ability to look inward, whether it is physical balance or balance in our daily lives. An important component of a total fitness.

Preventative Strategies through Strength Training

Exercise selection

It is important that para athletes and wheelchair users perform stretches to the anterior musculature while strengthening the upper back, posterior shoulder, and scapular muscles. It is not uncommon for athletes to skip these muscle groups in favour of spending more time on strengthening the prime-movers specific to one’s sport or general fitness exercise. These include bench press and bicep curls. Performing exercises on the stomach or by being flexed forward in a wheelchair so that one can work the upper/lower trapezius, posterior deltoid, and rhomboids. A focus should also be on the external rotators of the shoulder. By restoring muscle balance, the acromio humeral space can be preserved minimizing the pressure on the rotator cuff.

The upper trunk and shoulder girdle are the foundation of the upper extremities. With a solid foundation from which to move off from the upper extremity shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand knee and ankle will show greater power, endurance, and efficiency as well as having a reduced chance of injury.

Order of exercises

One strategy to promote muscular balance is the pushpull routine. After performing the bench press, follow up with compound rowing. By working the agonist and then by turning around and working the antagonist the opposite muscle groups, are assured not to overwork one muscle group and will increase strength in all of the movements possible at a joint.

Exercise program design

General conditioning with intensity of repetition of 24 types of training loads were designed and the number of sets and repetitions govern the goal and outcome of the exercise program. Sets and repetitions can be set up for muscular endurance, muscular strength, and muscular power routines. Core muscles such as the scapular and pelvic girdle musculature are best trained via a muscular endurance routine. Other muscle such as lower and upper limbs, the groups can follow any of the above-mentioned routines based on specific goals and activities required for sport or activities of daily living.

Yoga program is stretching, deep breathing to a stretch and entered into the world of yoga. The dividends to receive from a consistent yoga practice take to standing and seated stretches to place along with calliper have thought about, like cross-country skiing or on a journey of self-discovery.

Floor crocodile

Lie on your stomach, on the floor or the bed. Elevate your chest slightly, keeping the abdomen on the floor. Rest your forehead on your forearms. Relax the legs so they are comfortable, either together or apart. Close the eyes and relax the body. Begin to bring awareness to the breath. Observe breath without judgment as it moves in and out of the body. While inhaling, feel your abdomen gently pressing against the floor or bed. While exhaling, feel the abdomen release back toward the spine. When resting on stomach and breath in, the lower back and the sides of the rib cage also expand. Attempt to release any muscle tension in the back to allow the breath to deepen. Remain in crocodile pose for 3-5 minutes. Observe the movement of the breath and the body.

Seated crocodile

Comfortable seated position with back away from the wheelchair. Place the towel behind to assist with keeping the back straight. Be sure the feet were resting on the bed. Place a pillow or phone book under the feet if they do not reach the floor. Exhale and press the abdominal muscles back toward the spine.

Standing side stretch

In this pose increases flexibility in the spine, the muscles around the spine, arms, legs and rib cage with Callipers. It gives the diaphragm a good opportunity for stretching as well. The pose can be done standing or seated. Stand with feet together, hip distance apart, or slightly wider, whichever position feels right for your body. If all positions feel fine, experiment with each position of the feet and notice the difference in the stretch and the breathing. Allow arms to rest at your sides. Inhale, raise the right arm to shoulder level, turn the palm of the hand up and continue lifting the arm until it is overhead. As the arm is lifting, draw the right shoulder blade down into the back. Exhale, lengthening the right side through the side ribs to the fingertips. Inhale and lift the chest (sternum) upward slightly. Spread the fingers, exhale and lean to the left. Allow the left arm to slide down the left leg use the left arm for support.

This pose with your fingers interlaced overhead and the index fingers straight up. Remain there for three to five breaths. Continue to breathe deeply into the stretch and observe the breath and the sensations of the body. When you are ready to come out of the pose, inhale and lift the arm back overhead. Exhale and release the arm to shoulder level. Turn the palm downward and continue to release the arm. Repeat on the other side. Do the asana two times on each side.

Seated Side Stretch

The arm that is sliding down the leg can reach towards the floor or hold onto the bottom of the chair or chair leg or you can choose the asana with the fingers interlaced. As with any pursuit, regular practice and effort usually result in positive benefits. According to B.K.S. Iyengar (1938) [1], an internationally recognized authority on Hatha yoga, “Regular practice of yoga can help you face the turmoil of life with steadiness and stability.”

Discussion

Core muscles such as the scapular and pelvic girdle musculature are best trained via a muscular endurance routine. Other muscle groups can follow any of the above-mentioned routines based on specific goals and activities required for sport or activities of daily living Brad Schoenfeld, (2003) [2]. Attempt to release any muscle tension in the back to allow the breath to deepen. Yogic Posture to maintain the stability prolonger duration, Internal organs massaging take place with the support of abdominal region. Toxins and muscular tension also removed, and posture was maintained with proper yogic exercises. Total elimination of stress tied and muscle sourness in each cells and organs. Nerves cells stimulated in all the chakras due to selected yogic practices due to spine disabilities in particular Gilbert. et.al., (2005) [3].

Conclusion

The consequences of shoulder, knee and ankle injury to the para-athlete and the wheelchair user can be devastating. Preventative measures can greatly assist in minimizing overuse injuries to the shoulder, knee and ankle maintaining independence and enhancing performance [4-6].

References

1. Arthur J Drechsler (1998) The weightlifting encyclopedia. A is A communications, USA.
2. Brad Schoenfeld (2003) Sculpting her body perfect. Human kinetics, USA.
3. Dehra Ballinger, Jaunie Gilbert. et.al. (2005) Physical education for lifelong fitness. Human kinetics, USA.
4. Christopher M Norris (2003) Body toning. A&C black, London.
5. Douglass S Brooks (2004) The complete book of personal training. Human kinetics, USA.
6. Earle RW (2006) Essentials of personal training symposium workbook. NE: NSCA Certification commission, Lincoln.