Mini Review

Tolerance of Plants in Response to Abiotic Stress Factors

Rupnarayan Sett*

Department of Genetics and Plant Propagation, Tropical Forest Research Institute, India

Submission: May 30, 2017; Published: June 13, 2017

*Correspondence author: Rupnarayan Sett, Department of Genetics and Plant Propagation, Tropical Forest Research Institute (ICFRE; MoEFCC), Mandla Road, PO RFRC, Jabalpur 482021, Madhya Pradesh, India, Email: ruppuran2001@yahoo.co.in/settrn@icfre.org

How to cite this article: Rupnarayan S. Tolerance 002 olerance of Plants in Response to Abiotic Stress Factors. Recent Adv Petrochem Sci. 2017; 1(5): 555573. DOI:10.19080/RAPSCI.2017.01.555573

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Introduction

Immobile plants can't evade abiotic stress factor, this feature enables them to develop distinctive molecular mechanisms to deal with different pressure aspects; though, variations do exist in tolerance mechanisms. In some plants, morphological modifications have made them able to avoid stress factors. The best option lies for them is to change their biochemical and physiological activities to combat the stress.

Abiotic stresses are caused by water scarcity or drought, excess of salts or over-salinity, beyond-tolerance temperatures, intensity and photoperiodicity of light, nutrient-deficiency or excessiveness, prevalence of heavy-metal elements, air- or water- pollution, etc. These factors may affect the plants as individual factor or in combinations, which may change the metabolic processes affecting to less growth, development and productivity (Figure 1). In case of extreme stress, it will cause unbearable metabolic load on the cells leading to death of the plant. The plants are not totally free from stress in nature. To fight these stresses, plants develop several procedures to combat that with the generation of unique molecules and metabolic pathways for stress acceptance.

The methods to evade the stresses are sometimes the alterations in morphology and anatomy, which prevent plants from different stress issues; these changes are very important in generating stress-tolerance in plants. Most of the stress factors produce certain common effects on plants; one of those is the membrane systems which carry out several lives sustenance activities. Each of the membrane-related actions gets influenced by the abiotic stresses.

The molecules found always associated with aerobic life are the Active Oxygen Species or AOS [1]. All abiotic stresses viz. water-stress, salt-stress, temperature-stress, light-stress, nutrient-stress, heavy metal-stress and pollution-stress accelerate the creation of AO S in plants that injure to membrane systems and other cellular processes [2-4]. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidative systems impose significant roles in stabilizing and avoiding oxidative damage [5,6]. Depending on the type of plant and genetic structure of the plant. In spite of the close relationship of active oxygen species with aerobic life, their production, role, stress-connection, importance in signaling phenomena and their scavenging are not clearly revealed. Abiotic stresses influence carbon-assimilation, respiration, transpiration, growth, nitrogen assimilation, protein synthesis and gene expression (Figure 2). To cope up the consequences, plants grow specific tolerance mechanisms like modified gene expression, accumulation of attuned solutes, increase of polyamines, generation of ATP molecules, commencement of signaling factors, increased anti-oxidative metabolism, ion-homeostasis, regulation of hormonal equilibrium, intracellular partitioning of cellular substances and metabolic activities by membranes, assisted membrane transport and production of stress-proteins, though, the level of tolerance differs low to high from plant to plant.

Unique molecules and their new functions, innovative concepts and novel molecular mechanisms, explorations of products from stress-inducible-genes, significance of signal- transduction pathways and functional genomics enrich the research area of abiotic stress tolerance (Figure 3). Acceptance of methods to cope-up stressful situations starts with stress perception inducing creation of gene products that are engaged in cellular-defense and repair mechanisms. The signal transduction pathways that sense stresses, participate in an essential function in the initiation of tolerance in plants, one of which is by gene transfer [7]. Diverse physiological and molecular methods in connection with the uses of plant breeding and genetic engineering can advan ce the possibility for stress tolerance in plants.

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