Research Article

The Origin of Gravitation

Zheng Shengming*

Yuquan19(jia) Beijing China

Submission: May 16, 2024; Published: June 20, 2024

*Corresponding author: Zheng Shengming , Yuquan19(jia) Beijing China.

How to cite this article: Zheng S. The Origin of Gravitation. JOJ scin. 2024; 3(5): 555622.DOI: 10.19080/JOJS.2024.03.555622

Abstract

More than three hundred years ago, Newton thought that the reason for an apple falling was due to gravity; although he discovered gravity on earth, he did not know how to produce gravitation; he said that God was the first driving force. Since then, many people have been exploring the origin of gravitation for more than three centuries, but currently, people have no known origin of gravitation. To determine the origin of gravitation, I performed several experiments and discovered that moving photons generate gravitation. This discovery reveals the origin of gravitation: applying this discovery to other particles has the same effect; at the same time, these discoveries have been applied in the macro world to calculate the acceleration of gravity. This is the first study to provide a more accurate formula than the universal law of gravitation for describing the gravity field of earth. These works indicate that moving elementary particles introduce interaction forces that cause gravitation to occur in the macro world. This shows that these discoveries reveal the essence of the universal law of gravitation from the micro world to the macro world and reveal the origin of gravitation, namely, to tell us where gravitation comes from and to solve the enigmas that the universal law of gravitation cannot solve today.

Since Newton suggested that there was gravitation when he saw an apple fall to earth, he deduced an approximation computation formula by the Kepler third law to describe it. Gravitation only relates to the mass of matter, and the gravitational mass of matter is defined as gravitational mass to express it as the same as the defined electric charge in Coulomb’s law without further investigating other factors that cause gravitation. Although many people have investigated gravitation, they have not discovered the origin of gravitation because their thought was confined to defining gravitational mass at that time when the essence of gravitational mass was still unknown. As shown in the following examples-Eötvös experiment, Fischbach analysis, and Einstein General Relativity-these investigations did not present us with a clear origin of gravitation. Moreover, the uncertainty of Newtonian gravitation constants has not yet been resolved. However, in the process of investigating the origin of gravitation, some experiments have shown that moving photons create gravitation. This discovery testifies to the origin of gravitation. In the process of exploring the essence of light, Newton initially agreed with the particle interpretation of light, while Huygens argued for the wave theory. Hence, these two theories were disputed in Newton’s time. Initially, people accepted the particle theory, but after Thomas Young’s experiment and Augustin Jean Fresnel’s experiment, people began to accept the wave theory. Einstein [1] proposed the quanta concept, which was later called photon [2], and even later, De Broglie [3] proposed the wave nature of matter; subsequently, people began using particle–wave duality to explicate all phenomena in the micro world. Thus, there appears to be a paradox: how does one particle have two forms? To solve this enigma, I have performed experiments and discovered that moving photons generate gravitation; this effect leads to the characteristics of wave light [4,5].

Keywords: Motion; Photons; Gravitation; Origin; Electron

The Origin of Gravitation

Moving Photons Generate Gravitation

The experimental devices are indicated in pictures a, b, and c of Figure 1. The process of the experiment is as follows: let the light beam pass through the grating (see picture b of Figure 1) into a pentagon (see picture c of Figure 1). First, the light beam O is separated into 2 parts by a ring, as shown in pictures c and d of Figure 1. Light beam O then becomes two new light beams P and O, as shown in picture e of Figure 1. Along with light moving forward, the five light beams possessing the highest intensity in light beam P with the greatest attractive force obviously attracted light beam O to become a pentagon (see pictures 1-25 of Figure 1). Only the five points of light beam O, which correspond to the five points of light beam P with the highest intensity, are in contact with each other and are gradually linked to each other. Note: at first, light beam P and light beam O do not contact at all. It is impossible for this contact to occur in the light wave theory. This acJOJ tion is not an effect of wave interaction. In contrast,this indicates that moving photons create gravitation.(See Figures 1-25 of Figure 1).

To verify that this phenomenon is caused by gravitation, a second experiment was performed. The experimental device is shown in picture a of Figure 2. Images b and c in Figure 2 show that the other light beams do not move forward and that only light beam O is allowed to move forward; under these conditions, light beam O maintains its circular shape. This phenomenon is shown in Figures 1-25 of Figure 2. This result demonstrated that if there was no other light beam, the light beam O would not accept the foregone gravitation.

In comparison with experiment 1, it appears that light beam O maintains its circular shape in unchanged form when there are no other light beams moving forward. According to the results of this experiment, light beam O does not appear before the phenomenon of gravitation. This phenomenon is confirmed only by the interaction force, indicating that gravitation occurs; thus, we find that moving photons cause gravitation.

Quantitative Experiments

Below, we present the results of a quantitative experiment: first, we think that photons possess mass. The above two experiments indicate that there is a force between the light beams. Therefore, it is true that light possesses mass.

The process of the quantitative experiment is described below. First, I think that motion photons produce this gravitation proportional to their mass, and their velocity of motion, which is denoted as M_a , can be calculated via the following formula: M_a = mvk_m.

The change in the distributed intensity of this force field in a specific space in a unit area is its value divided by 4πr², which indicates that the change in the intensity of the force field in space is inversely proportional to the square of the increase in distance. The results are shown below (Figure 3).

The intensity of this force field decreases with increasing distance r. Then, I write the following formula: , namely, . When the distance between two photons is r and m₁,m₂,v₁,v₂ are their mass and velocity, respectively, from the preceding analysis, at photon m₂ , the intensity of the force field produced by m₁ is . The greater the mass of photon m₂is, the greater the amount of force received from photon m₁ in space; the faster the velocity of motion of photon m₂ is, the greater the amount of force received from photon m₁ in unit time. In other words, photon m₂ accepting force is proportional to the intensity of the force field in which photon m₁ is produced: E_a , and its mass is m₂ , and its velocity is v₂ . Write a formula below: ; this is a scalar form. On the other hand, from the abovementioned experiments, the two light beams are parallel, but the direction of the generated gravitation is perpendicular to the direction of the traveling path.

Considering the characteristics of the medium, 𝜣 is used to determine , which is a vector form. This formula implies that the two particles attracting or repelling only have to do with their motion direction.

Because there is an interaction force between two light beams, they can yield new light beams between them under special conditions. The changing distance between two light beams will change the number of light beams created between them. This phenomenon cannot be elucidated by wave theory but can be elucidated by the above discovery, as shown in Figure 4. In light beam B of picture c, the first light ray of the inside light beam accepts force from the outside light beam; on the other hand, the first light ray also accepts force from light beam A because the light disperses while moving forward. The distance between the first light ray and the outside light beam increases faster than that between the first light ray and light beam A; thus, the first light ray accepting force from light beam A will undergo a smaller change than that from its outside light beam. In other words, the first light ray, which accepts force from the outside light beam in light beam B, decreases as the light beam moves forward. Thus, part of the internal light beam B will move to light beam A. The motion status of light beam A is similar to that of light beam B; in the end, new light rays will appear between light beams A and B (see Figure 4).

When the status of the new light beam is balanced by the accepted force from its two sides, the magnitude of the force, which every new light beam receives from its two sides, is equal; the directions of the two forces received from the two sides are opposite. At the site of the light beam n in picture b of Figure 4, according to the

where m is the mass of the new light beam created between two light beams and M is the mass in unit distance of two light beams A and B. The experiments 3 and their results are shown in Figure 4 and Table 1. Note that the calculation units are metric. Figure 4 and Table 1 show that n changes as d changes. The changes in their values in this experiment are in extremely good agreement with the calculated outcome according to , which is deduced from . If the photon possesses mass and the above analysis is correct, p will approach a constant value in the experiment. The third experiment confirms this prediction, as shown in Table 1. As a result of this experiment, the validity of the following formulas is confirmed:

From the above experiments, we discover the origin of gravitation: motion photons generate gravitation, and several formulas can be used to describe this phenomenon. See below:

Applying in the micro world

This Approach can be Applied to the Interaction between Photons.

One famous phenomenon in which the diffractive center changes from dark to bright has always been used to verify the wave theory of light. This seems to prove the existence of light waves. The following experiment shows that the change in the center of the light beam from dark to bright is not an effect of periodic waves but is the result of gravitational interactions. As shown in Figure 5, when a light source is created, it emits two light beams, as shown in Figure 5a. They do not contact each other in their movement process, while there is a 1.5 mm distance between them. Their tracks of movement are shown in picture b of Figure 5. This experiment indicates that when both light beams O and P move forward, the center of light beam O is a dark project on the screen, as shown in picture c of Figure 5; when only light beam O moves forward, the center of light beam O is a bright project on the screen. In this changing process, the radius of light beam O is 3.5 mm, and there is a 1.5 mm distance between light beam O and light beam P. This shows that the change in light beam O has nothing to do with the interaction of the contact force because, regardless of whether light beam P exists, the center of light beam O is far from the edge of light beam P and is not in contact; when light beam P is removed, this action does not act on light beam O. If the change in the center of the light beam from dark to bright is the result of periodicity of the wave, the change in the center of light beam O would be the same as the light beam traveling at an equal distance in these two states. However, in this experiment, the center of light beam O is bright when light beam P does not exist, and the center of light beam O is dark when light beam P exists. The light passed an equal distance in these two states. This finding unequivocally indicates that the change in the center of light beam O from dark to bright is not due to the periodicity of the wave but rather to gravitation, which the photons of movement created.

This experiment indicates that the change in the center of light beam O diffraction from dark to bright is not a periodic wave change but rather the effect of the interaction of gravitation and the resulting movement photons. To confirm that the interference fringe of light is a result of the interaction of gravitation and the resulting movement photons, experiment 5 was designed. Three light beams, A, O, and C, are created. Their interaction also indicates that the wave phenomenon in light is produced by force. The details are described below in experiment 5.

The interaction results are shown in Figure 6. When the outer part of light beam A is removed, interference fringes appear in light beam C, and the remaining light beam A moves to light beam C. This also indicates that the interference fringes of light, which exhibit wave characteristics, are produced by the movement photons.

Figure 6a shows that light beam O attracted light beam A and light beam C at the same time. Moreover, in light beam A, the inside part of the light beam also accepts force from the outside light beam; when the outer parts of light beam A are removed, the inside light beam accepting force from the outside light beam will be lost, and the amount of force from light beam A that light beam O accepts will decrease. However, the accepted force from light beam C does not change. Thus, light beam O and the left light beam A will move toward light beam C. Meanwhile, the accepted force of light beam C from light beam A will also decrease. This will lead to a change in the original balance of the force in the three light beams A, O, and C; the original distribution of light beam C will change at this changing force status for a new balance, and in the end, light beam C will exhibit interference fringe-like wave characteristics. These two experiments unequivocally prove that the wave characteristic of light is caused by the photons of movement generating force, and it is indicated that the light is a particle, namely, the essence of light is a particle; on the other hand, because photons of movement create force, a changed light beam will lead to a wave phenomenon when it moves forward at the same time. This is the reason why light seems to have wave-particle duality.

Further analysis of the above two experiments reveals that the periodic wave changes with two changing conditions: first, it changes with forward movement; second, when two waves contact each other, they change due to the interaction of two waves. However, in the experiment, light beam O and light beam P did not contact each other in terms of their travel displacements, and the travel distances were equal. According to wave theory, the change in the center of light beam O will be the same, regardless of whether it is dark or bright. However, in fact, in this experiment, the change in the center of light beam O is not the same even when the distance traveled is equal. If light beam P exists, the center of light beam O is dark; if light beam P does not exist, the center of light beam O is bright. This phenomenon cannot be elucidated by wave theory but can be elucidated by the above discovery. If light beam P does not exist, light beam O, which is subjected to gravitational conditions from the outside, will be lost; consequently, the centric light rays in light beam O will not move toward the outside. In this condition, it is bright. If light beam P exists, light beam O accepts outside gravitation from light beam P, so the centric light beam moves to the outside; under these conditions, the beam is dark. In other words, the change in the light beam P affects the interaction gravitation in light beam O. Because the photons of movement attract the force, varying the light beam will change the distribution of gravitation in space.

A Method of Describing Interference and Diffraction

We now know that the light wave phenomenon is produced by force, which photons of movement create. Based on this discovery, I developed a new method for obtaining images of multi pinhole diffraction patterns and their interference fringes. According to the above conclusion, the photons of movement create force. Below, I do experiment 6 to apply this discovery. Figure 7a shows that when the light beam passes through pinholes A and B, the beams close as they disperse while moving forward. At their coinciding region C, part of light beam A and part of light beam B can become a streak line such as L, which is confirmed by the experiments in picture b of Figure 7. This becomes interference fringes between two pinholes; the image z in Figure 7 confirms this conclusion. When two streaks intersect, the intensity of their intersected spot is greater than that of its surrounding region; hence, the force at the spot of intersection is greater than that at its outer region. This attracts the surrounding light rays to the center and becomes a circular dot at the intersection point, as shown in picture c of Figure 7.

The above meaning can be simply described as follows: First, the interference fringe between two pinholes is perpendicular to the line that links two pinholes. Second, the intersection of two streaks becomes a dot. According to this, I infer that when the light beam passes through three, four, five, or six pinholes, the image on which light projects on the screen can be drawn below. Given the perpendicular line for the line that links the nearest two pinholes, the point of intersection of this vertical line on the right is the image on the screen. Two facts confirm this view. First, the intersected dot of the two streaks is in the original source of these two streaks. Second, the number of dots in the line is equal to the number of streaks between two pinholes. In Figure 7, the pictures x, s, g, m, j, and p are the pictures of pinholes, and z, u, l, r, i, and o are photographs of light going through the pinholes projected on the screen. Pictures y, t, k, q, h, and n are drawn according to the above method. These pictures are in extremely good agreement with photographs z, u, l, r, i, and o, in which light passes through the pinholes on the screen in the experiment. This experiment indicates that diffraction patterns and interference fringes projected on the screen can be drawn according to the new discovery that the movement photon creates gravitation.

The Meaning of Wavelength in Optics

From the above experiments, we know that light waves do not actually exist. Now, we will discuss the meaning of the wavelength in the light wave theory. Figure 4 shows that Δx=d₁/(n−1) can be compared to Δx = Dλ/d₂ obtain ,where D = v x t. In the end, we can obtain the following formula: . On the one hand, because , in the specific numerical value of d₁ , n is specified. This means that these n,t,d₁,d₂ can all be controlled by man. Namely: λv k_λ=constant. Here, k_λ=λv=139.

When Applied to Other Particles of the Micro World

The Estimate Constant of Gravitation

The estimate constant of gravitation produced by the above formula in the spectrum is applied to the interaction between photons and other particles. The motion photon has velocity and mass . If we apply the above discovery to analyze other motion particles, we can obtain a simple and clear method to solve this problem in the microscale world. For example, this method can be applied to calculate the wavelength and intensity of spectral lines. In the plasma, the velocity of the moving photon is v, the mass of the photon is , m_p the atomic velocity is V, the mass of the nucleus is m, and the distance from the photon to the nucleus is when the temperature is T. According to the rule of vector addition, the velocity of the photon revolving around the nucleus is when the nucleus attracts a photon around the atom rotation motion. According to the following formula,

In other words, In plasma, the probability of an ion with a velocity of V is The intensity of light emitted from an atom is I when the temperature is T. According to W. F. Meggers, the intensity is not only approximately proportional to the relative energy and the corresponding probability when the atomic velocity is V but also proportional to the density of electrons in the plasma. Namely, I = f (v)dk simplifies it and compares considering .

We can obtain

where m,T, I , r,v are the atomic weight, absolute temperature, intensity of the spectral line, radius of the atom, and velocity of the photon emitted from the element, respectively. a is a constant value. For convenience of calculation, I use the following formula: vλ=kλ.Thus, we can obtain the following formula:

Where is the Boltzmann constant. Table 2 and Table 3 show the results of the verification of all the elements. Table 3 shows the verification results for the Balmer series of hydrogen. For the data in the tables, see [6-8].

From the above verified results, we can obtain the following formula:

is in extreme agreement with the experimental results. From this, we have proven that a G is a constant. Boltzmann constant:

At kb= 1.3806503 × 10^-23 m2 kgs^-2 K^-1, kλ=139 m2s^-1, and ks=0.023 m^-1K^-1, we can obtain Ga=1.61×1025Nkg-2s2.

Deduce the Universal Law of Gravitation

Here we can deduce the Universal law of gravitation by above discovery [16-18]. In the earth: between two matters: their attractive force is. We know that the gravitational mass in the universal law of gravitation is the capacity of one matter to attract earth, which can be shown by its weight on earth, so the attractive force between two matter can be deduced by its weight on earth, as shown below:

Because the weight of first matter on earth is the weight of second matter on earth is Thus, the attractive force between two matters is as follows:

are the weights of two matters, and k,G_a are two constants. In the end, we can obtain which is the universal law of gravitation.

The Gravitational Constant

The gravitational constant causes the existence of the Newtonian gravitation constant:

So: Namely, are the mass of all the particles in the earth, the velocity of the moving particles in the earth, and the distance between the measurement spot and the center of the earth, respectively. They are all specific values under specific conditions, namely, they are all constant. Thus, the Newtonian Gravitation Constant exists in this study

The Uncertainties of the Gravitational Constant

The uncertainties of the gravitational constant are revealed according to the mass of all the particles in the Earth, the speed of motion of all the particles in the Earth, and the distance between the measurement spot and the center of the Earth. In general, the mass, the velocity of all particles in the Earth, and the radius of the Earth are approximately constant, so the value of G will be constant. In fact, the mass, radius, and velocity change with changing time and measurement location, so the value of G also changes as these parameters change; thus, the Newtonian gravitational constant is uncertain [9].

Applied in the interaction between electrons:

A formula describing the thermoelectric phenomenon. In the thermoelectric phenomenon, the temperature at one of the two joint points is variable, and the other is invariable. This produces thermoelectricity. In this process, all factors are invariable except temperature. According to the above, I define the mass of an electron as m, and the velocity of the electron on the side of varying temperature is v₁ . Among the two metals in the A metal, the electron velocity is v₂ . In the other metals of B, the electron velocity is v₃.r₀ is the nearest distance between two electrons, and its value is equal to the diameter of the atom. r is the length of the metal conductor.

In the two joints of different metals:

Considering that can obtain we define ΣF_a =V can be which shows that one electron on the variable temperature side produces a voltage.

Therefore, all free-moving electrons on the varying temperature side produce a voltage below The formula for the produced thermoelectric voltage can be deduced as follows:

where are the number of free-moving electrons on the variable temperature side, the mass of the electron, the heat capacity of the electron, the electron charge, the rate of the specific resistance, the constant of gravitation, the diameter of the atom, the area of the cross section of the conductor, and the length of the conductor, respectively. 2 3 v ,v are the two velocities of free movement electrons in the two metals, respectively, and their values can be calculated by the following formula:

Because the temperature of one contact point varies, another is invariable. Therefore, only m, and 1 v vary. For two metals, m, and v₂,v₃ are invariable; thus, are all constant,and is defined as follows:

Here, we can verify the right of the above formula: and . For verification of the above formula, see the verification of Type S Thermocouples (Pt + 10% Rh) vs Pt[10] in Table 4.

In this verification, we obtain the constant k = 2.026 x10⁻⁵ and α =1.7 x10⁻³. The temperature coefficient of the Type S thermocouple is α =1.7 x10⁻³. Here, the formulas and T Ck = (1+ a C)U are in agreement with the experimental results and clearly verify the validity of the formulas and T Ck = (1+ a C)U.

Applied in the Interaction between Atoms and Molecules

We now know that motion particles produce attraction or repulsion forces; from this, two motion atoms also produce attraction or repulsion forces between them; thus, the force of attraction or repulsion between two atoms or molecules will lead to chemical reactions, namely, the mechanism of chemical reactions is the mechanism of their attraction and repulsion forces, which are created by their motion. Below is a result of this interaction to prove the Maxwell distribution formula.

In particular, for a gas, is set up such that an atom moves from 0 v to t v by attraction or repulsion, and the displacement is r−r₀ in this process; therefore, according to the following formula:

Considering v=v₁=v₂ under specific conditions, the following equations can be obtained:

This formula can be written as follows: (in unit time: t=1) is defined as follows:

Namely Since.m_d=m.p eventually: Namely, This is the probability of one atom in one direction with velocity v. Therefore, in the whole space, the probability with velocity v is which is the Maxwell distribution law of velocity . When .

To show the universality of the above discovery and formula, we describe the gravity field of the Earth, as shown in Figure 8:

Figure 8(a) and (b) show that at site A on the surface of the earth, matter A, which is an accepted attractive force of the earth, is attracted to all the particles of diameter AA’ of the earth; additionally, the components parallel to the Earth’s diameter AA’, which is the attractive force of the particles elsewhere, act. According to the new formula [17-18], the calculated value of this attractive force is as follows:

where are the gross mass in diameter, the highest velocity of the particle in the earth, the radius of the earth, the distance between the nearest particle and matter A, the gross mass of all the particles in the matter, and the velocity of the particle in the matter, respectively; thus, the above calculated result is as follows:

On the other hand, matter A is attracted by particles in the atmosphere and other celestial bodies, such as the moon. This size is as follows:

In the end, the accepted resultant force of matter A is as follows: Namely, Because of the Earth’s rotation, the matter on the surface of the earth has a centrifugal force, and its centrifugal force is as follows:

Te is the rotation period of the earth. Thus, the resultant force is

In the end, we can obtain the following formula, which describes the acceleration of gravity:

(Please note:m_e=2Rσ,σ is the mass in unit length. On Earth, the weight of matter is proportional to the product of its internal mass and the velocity of the particles. Namely, m = m_sv_isk_i the particles in the earth’s core possess the highest velocity; thus, T is the temperature of the earth’s core). Considering that σ,G_a,∈,k,π,T_e,k_i,T are all constant, is defined as . The formula for the gravitational acceleration can be written as follows:

On the other hand, at present, we can obtain gravitational acceleration via geodesy. By comparing the gravitational acceleration determined by geodesy and the data calculated by the above formula, , we can see that the formula strongly agrees with the results of geodesy. See Tables 5 and 7.

According to the universal law of gravitation and considering the centrifugal force of the earth, can be obtained, namely, with the following formula:

By applying the formula to calculate the acceleration of gravity at any location on Earth, the calculated results show that Newton’s universal law of gravitation does not agree with the measured data (Table 6). We can also obtain precise gravitational acceleration data by measuring the actual gravitational acceleration. By further comparing the measured results from the world and the calculated results of the above formulas, we also see that the calculated results are in extreme agreement with the measured results. See Table 7. For more clarity, see Figure 9.

The formula for used in Table 6 and Table 8 was obtained by the universal law of gravitation. The values used in Table 5 and Table 7 were calculated via the following formula : this formula strongly agrees with the actual measured data. A=24789.4975 and b=5.54433027×10-9 were obtained via geodesy.

This Paper Discusses and Carefully Assesses the Validity of the above Conclusions

This paper provides the new discovery that moving photons generate gravitation, applying this discovery and the formula to describe the interaction between photons and other particles; between electrons, atoms, atoms and molecules, and shows the universality of this formula and discovery. This is the first study to show that there is a more accurate formula than the universal law of gravitation to describe the gravity field of earth and deduce the universal law of gravitation in the earth. All these results clearly show the origin of gravitation, and the validity of this conclusion presented a clear natural law.

Data Availability Statement

All the data needed to evaluate the conclusions of this study are included in the manuscript.

Acknowledgment

First: here I am very fondly remembering my father Zheng heizi, he gave me great love, and that is the very driving force of my moving forward. I want to express my appreciation sincerely for My young uncle sister Gou susheng. My young brother zheng guoman, and my friend Shao shengtang, Jiu guoqiang, Wang xuezheng, Xi xinghua , wan huashan, wang zhulin, wang yongbao, zhai rangyi. Wang xiaoqi. Ma songxiong, Yang yuchang, My middle school teacher Zhang linxiang. They give me a lot of supports when I do this works.

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