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Research Article

Herbal Supplements or Herbs in Heart Disease: Herbiceutical Formulation, Clinical Trials, Futuristic Developments

*Rakesh Sharma1 and Arunporn Itharat2

1Department of Exercise, Nutrition and Food Science, Florida State University,Tallahassee, USA

2Department of Traditional Medicine, Thammasat University, Thailand

Submission: December 27, 2016; Published: January 20, 2017

*Corresponding author: Rakesh Sharma, 3945 West Pensacola Street, Suite 98, Tallahassee, FL 32304, Phone:011917534899120 ;,Email:rksz2009@gmail.com

How to cite this article: Rakesh S. Human Coronary Artery Lesions: 900 MHz Magnetic Resonance Micro Imaging, NMR Spectroscopy, Histopathology and Oxidative Stress Markers. J Cardiol & Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 3(1): 555603. DOI:10.19080/JOCCT.2017.03.555603

Abstract

Herbal formula serves the purpose of alternative or combinatorial treatment as safe, cheap and effective complementary and alternative medicine with no side effect. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are major disorders of dyslipidemia or elevated lipids in blood to result with atherosclerosis and cardiac arrest. Biochemical mechanistic basis of changes in cardiovascular metabolites and regulation is described. New non-invasive herbal testing method is described based on in vivo magnetic Resonance Imaging and ex vivo Magnetic Resonance Microscopy – histology correlation. A scheme of herbal testing method is presented based on herbal induced change in physical symptoms, clinical diagnosis, experimental evaluation of herbal effects on heart biochemical and physiological functions. Herbal foods and herbal preparations are approved to benefit public for cardiovascular disease prevention. It remains to see if herbal medicine reduces or arrests the cardiovascular injury without any long-term side effects under skepticism of ‘really herbs can work’

Keywords: Heart Disease; Coronary; Herbal; Herbs; Cardiac Arrest; Lipid

Abbreviations: CVD: Cardio-vascular Disease; CHD: Coronary Heart Disease; RDA: Recommended Daily Allowances; AMIL: Acute Myocardial Infarction; MUFA: Mono-unsaturated Fatty Acid; AHA: American Heart Association; VCAM-1: Vascular Cell Adhsion Molecule-1; CRP: C-Reactive Protein, IL-6: Interleukine-6; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α; SAA: Serum Amyloid A; HDL: High Density Lipoprotein; COX: Cyclooxygenas; 5-LOX: 5-Lipoxygenase; TxA 2: Thomboxane-2; PGI: 2 Prostacyclin I2; LTB 5: Leucotriene B5; LPL: Lipoprotein Lipase; HNF: Hepatic Nuclear Factor; LXR: Liver X Receptors; PPARs: Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptors; SREBPs: Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins; PUFAs: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; CAM: Complementary and Alternative Medicine; NHLI: National Heart and Lung Institute

Introduction

In present report, we introduce readers to the emerging knowledge on use of herbs in cardiac protection, mechanism of dyslipidemia in development of heart disease and our new technique of non-invasive micro imaging of heart disease. The scope of herbal treatment is wider initially to manage dyslipidemia by lipid lowering and enhancing ‘cardiac capacity’ in cardio protection and cardiac prevention. Prevention of disease includes hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathies. Chapter is divided into different sections on present state of art in herbal formula in cardio protection, introduction to herbs in heart disease, biomarkers and biochemistry of herbal cardio protective action, herbiceutical formula, and future prospective of herbiceuticals in cardio protection with a comment on government policy.

Herbiceutical formula in Heart Disease Treatment

In following section, we describe available herbiceuticals to treat coronary heart disease. The following description is modified from its original sources [1].

Herbal Formula 1: San-Huang-Hsie-Hsin-Tang® is prepared from scutellaria root (Radix Scutellariae): rhizome of coptis: root and rhizome of rhubarb (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei): Radix Ginseng (root of ginseng) mix in ratio of 1-2:1-2:1-2:1-2 or 1:1:1:1 in 95% ethanol.

  1. Scutellaria Plant: All four ingradients are extracted, filtered and made mixture to form an herbal pill. Herbal pill can stabilize and lower blood pressure or prevent damage to endothelial cell by inhibiting intrinsic nitric oxide (iNOS) activity, inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase-2 or COX-2 activity, reducing blood C-reactive protein concentration, inhibiting smooth muscular cells proliferation, reducing blood cholesterol level in all ages and elderly. The mechanism of herbal pill to prevent heart disease can be described in three reactions:
  2. NO produced in endothelium by eNOS is potent vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, monocyte adhesion and adhesion molecule expression, thus, maintain integrity of endothelial tissues;
  3. Production of COX-2 dependent factors-prostanoids and oxygen free radicals in myocardial issue are due to endothelial dysfunction or vascular damage. Inhibition of COX-2 may restore NO mediated vasodilation, antiinflammatory utility;
  4. Overexpression of iNOS leads to the increased NO production and causes myocardial dysfunction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrest;
  5. C-reactive protein is formed in inflammation process and atherosclerosis with prevalent CHD, stroke and peripheral artery disease. Scutellaria has ingradients of baicalin, oroxylin, A-glucuronide, wogonin-7-O-glucuronide, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A. Ample evidences show that Scutellaria inhibits NO production, depresses COX- 2 production, and reduces iNOS overexpression and C - reactive protein (Table 1).

*SunTen® Cardiovascular Drug is made from 20 grams of each root of scutellaria, rhizome of coptis, root/rhizome of rhubarb. All ingradients were boiled, extracted, filtered, condensed, reflexed in ethanol to make dry powder containing the following herbs and chemicals shown in (Table 2).

Table 2: HPLC Retention times and wave lengths of different ingredients in SunTen® formula.

Formula 2: Mixture of four: Danshensu (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.) chemical formula D(+) β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid], Tanshinone IIA, matrine (Sophorea flavescens Ait.), oxymatrine (Radix sophorae Flavescentis), puerarin (Pueraria lobata Phwi.). Four herbs are mixed in ratio of 1:1:1:1 to prepare an herbal mixture to treat the atherosclerosis or obstructed the blood supply to heart. The mechanism of cardio protection might be explained as inhibition of blood platelet accumulation and blood fibrin dissolution; vasodilatation and relieving smooth muscle spasm in myocardium muscle; improved myocardial muscle metabolism under anerobic condition and reducing ATP consumption as protective measure; inhibiting the peroxidation reaction or clearance of free radicals and fatty deposits; inhibiting blood platelets and improving cell membrane mobility; increasing cAMP in cardiac muscle to tolerate glucose and oxygen insufficiency; strengthen immune system; increased vasodilatation and blood flow.

For partial details of cardiac protection outcome in experimental animals, readers are referred to read patents including herbal mixture testing by cardiac enzymes, ventricular function, right-left atrial driving force or anti-arrthymicity, LVSD, beta receptor of adenylate cyclase [2] to prove the following:

  1. herbal mixture acts as anti-myocardial infarction protection of vascular epithelial tissue;
  2. herbal mixture reduces Angina pectoris and endothelin-1 along with decalcification gene related protoplasm (cGRP) induced dilatation of blood vessels;
  3. herbal mixture reduces platelet agglutination and atheroma to resist myocardial infarction.
  4. We describe following heart protection formula using Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae and it is extract described in its original source [3].

Formula 3: Herbal Pill of 80.0-97.0% Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae, 1.0-19.0% Panax Notoginseng and 0.1-1.0% Borneol and its active ingredients was invented by following steps:

  1. Obtaining an appropriate amount of smashed Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae and Panax Notoginseng;
  2. Extracting the obtained Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae, and Panax Notoginseng in hot aqueous reflux at about 60-100 °C;
  3. Filtering and combining the extracts to form a combined extract;
  4. Concentrating the combined extract from step (c) into an appropriate ratio of the volume of the concentrated extract to the weight of the inputted herbal materials to form a concentrated herbal extract;
  5. Putting ethanol into the concentrated extract from step (d) to about 50-85% final concentration of ethanol, performing ethanol precipitation and forming a precipitated resolution;
  6. Concentrating the supernatant liquid of the precipitated resulting from step (e) to form a plaster of about 1.15-1.45 in relative density; and
  7. Mixing the plaster from step (f) with an appropriate amount of Borneol, thereby producing the composition of herb extract of Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae, Panax Notoginseng and Borneol. The active ingredient extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Beg. contains one or more ingredients selected from tanshinone, salvianolic acid, methyl tanshinonate, rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate, danshexinkum, protocatechualdehyde, Sodium 3′4-dihydroxyphenyllactate, and lithospermic acid. The ingredient extracted from Panax notoginseng or Ginseng contains one or more ingredients selected from notoginsenoside and ginsenoside. The ingredient extracted from Dryobalanops aromatica Geartu. F. or Cinnammon camphor contains d-borneol or l-borneol or both of them.

Herbal pill preparation was performed by:

  1. Mixing the extracts of Panax Notoginseng, the extracts of Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae, synthetic borneol, and polyethylene glycol 6000 at the ratio of 4.0:20.6:1.9:79.5;
  2. Melting the mixture;
  3. Manufacturing the melted mixture to pills using a dropping machine with the following characteristics:
  1. The temperature of the dropping pot is constantly 89- 93 °C.;
  2. The cooling solution is liquid paraffin, of which the temperature is lower than 8 °C.;
  3. The inner diameter of the dropping head is 1.8 mm, the outer diameter of the dropping head is 2.4 mm, the distance between the dropping head and the surface of the cooling solution is 15 cm; and (d) centrifugation of the pills at 800- 1100 rpm for 15 minutes to remove oils (Table 3).

The herbal pill ingredients were capable of: increasing blood volume in the coronary artery, relaxing the smooth muscles of blood vessels, improving peripheral circulation, raising the oxygen content in veins, or significantly improving the acute myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, protecting the cells from damage by hypoxia or anoxia, protecting cells suffering from myocardial ischemia, improving micro-circulation, preventing arrhythmia, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, dissolving fibrin, lowering blood viscosity, adjusting blood cholesterol or preventing atherosclerosis, raising tolerance to hypoxia or anoxia, preventing the oxidation of lipoprotein or removing the harmful free radicals, lowering plasma ET content, significantly improving liver, kidney and pancreas function, preventing the occurrence or development of blood vessel or nerve diseases, enhancing the immune system, regulating vascular nerve balance [4,5].

Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with herbal pill

Following description is a glimpse of continuous trials in the direction of combinatorial therapy to reduce the risk of CHD [1,2,4,5].

  1. Ordinary Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease: After herbal pill became available in the market in China, treatment was proposed basically similar to that of Isordil and there is no significant difference between them statistically in treatment of CHD.
  2. Pain-killing Effects of herbal pill on Coronary Heart Disease prevention was comparable with Glyceryl Trinitrate.
  3. Effects of herbal pill on the Onset of Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Pain Frequency: Herbal pill can reduce onset frequency and volume of glyceryl trinitrate. Pill can improve blood flow to the heart in addition to relieving pain.
  4. Improvement of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: Herbal pill can improve cardiac function in patients with coronary heart disease and provides improvements in blood flow.
  5. Effects of herbal pill on ECGs and Blood Flow in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: No significant differences appeared on ECGs and average exercise testing standards to show improvement from herbal pill. Pill controls irregular blood flow, lowers blood viscosity, reduces the occurrence of atherosclerosis, and prevents thrombosis and can be the first choice for the treatment of coronary heart disease.
  6. Effects of Long-term herbal pill Treatment on Coronary Heart Disease: Long-term herbal pill results are stable. Herbal pill is a multi-level, multi-subjected and multi-method medicine which improves cardiac muscle; increases blood volume by blocking the chronic calcium route; stabilizes the myocardial membrane; removes free radicals; regulates myocardial cells metabolism; improves blood platelets aggregation; and lowers cholesterol and blood viscosity.
  7. Clinical Research on the Effects of herbal pill on Unstable-type Angina: The experiment shows that herbal pill can reduce oxygen consumption by cardiac muscles, improve blood flow in coronary arteries, and rebalance the oxygen demand-to-oxygen supply ratio in cardiac muscles.
  8. The Effects of herbal pill on the Treatment of Exertiontype Angina: Herbal pill can efficiently relieve pain and increase blood flow to the cardiac muscle. Herbal pill can also reduce oxygen consumption, improve blood flow to the coronary artery, rebalance oxygen demand and oxygen supply, and prevent atherosclerosis. It is reported as ideal medicine for the prevention or treatment of coronary heart disease, angina and atherosclerosis.

Herbiceutical Testing

Following strategy is used in development, testing and approval of new herbal formulas.

  1. Preparation of herbal plant extraction: herbs like scutellaria, coptis, and rhubarb are extracted by solvent (water or organic solvent 95% ethanol).
  2. Separation, filtration: Extracts are filtered. Individual herbal extracts are filtered and condensed under reduced pressure in water bath at 50 ºC to make herbal paste.
  3. Preparation of powders: American ginseng or ginger are prepared powder by solvent extraction (cutting in pieces, grinding, drying) and passing through sieve.
  4. Herbal pharmaceutical mixture: Herb dry powders are mixed in herbal paste and dried to prepare as tablets, bolus, powder, capsule, granule using binder, carrier, and filler.
  5. Experimental Animal models: A. Blood pressure lowering properties (BP, heart rate on multifunction recorder) compared in spontaneous hypertensive rats were given herbal mixture through catheter in femoral artery and compared with captoril or nifedipine given in same way; B. In other set of animals, heart rate, systolic/ diastolic BP, mean arterial BP were compared in elderly aged animals. Isolated perfused hearts with Kreb’s Henselein buffer containing herbal mixture were used for measuring coronary flow and coronary perfusion pressure; C. COX-2 and iNOS enzyme synthesis in mouse macrophage cells was induced by lipopolysaccharides and both COX-2 and iNOS were measured by ELISA. COX-2 and iNOS enzyme protein biosynthesis can be measured in excised tissues by antibody based PAGE electrophoresis; D. herbal induced inhibition of iNOS gene expression was measured by tissue RNA extraction, mixing iNOS primer with cDNA and amplifying DNA mixture by PCR and running DNA separation on agarose gel; D. Herbal induced CRP reduction in hypertensive animals was measured by ELISA in blood after centrifugation.

The following description is a glimpse on proposed guideline to design a research protocol of herbal cardioprotection assessment that includes physical signs, symptoms, preclinical lab tests, cardiac monitoring, follow up of relevant changes in cardiovascular and heart territories as possible recovery signs. It is helpful to all researchers, physicians, policy makers.

Pre-Clinical trial: In Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) rat experimental animals, following parameters can be tested:

  1. LD50 dosage determination;
  2. myocardial total ischemia burden (TIB),
  3. blood/plasma RT
  4. release of nitrogen monoxide (NO),
  5. serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and MDA,
  6. Vascular endothelin ET-1 release.
  7. decalcification gene related protoplasm (cGRP)

I. Symptoms:

  1. palpitation, tightness of chest, coughing, chest front pain, shortness of breath paroxysmal breathing difficulty at night, fatigue and weak, upper body pain and discomfort, sweating, night sweating, coldphobia and few urine.
  2. physical manifestation: heart rate and heart rhythm, blood pressure, breathing, lips cyanosis cervical vein expanded, lungs wheezing, thorax water stagnant, abdominal distension, liver enlarged, edema of lower limbs, head and face dropsy.
  3. Improved cardial function index: heartbeat volume (SV), cardial output (CO), cardial index (CI), cardial emission fraction (EF), left ventricle end diastole volume (LVEDV),
  4. Higher contents of Malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), ANPSOD, superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-Px and ANP after herbal treatment.
  5. Improved systolic capacity of cardial muscle by measuring left ventricle systole pressure value (LVSP), left ventricle maximum systole speed rate (+dp/dt) and left ventricle minimum systole speed rate (−dp/dt).
  6. With regard to animal experiment, pathological slice of animal model’s heart hypertrophy of left ventricle myocardial cells; muscular tissue breaks; inflammation by histology-MR microscopy.
  7. TIB ischemic burden

Clinical trial: In patients recruited on WHO criteria of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with angina pectoris confirmation by straight T wave (improved strium and ventricular contraction; reduced ET-1 and rise in cGRP; high coagulation or low platelet agglutination

  1. SOD activity and reduced MDA density
  2. Reduced ET-1
  3. rise in cGRP comparison Decalcification Related Protoplasm(cGRP)
  4. Angina pectoris in A-->D grades.
  5. Sex, age, disease course, angina pectoris types, degree of seriousness of angina pectoris
  6. Irregular heart rhythm and diabetic complication
  7. liver and renal function, electrocardiogram for tall T wave and suppressed ST section

Technique development in noninvasive micro imaging of thrombosis and measurement of heart disease

With advancement of science, now noninvasive imaging modalities are in use to detect measure and monitor the prognosis and progress of heart disease condition before and after intervention. Coronary artery wall thickness and myocardium shape are two major territories used in assessment of heart disease burden. Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound scanning of heart is choices to measure thrombosis and cardiac function respectively. We established the cytomorphic and molecular markers of heart as measurable index in different territories using Magnetic Resonance Microscopy; nanoparticle based molecular targeting in order to test cardio protective herbal, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical drugs.

Our new technique of drug testing includes: multiple contrast in vivo heart MRI/MRA, ex vivo delayed ultrahigh magnetic field MRI, and histopathologic-MRI correlation data as reported previously. Our major focus was to develop high diagnostic accuracy in non-invasive identification of plaque contents and heart territories by MR microscopy with structural details as shown in Figures 3-6. For details, readers are referred to read original sources [6,7] (Figures 1-3).

Strategy of cardio protection

We describe heart protection and preventive herbal action as anti-fibrillation, antihypertensive and anti-thrombosis which essentially includes minimizing lumen space, wall thinning and strengthening cardiac muscles in following sections based on imaging strategy for CHD [3,8].

Three main goals are accomplished to keep heart healthy are:

  1. Opening Blood Vessels
  2. Strengthening the Heart Muscle
  3. Controlling Free Radical Damage -- Antioxidants

Biomarkers in Evaluation of Herb testing

Herbal testing is a standard procedure using different biomarkers as shown schematics in (Figure 4) to evaluate herbal response to improve cardiac recovery. The following reports are extracted from original sources for readers in both pre-clinical and clinical herbal trials [2,5,6].

Anti-Myocardial Infarction Protection of Vascular Epithelial heart Tissue in patients: The observation includes counting clinical symptom before and after herbal treatment, for the changes of myocardial total ischemia burden (TIB), blood plasma endothelin (ET), decalcification gene related protoplasm (cGRP), nitrogen monoxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and MDA as biomarkers. TIB is done with Holter inspection. Before and after herbal intervention, venous blood is drawn for determining plasma RT, NO, density of serum SOD and MDA, changes of TIBN. With regards to the herbal treatment of blood shortage heart disease, it is important to improve myocardial blood shortage effectively to the utmost extent, to restore and protect vascular oxygen shortage in vascular epithelial cells from being oxygen resupply damaged. The role of these biomarkers is described in following section.

  1. Vascular endothelin is strong and lasting polyprotoplasm that shrinks vascular byczenol. Its primary biological effects are: multi-functions such as shrinking vascular plain muscle, stimulating breeding of cells, inhibiting release of renal hormone, strengthening depotassium adrenaline and vascular nervous hormone II, refining vascular amino acid inhibition hormone, matter revolving, self-secretion and side-secretion. In fact, it plays an important role in the biological and pathological process of cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases like those of restoring damage, generating blood vessel and formation of thrombosis. However, from the biological standpoint, vascular epithelial tissue is also the most vulnerable functional interface. It can be affected by various pathological situations, and creates morphological and biochemical changes. Damage of vascular epithelial tissue is the main mechanism of increasing ET release. Its excessive release can lead to coronary artery convulsion, myocardial blood shortage and even necrosis. Thus, reducing ET is an important means to protect myocardium health.
  2. Decalcification gene related protoplasm (cGRP) is a byczenol polyprotoplasm that dictates blood vessels. It leads to dropping of blood pressure and strong diastolic capillary function. It is able to prevent tissues of heart, brain, kidney from damage of blood shortage and reconcentration. It protects myocardium from shortage of blood, damage and enhances myocardium systole and cardial discharge capacity (reduced flare up of heart rhythm, ET-1) to strengthen vascular resistance and breeding of muscle cells.
  3. NO has the capability of dilating blood vessels, reducing blood pressure, inhibiting platelets adherence and polymerization. It has the most significant function of safeguarding regular cardiac of maintaining myocardial blood flow. It is able to resist the vascular systole effect of ET. It is an internal myocardial protective substance. Two different biological effects take part in the adjustment of cardiac vascular function and the flare up process of coronary disease. Therefore, protect vascular epithelial tissue from being damaged, inhibit effectively secretion of ET-1, improve release of NO, adjust plasma density balance of both in order to improve the supply of blood and oxygen to myocardium. These are the important means of treating coronary heart disease.
  4. Reduction of plasma ET density and the obvious rise of plasma NO indicate the positive adjustment function on internal vascular active substance and metabolism of cardiac protective substance. In myocardial blood shortage, herbal mixture has function of good protect and restoration on damage of vascular epithelial tissue or anti-myocardial blood shortage as protective effect of vascular epithelial tissue.
  5. Myocardial blood shortage of coronary heart disease, damage of blood shortage refilling has increased lipoperoxide reaction to cause oxygen unrestrained base in vascular epithelial tissue. Anti-oxidation or superoxide anion scavenger herbal action is the protection functions for vascular epithelial tissue damage and myocardial blood shortage.
  6. To enhance blood circulation, improve blood later developments, resist fibro-solvent thrombosis of hemolysis, dilate coronary artery, remove spasm of minor artery and increase blood flow capacity of coronary artery indicated by rise of SOD activity and reduced MDA density in conjunction with lipoperoxide removal as internal and external antioxidant.

Coronary Heart Disease, Angina Pectoris, Change of Endothelin-1 and Decalcification after herbal treatment: The following symptoms may be evident of herbal protection:

  1. Angina pectoris existing in A-->D grades. Herbal treatment restricts or reverts the events of angina pectoris for longer time and symptoms disappear.
  2. Anti-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy action of herbs in CHD patients
  3. Sex, age, disease course, angina pectoris types, degree of seriousness of angina pectoris.
  4. Irregular heart rhythm and diabetic complication have comparability (p>0.05).
  5. Clinical symptoms, physical manifestations, heart rate and blood pressure, lab test of blood, urine and stool, liver and renal function, electrocardiogram for ST section.
  6. Tall T wave and suppressed ST section appear after herbal treatment.
  7. Reduced ET-1 and rise in cGRP comparison (pg/ml X ± S) of two groups after treatment.
  8. Gene Related Protoplasm(cGRP) of Pre- and Post- Treatment of Herbs
  9. Endothelin (ET) is a strong and lasting polyprotoplasm with biological effects: shrinking vascular plain muscle; stimulating breeding of cells; inhibiting release of renal hormone, strengthening depotassium adrenaline and vascular nervous hormone II; refining vascular amino acid inhibition hormone. It has the inhibition function on cardial mechanism.
  10. Decalcification gene related protoplasm (cGRP) is a byczenol polyprotoplasm with biological effects: dilating blood vessels; dropping of blood pressure and strong diastole function on capillaries; preventing the heart, brain, liver and kidney from damage of blood shortage and reconcentration; protecting myocardium from shortage of blood and enhances myocardium systole and cardial discharge capacity. As a result, flare up of heart rhythm can be prevented or reduced and cGRP strengthens the vascular resistance, and prevents myocardium from damage. Herbal mixture raises the plasma cGRP level.

    11. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

    I. Symptoms:

    1. Palpitation, tightness of chest, coughing, chest front pain, shortness of breath paroxysmal breathing difficulty at night, fatigue and weak, upper body pain and discomfort, sweating, night sweating, coldphobia and few urine.
    2. Physical manifestation: heart rate and heart rhythm, blood pressure, breathing, lips cyanosis cervical vein expanded, lungs wheezing, thorax water stagnant, abdominal distension, liver enlarged, edema of lower limbs, head and face dropsy.

    II. of Herbal Mix:

    1. Improved cardial function index: heartbeat volume (SV), cardial output (CO), cardial index (CI), cardial emission fraction (EF), left ventricle end diastole volume (LVEDV),
    2. Higher contents of Malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), ANPSOD, superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-Px and ANP after herbal treatment.
    3. Improved systolic capacity of cardial muscle by measuring left ventricle systole pressure value (LVSP), left ventricle maximum systole speed rate (+dp/dt) and left ventricle minimum systole speed rate (−dp/dt).
    4. With regard to animal experiment, pathological slice of animal model’s heart hypertrophy of left ventricle myocardial cells; muscular tissue breaks; inflammation by histology-MR microscopy.

    Cardio-protective Herb Active Components inHuman use Approved by CDC and Regulated by FDA

    The herbs are rich in different metabolites playing role in active intermediary metabolism and these are needed in body in a minimum amount daily so called recommended daily allowances (RDA) through diets or herbal supplements. Saponoin glycosides, antioxidents, flavanoids, oligomeric proanthocyanidin fractions are major players with other ingradients. Readers are referred to read other separate section on ‘biochemical basis of herbiceuticals in cardiac prevention ‘for details. A number of herbal active ingredients are listed below in Table 1.

    Pharmaceutical Approach of Herbiceutical Formula with Anti-arrhythmic Properties

    Carrier of different herbiceutical components

    The said herbal mixture (formulae 1,2,3 and 4) may be used in water, saline, starch, sugar, gel, lipids, waxes, glycerol, solvents, oils, liquids, proteins, glycols, electrolyte solutions, alcohols, fillers, binders, emulsifiers, preservatives, buffers, colorants, emollients, sweeteners, surfactants, additives and solvents as: solid, liquid, powder, paste, gel, tablet, foam, pack, aerosol, solvent, diluent, capsule, pill, liposome, syrup, solution, suppository, emulsion, suspension, biodelivery agents. The herbiceutical mixture may be delivered through oral, injectable or external administration for treatment of: kidney, bone, blood, lymph, liver, lung, head and neck, adrenal, brain, bronchial, hypothalamus, parathyroid, thyroid, pancreas, pituitary, sinus, endometrium.

    1. Controversial status: Several bioactive compounds such as CoQ2,4,6 and CoQ10; and herbs such as knotwood rhizome, elecampane root, Turkey rhubarb are less understood and their antiarrhythmic properties remain controversial. Recently, the safe use of herbiceuticals and nutraceutical supplementation formula was reviewed by author with major focus on preclinical and clinical evidences and role of regulatory federal governments on bioactive foods, herbs and use of herbiceuticals [8,9].

    What Remains Still to Solve the Cardio protection by Herbiceuticals?

    The major issues that remain unsolved are the herbiceutical side effects, dosage and mechanism; follow up consequences and mandatory guide lines of usage. The diet and lifestyle guidelines for prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) have been evidenced as a major interest during the Last few decades. Recommendations of the American heart Association (AHA 2007) have been reformed for better understanding, based on new scientific evidences after publication of guidelines in 2007 [10]. However, none of these guidelines emphasize the role of diet in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. Patients presenting with AMI are highly motivated to follow the advice of cardiologist due to serious AMI condition. AMI is associated with hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, free radical stress, rise in free fatty acid and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to endothelial dysfunction.

    There happens an acute generation of pro-inflammatory milieu among AMI patients which is known to cause disruption of atheroma plaque, resulting into re-infarction and death. The synergy of these mechanisms in chronic disease is not clear in order to decide the intervention by herbiceuticals such as walnuts, ginko, vegetables [11-15]. Most American experts very deligently advise dietary patterns; including grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds and legumes, fat and oils based on limited research studies. Most of the times, the side effects of newly introduced products in market are not documented such as no recommendation for refined starches in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction [16].

    For example, there is no guideline about the type of oil and type of nuts for omega-3 fat and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content in supplemented processed foods. While foods and beverages with added sugars and refined starches as well as excess of w-6, total and saturated fat and trans fatty acids, may be pro-inflammatory, increased intake of w-3 fatty acid and MUFA may not be protective against surge of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-18 and adhesion molecules like VCAM-1(vascular cell adhsion molecule-1) and ICAM-1 caused by high glycemic, rapidly absorbed pro-inflammatory foods [17-19]. These foods are known to initiate a pro-inflammatory milieu in the body which is similar to that of AMI, causing further increase in complications among these patients [9]. In keeping these facts in mind, it is necessary to identify the concrete evidences of cardio protective mechanism in both animals and clinical trials under controlled conditions with through investigations, careful nutrition formula design and success rate vs fallacies of earlier clinical experiences in favor of herbiceuticals in public use.

    Animal Studies

    A large volume of literature is available on herbiceutical inhibitory effect on cardiovascular disease cell growth based on observations of cultured cardiovascular disease cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, antioxidant action etc. Still attempts are in the direction of morphological, cytomorphic, histopathology evidences of herbiceutical induced lipid inhibition and thrombosis by using 3D localized molecular imaging techniques. Previous studies on micro-MRI and immune staining suggested the reduced apoptosis in experimental rat, mice, rabbit, porcine, dogs experimental models [18]. Major evidence was the reduced oxidative stress, slowed down apoptosis, reduced proliferation, less plaque size, less necrosis and poor atherosclerosis growth in treated groups [20]. The mechanism of these herbiceuticals is still not established and it remains to investigate more scientifically diet controlled experimental methods [21-24].

    Moreover the beneficial effects of herbiceuticals in experimental animals were reviewed and two third literature reports on herbiceuticals are documented on experimental animal cardiovascular disease studies as either reviews or animal bench experiments on cardiovascular disease prevention. The clinical evidence of herbiceutical cardiovascular disease prevention success is still based on biochemical mechanisms of nutrients in diets reported over several decades. Some mechanisms of herbiceutical action are reported as immune modulatory, induced apoptosis, removal of free radicals, inhibited cell proliferation, inhibited necrosis. New Ayurved (Indian traditional medicine) concepts are also emerging as powerful herbiceuticals in cardiovascular disease prevention [25]. The growing literature on mechanism of herbiceutical action in the cardiovascular disease is supporting the extended benefits of herbiceuticals but it further needs more investigations as described in following separate section of new literature evidences [26-28].

    Clinical Trials

    Singh and coworkers,1992 used 400g/day of fruits,vegetables and legumes in conjunction with mustard oils to decrease the risk of hypertension, diabetes and CAD in 1990s [29], similar with DART, DART II, GISSI clinical trials [30]. This diet was re-examined by DASH investigators and subsequently by other group to observe the reduced risk of hypertension in USA [31]. In further randomized, controlled intervention trial, Singh et al. [8,32] 2002, 2010, administered 400 g/day of fruits, vegetables and nuts (almonds and walnuts) and another 400g/ day of whole grains including legumes in conjunction with 25- 50g/day of mustard oils (ALA 2.9 g/day) in patients with high risk of vascular disease, which showed significant benefits [11,33].

    Other workers also found a beneficial effect of fruit, vegetables, nuts and ω-3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA 1.8 g/day) rich foods to patients on risk of coronary artery disease [29,34,35]. A randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial on 300 patients after MI supplemented with EPA+DHA 3.4-3.5 g/day or corn oil showed no change. Increased intake of monounsaturated fatty acid and ω-3 fatty acids have been suggested to be protective against diabetes and metabolic syndrome whereas increased consumption of transfatty acids, saturated fat and refined starches can predispose CVD. India has a rapid economic development causing increased consumption of salt, tobacco, fat, sugar, and energy in the last four decades. There is increase in per capita income, gross domestic product, food production and automobile production in the last four decades [29,34,35].

    This period from 1970 to 2008 has witnessed marked changes in nutraceutical rich diet and lifestyle, particularly in the urban populations among Indians. New bioactive factors have come in light of cardiovascular mechanisms likely affected by nutrients such as:

    1. Iodine induced T3 and nitric oxide decreases SVR by dilation of the arterioles protein kinase akt pathway via smooth muscle relaxation through nuclear transcription mechanisms [29,34,35];
    2. Fish consumption >300 gm/week reduced non-fatal coronary syndrome (CARDIO 2000 study) [36];
    3. Transcription of the positively regulated genes (alphamyosin heavy chain (MHC) and calcium ATPase, SERCA2) both downregulate the expression of negatively regulated genes (beta-MHC and phospholamban) to increase cardiac contractile performance. There is possibility of nutraceutical protection to repair cardiac contractility and improved ejection time (LVET) [36,37];
    4. improved cardiac output, reduced cardiac preload (low rennin state and decreased erythropoietin secretion), increased vascular resistance, bradycardia, slightly depressed myocardial contractility and some increase in LV mass [38];
    5. IF channel, L-type and T-type calcium channel, potassium channel and the ryanodine channel contribute to pacemaker functions and heart rate [39];
    6. dyslipidemia due to total cholesterol and low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediatedensity lipoproteins, apoprotein A-1 and apoprotein B are observed as well [40,41];
    7. cholesteryl ester transfer protein and hepatic lipase, increased levels of high-density lipoproteins(HDL);
    8. Endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, increased vascular resistance, and hypercoagulability with coronary artery disease [42].

    However the effect of bioactive foods is not known if bioactive food affects cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. It might be beneficial to use bioactive food or herbiceuticals as supplements simultaneously with cardio protective drug therapy. Recently reported noninvasive imaging methods such as Doppler echocardiography, carotid intima-media thickness, pulsed tissue Doppler imaging, and cardiac MRI and radionuclide ventriculography to evaluate pre R ejection/ejection ratio systolic dysfunction may be more useful to establish the beneficial effect of herbiceuticals. Overall, trials evaluating cardiovascular mortality and mortality have yielded conflicting results [43].

    Biochemical Basis of Herbiceuticals in Cardiac Prevention

    Natural vegetables, herbs, plants, wild foods are complex in structural composition. The biochemical basis of individual source of these foods is not explored due to their complex nature. Some of the evidences are in favor of the active food principles as herbiceuticals to show cardio protective or preventive supplements. Some of herbiceuticals are in the phase of clinical trial or already available as food supplement.

    Complementary and Alternative Medicine is emerging in prevention of chronic coronary and heart diseases as safe practice because of the high risk of mortality and long-term morbidity associated with surgical procedures of coronary artery disease and high side effects of chemotherapy. Herbal medicines have shown reduced myocyte cell necrosis in cultured cells. The vitamins, minerals, dietary fat play a role in relation to cardio prevention and control. The mechanisms of herbiceutical action can be discussed broadly in following categories based on active metabolites present in herbiceuticals.

    1. Niacin-bound chromium is reported to enhance myocardial protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury [44].
    2. Mechanism of the antithrombotic effect was invented by dietary diacylglycerol in atherogenic mice [45].
    3. Protective effect of potassium against the hypertensive cardiac dysfunction was associated with reactive oxygen species reduction [46].
    4. The atherogenic process is reduced by regulation of coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis and breakdown.
    5. The n-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The evidence was explained and mechanisms were explored [46,47].
    6. Mediterranean diet and optimal diets play role for prevention of coronary heart disease.
    7. Alpha-tocopherol therapy was evidenced to reduce oxidative stress and atherosclerosis [48].
    8. Genetic deficiency of inducible nitric oxide synthase reduces atherosclerosis and lowers plasma lipid peroxides in polipoprotein E-knockout mice.
    9. Glutathione is the liver’s most abundant protective constituent of antioxidant glutathione reductase enzyme. Glutathione functions as a substrate for the two key detoxification processes in the liver: 1. transforming toxins into water soluble forms, 2. neutralizing and “conjugating” with toxins for elimination through the gut or the kidneys. If either of these processes is impaired for any reason, toxins will accumulate in the body and lead to disease. The best nutrition with liver cardiovascular disease focuses on improving the body’s glutathione reserves [49].
    10. The Soy isoflavone Haelan951 (genistein and genistin) and garlic allicin were reported to have some role as a cardioprotective in humans [50]. Beta-glycoside conjugate, genistin is abundant in fermented soybeans, soybean products such as soymilk and tofu. Beta-glycosyl bond of genistin is cleaved to produce genistein by microbes during fermentation to yield miso and natto. Soy sauce has high isoflavone but low miso and natto contents.
    11. How much soy isoflavones needed? 1.5-4.1 mg/person miso isoflavone and 6.3-8.3 mg/person natto respectively [50].
    12. Green tea has always been considered by the Chinese and Japanese peoples as a potent medicine for the maintenance of health, endowed with the power to prolong life [51].
    13. The cardiovascular disease has been reported associated with vascular endothelial growth factor [52].
    14. Some herbal plants act as cardio protective medicine. The herbal extracts are known to reduce the circulating markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), serum amyloid A (SAA).
    15. Combination of garlic, ginko biloba, herbs with reverastrol inhibited a full 92 percent of age-related gene changes in the heart [52].

    Lipid Metabolism and Fatty Acid Modifiers as Basis of CVD and role of Herbiceuticals

    Lipid metabolism is established a major factor in cardiovascular protection by supplementing omega fatty acids as described with recent developments for interested readers [8]. The possible reversal of increased total cholesterol, increased LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and decreased HDL concentrations in cardiovascular patients on bioactive foods and herbiceuticals is controversial [53]. In several trials, total cholesterol levels, HDL, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A and B and lipoprotein A were not significantly improved with nutraceutical or vitamin-mineral treatment [53]. A trend was noted in favor of nutraceutical therapy with reduced total cholesterol TC level >240 mg/dL, LDL > 155 mg/dL TC levels (significant only for >240 mg/dL), and Body Mass Index > 25 kg/m2 was associated with better improvements [54].

    Control of lipid metabolism and cholesterol desaturation in the blood has been cited as major factor in cardiovascular disease. The herbiceuticals have been reported as inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis and enhancing HDL lipoproteins in the body. To explain the effect of herbiceuticals, two major mechanisms play significant role in cholesterol saturation and lipoprotein synthesis. First, HMG CoA synthase enzyme controls the mevalonate to HMG CoA formation that subsequently used in cholesterol formation while cholesterol oxidase enzyme oxidizes cholesterol to desaturate it. Second, cholesterol esterification by LCAT and ACAT enzymes and subsequently apoprotein binding controls the lipoprotein formation [55-58]. Mainly high density lipoprotein (HDL) plays significant role in scavenging cholesterol from blood as shown in (Figure 5). Low density lipoproteins (LDL) transport is controlled by LDL receptors in the cells.

    LDL lipoproteins get metabolized by lipo-oxygenase pathway as shown by (Figure 5). The anti-inflammatory effects and antithrombogenic effects of omega-3 fatty acids are eicosanoid– dependent process. More intake of EPA and DHA fatty acids increases these fatty acids in tissue, cellular and circulating lipids, along with a simultaneous reduction in omega-6 fatty acids. EPA acts as a substrate for both cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes to make derivatives from arachidonic acid (α, β) such as leucotriene B5 (LTB5) is only about 10% as potent as LTB4 as a chemotactic agent and in promoting lysosomal enzyme release). The omega-3 fatty acids also result with reduced formation of thomboxane-2 (TxA2) and prostacyclin I2 (PGI2), as AA is a TxA2 and PGI2 precursor and inhibiting platelet aggregation (a less thrombogenic state) as shown in (Figure 5).

    The fatty acids display major beneficial effects:

    1. Lipid lowering in blood;
    2. Antiarrhythmic effect in CHD;
    3. Antithrombotic effects;
    4. Anti atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects;
    5. roved endothelial function; and
    6. Lowering blood pressure.

    From biochemistry standpoint, the beneficial effect of β-3 fatty acids on blood lipids is by the stimulation of the gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme in human adipose tissue with increase in the LPL mRNA. It results with post-heparin LPL activity, in conjunction with the lowering effect of these fatty acids on the triglyceride levels, postprandial lipaemia and the levels of the highly atherogenic, small and dense LDL particles [59]. These fatty acids increase the expression of genes encoding enzymes critical to hepatic and skeletal muscle fatty acid β-oxidation while repressing genes encoding glycolytic, lipogenic and cholesterolgenic enzymes. This twofold action results in the decrease in lipid synthesis and a subsequent increase in lipid oxidation favorable for nutraceutical intervention.

    Despite the fact that the exact mode of action of β-3 fatty acids is not fully understood, it is speculated that β-3 fatty acids interact with three nuclear receptors–hepatic nuclear factor (HNF)-4α, liver X receptors (LXR) α and β and peroxisome proliferatorsactivated receptors (PPARs) α, β and γ and by regulating thetranscription factor sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) 1 and 2 [13]. β-3 fatty acids also decrease excitability and cytosolic calcium fluctuations of ventricular myocytes via inhibition of Na+ and L-type Ca+2 channels. The mechanisms of action of β-3 fatty acids have not been fully elucidated.

    Treatment Recommendations for Herbiceuticals in Cardiovascular Prevention

    Who Need the Alternative Approaches of Herbiceuticals in CVD?

    Children below 18 years probably do not need herbiceuticals. Adults over 20-40 years need herbiceuticals and monitoring CVD. Persons over sixty years in age need CVD/CHD watch and herbiceuticals as mandatory daily dietary supplements in practice. These senior persons may show the following major symptoms as causes of cardiovascular disorders and CVD development [60].

    1. Poor cytokines, inflammatory proteins gradually lead to apoptosis, loss of immunity
    2. Arteries and veins (and other tissues) become less elastic, as evidenced by our skin. Blood pressure may rise, as arteries lose their elasticity. (The amino acid taurine, found in fish, softens arteries and veins, as well as other connective tissue.)
    3. Inflammation and cholesterol-filled growths (plaques) in our blood vessels reduce their rates of flow. The loss of elasticity causes the heart to pump with less power and force.
    4. Insulin levels begin to rise as old cells become less responsive to insulin, and the pancreas increases its output to compensate. This eventually leads to Type II diabetes and pancreatic cardiovascular disease in which old cells no longer respond to insulin and end up with heavy cardiovascular damage and cardiovascular disease.
    5. Kidneys lose reserve capacity, gradually fail to do normal function and develop cardiovascular disease.
    6. Reduced cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity leads to immune deficiency and cardiovascular disorders.

    WInsurance and Prescription

    National and federal agencies such as NCI and FDA need evidences and established data in large trials to approve herbiceuticals in clinical practice. In lack of such evidences and database, still nutraceutical practice remains at the door steps as nonprescription self-prescription available on counter. As a result, insurance companies still shy to accept herbiceuticals as prescription.

    Government Policy: Criteria of Suggested Practice of Herbiceuticals in Cardiovascular Prevention

    The awareness of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is increasing rapidly among common public in developed countries [61]. Government agencies are actively participating in safe delivery of bioactive foods and dogwatch if any side effect. Several government reports have showed positive role to introduce new functional foods & herbiceuticals in CVD/CHD prevention in favor of guava, dietary fibers, soy, phystoesterogens, herbs, cruciferous vegetables [29,34,35]. Both bioactive food and herbiceuticals in diets were suggested as preventive in cardiovascular disease. Main causative factors of cardiovascular disease were free radicals, vitamin C, D, E deficiency, selenium deficiency and loss of cellular immunity in patients on daily diet [62,63]. Recently, National Heart and Lung Institute put forth the efforts on alternative ways of cardiovascular disease prevention as public awareness to main focus on life style, prevention and control care measures, eating habits, hazardous contaminants with several successful attempts of antioxidants, garlic, vitamins. Under supervision and dogwatch, most of the bioactive foods on counters and herbiceuticals are marketed as some of them listed in (Table 4).

    Bioactive Foods and Herbiceuticals in CVD/CHD: A Survey

    In recent years during 2002-2016, the major focus was on more evidence based wider use of omega 3 fatty acids combined with multivitamin-multimineral and isolated bioactive components from plants and functional foods in various cardiovascular disease types. In last 4 years maximum efforts were devoted on reviews and compilation of evidenced experimental results on vegetarianism in reducing cardiovascular disease progress and identification of associations of active food components in diet with reduced lipids, myocardial necrosis and apoptosis. However, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) views that sequential events during the nutraceutical treated cell growth or arrest cardiovascular disease are controversial [64]. The use of fish oils in elderly patients was revisited if any relation with arrhythmia and contractility.

    The literature during years 2002-2016 suggested major information for following:

    1. Direct link of vitamins, minerals in cardiovascular disease prevention;
    2. New bioactive food components with new mechanism of lipid lowering;
    3. More controlled trials and regulated studies under federal support;
    4. New awareness of unpopular foods and common shelf food supplements in cardiovascular disease prevention;
    5. New federal and statuary guidelines on nutraceutical recommended allowances and marketing. The following information is grouped based on literature on herbiceuticals and herbiceuticals in cardiovascular disease management with major focus on controlled randomized trials in experimental cardiovascular diseases and clinical cardiovascular disease subjects. The description is divided into three sections.

    Bioactive foods and herbiceuticals in cardiovascular prevention during years 2000-2016:

    Herbiceuticals and local foods were suggested as readily available and their use with possibility of alternative pharmacotherapy to prevent cardiovascular diseases [64- 66]. Less known bioactive foods containing ephedra and caffeine were reported to improve electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects [66]. Clear cardio protective role of vitamin E and antioxidant supplements was reviewed in prevention of cardiovascular diseases [67-72]. Homocysteine, taurine, vitamins and omega 3-fatty acids were reinvestigated and confirmed their value in cardiovascular prevention [73-77].

    Mechanism of cardiovascular prevention by herbiceuticals: Mainly cholesterol rich dietary fats enhances the risk of coronary heart disease while omega 3/omega 6 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and play cardioprotective role in primary, secondary and late- onset diseases [55,56]. Interestingly, the excessive linoleic acid is manifested as ‘linoleic acid syndrome’ in coronary heart disease [57,58]. Conjugated lineleic acid was reported as protective against cardiac hypertrophy [78]. Omega 3 fatty acids mainly lower the blood lipids.

    The possible reasons of cardioprotection by omega-3 fatty acids in bioactive herbals:

    1. Lipid lowering (reduction of fasting triglycerides, attenuation of postprandial triglyceride response)
      2. .
    2. Antiarrhythmic effects
      3. .
    3. Antithrombotic and other effects on the haemostatic systems (i.e. reduced platelet reactivity, moderately longer bleeding times, reduced plasma viscosity)
      4. .
    4. Inhibition of atherosclerosis and inflammation via inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, altered eicosanoid synthesis, reduced expression of cell adhesion molecules and suppression of inflammatory cytokines production (IL’s, TNF-α) and mitogens
      5. .
    5. Improvement of the endothelial function [through enhancement of nitric oxide – dependent and nitric oxide independent vasodilatation]
      6. .
    6. Improvement in blood pressure (Table 4).
    1. Aspirin, fish products and ibuprofen act as antiinflammatory properties.
    2. Tuna and mackerel contain mercury, dioxin and PCBs. Salmon fish is safe.

    CVD/CHD in the human body and herbiceutical protection:

    Supplementation of fish oils dominate the scenario of lipid lowering in cardiovascular diseases [78]. New candidates such as cinnamon, ginko biloba, bioactive peptides have been introduced in the list of herbiceuticals with cardioprotective properties [75,79-81]. In recent detailed report, authors validated that Guggul (Commiphora mukul) herb rich in guggusterones lowers both cholesterol (30% in 3 months) and triglycerides. It maintains LDL level (35% lowering in 3 months) and improves HDL level (20% in 12 weeks) to keep higher HDL/LDL ratio. It keeps smooth blood flow and maintains thin blood with continuous detoxification and reduced platelet aggregation. It relaxes the muscles and keeps muscle strain low. Additionally, it has properties of rejuvenation and blood purification. Other unique properties are immune modulation and lipid lowering. Guggul increases body’s metabolic rate, improved thyroid function and heat production due to the presence of guggulsterones [82,83]. Broadly, today it is believed that bioactive foods get digested by natural enzymes and their digested metabolite products target many cardiovascular related intracellular metabolic abnormalities of both focal (targeted cure) and whole body in origin (whole individual or global cure) while its counterpart artificial synthesized pharmaceutical drug either inhibits or elevates only one biochemical reaction with assumption of complete cure. In this single step cure approach, several naturally active enzymes, cofactors and assembly proteins lose their conformation and functionality (bioactive behavior) leading to several side effects. These are lesser by bioactive foods or herbiceuticals because of their wider acceptance in the body but side effects are very frequent caused by pharmaceutical drugs and still it remains a challenge how to minimize these side effects. Several negative studies exist to advocate the further careful investigations [82,83].

    Challenges, Hypes, Hopes and Futuristic role of Herbiceuticals in Cardio protection

    Most of the success of herbiceuticals is based on selfprescription and own individual experiences. Still it is far to realize the miraculous benefits of herbiceuticals unless controlled clinical trials support the evidences and facts of nutraceutical preventive therapeutic efficacy. Major challenge is early detection of cardiovascular disease and timely effective treatment. In spite of all tools available, cardiovascular disease is major health hazard. The major available data on nutraceutical benefits in cardiovascular disease comes from epidemiological health and population statistics. The reduced cardiovascular disease incidence due to herbiceuticals seems hype but greater hopes are anticipated with advancements in food science. However, still cardiovascular disease remains a major threat because of high mortality compounded with incomplete success of chemotherapy and surgery intervention. In future, bioengineered herbiceuticals will play significant role in CVD prevention as alternative therapeutics.

    Bioactive foods with rich herbiceuticals still are growing in number as healthy food products introduced by companies and investigations suggest high hopes of herbiceuticals in cardiovascular disease prevention. The primary focus still remains on dyslipidemia and lipid lowering by fish oils and bioactive herbal foods. The role of governments and globalization will certainly support the health risks and clinical trials on new bioactive herbal foods and herbiceuticals. The herbiceuticals are becoming popular as they are harmless and natural food constituents. The herbiceuticals are still food supplements and last 15 years demonstrated enormous change in the perception of herbiceuticals as cardiovascular disease preventive and therapeutic supplements in cardiovascular diseases. Chinese herbal medicine is making advances in introducing herbs at priority within medical ethics to claim the success of herbs in arresting cardiovascular injury such as hawthorn, cassa italica herbal combinatorial medicine [84-86]. We believe that future trend of curing coronary artery disease will be mixture of complementary approaches such as: optimal medical treatment (vasodilators + antiplatelet agents) -->herbal supplements (Chinese formula or Arjun herbs) -->dietary (L-carnitine, magnesium) -->body physique (exercise, chelation therapy, acupuncture) -->Mind (esteem build up) -->life style change (nonsmoking/non-alcoholic spirit and less drug dependence) with LONGLIVE peaceful life [87-94].

    Conclusion

    In present report, herbs are reviewed in possible use as antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmic, cardio protective supplements. The pharmacological action and biochemical mechanisms of herbs are highlighted with examples for their possible antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmic, cardio protective effects on heart tissue and cardio protective action. A possible antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmic, cardio protective composition is proposed for make effective cardio protective herbal formula. The focus of paper is to review for comparison of anti antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmic, cardio protective strengths of different herbs in the light of present knowledge. The toxic effects of herbal over intake are highlighted to show their side effects. Finally, the aim is to catch the attention of regulatory government bodies on growing unnoticed use of herbs among large population having no knowledge of herbal side effects they are using. So that government or health authorities can remain vigilant in informing public and insurers in time before it is too late.

    Acknowledgement

    Author acknowledges the permission to do advanced level internship at Heart and Vascular Surgery Center, Tallahassee Memorial Hospital, Mikusukee Road, Tallahassee, Florida for Cardiovascular Technology Research program under Drs. Julian Hurt, Murrah, Al Saint and Khairullah. The author acknowledges the opportunity of engineering and biotechnology internship under supervision of Dr. Ching J. Chen at FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida.

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