Research Article

Cytotoxicity Effects of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® on a Panel of Cancer Cell Lines

Wong Teck Yew², Patrick Loh Heng Meng^2,3, Zhang Peng Fei³ and Lim Yang Mooi^1,2*

¹Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, Malaysia

²Centre for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia

³Link (THM) Sciences Pte Ltd (Singapore), 8 Chang Charn Road, Link (THM) Building, Singapore

Submission: March 13, 2018; Published: April 02, 2018

*Corresponding author: Lim Yang Mooi, Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, Email: ymlim@utar.edu.my

How to cite this article: Wong T Y, Patrick L H M, Zhang P F, Lim Yang M. Cytotoxicity Effects of LPR-1®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC® on a Panel of Cancer Cell Lines. J Complement Med Alt Healthcare. 2018; 6(1): 555676. DOI: 10.19080/JCMAH.2018.06.555676.

Abstract

LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® are LPR-1^® Standardized C. militaris (L.) Link Extract (LSc 1501) Conventional Cordyceps extract (100X concentration) and ONCOBLOC^® standardized novel C. militaris (L.) Link extract (SLS-161), respectively. All these three extracts are obtained from C. militaris through conventional and proprietary extraction processes. These extracts possess a broad spectrum of chemoprotective properties against free radicals and oxidative stress. In this study, the cytotoxicity ONCOBLOC^® were assessed against 24 human cancer cell lines using MTT of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and cytotoxicity assay. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of these extracts were benchmarked to chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin on a panel of cancer cell lines. From the results obtained, LPR-1^® showed cytotoxicity to HONE-1, NCI-H23 and Fa Du cells; CCE100 caused cytotoxicity to HONE-1, Fa Du, T-47D, MCF-7 and U-2 OS cells; whereas ONCOBLOC^® exhibited cytotoxicity to HONE-1, FaDu, T-47D, MDA- MB-231 and K-562. Among the 24 cancer cells, ONCOBLOC^® showed the strongest cytotoxic effects against nasopharyngeal carcinoma epithelial cell line (HONE-1), with the IC50 value of 15.34^g/mL. These preliminary results suggest that ONCOBLOC^® possesses promising anti-cancer activities and could be developed as a novel anticancer agent. Hence, more efficacy studies will be carried to confirm its anti cancer properties.

Keywords: Cytotoxicity; C. militaris; LPR-1^®, CCE100, ONCOBLOC^®

Introduction

LPR-1^® and ONCOBLOC^® were extracted by using SINGAPORE LINK SCIENCES PTE LTD’s proprietary protocol LSc 1501 and SLS-161, respectively. Proprietary extraction refers to the combination use of formulated extraction solvent, proprietary extraction process protocol and customized fabricated extraction equipment. LPR-1^® is currently available in the market and is being marketed for the application on organ-ageing associated conditions, it is also prescribed by endocrinologists for kidney and diabetic related conditions. CCE100 is Conventional Cordyceps Extracts with 100X concentration. Conventional extraction refers to the use of 100% water as the sole extraction solvent, followed by air-drying of the extracts. This is done repeatedly to achieve a 1:100 weight/weight ratio of the initial versus final extract. CCE100 is prepared as a benchmark for comparison of conventional extract against targeted extracts LPR-1^® and ONCOBLOC^® is developed and formulated for oncology-related (adjuvant) applications. C. militaris has been reported to have the medicinal beneficial on improving male reproduction [1], anti-aging [2], immunomodulatory [3], anti-microbial [4], antibacterial [4], anti-viral [5], anti-fungal [5], insecticidal [5], larvicidal [6], anti-fibrotic [7], anti-diabetic [8], anti-HIV [9], anti-malarial [10], anti-fatigue [11], anti-platelets aggregation [12], neuroprotective [13], liverprotective [14], reno-protective [15,16], as well as pneumo-protective [17]. C. militaris contains many active compounds, such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, ergosterol and mannitol [18]. The major bioactive compound cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) might contribute to anticancer activities. The anticancer activities of cordycepin have been reported by other researchers, such as, anti-angiogenetic [19,20], anti-inflammatory [21], anti- oxidant [22], growth inhibition on U937 leukemia cells [23], anti-leukemic [24], anti-tumour [25], anti- proliferative [26], anti-metastatic [27,28], inhibit purine biosysnthesis, DNA/RNA biosynthesis, shut down mTOR signalling pathway [29], induce apoptosis [30] and regulate cell cycle [31].

The cytotoxic effects of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® on various cancer cells are yet to be studied. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® against 24 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. The 24 cancer cell lines tested were acute promyelocytic leukaemia cell line (HL60), chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line (K-562), lymphoma cell line (Raji), gastric carcinoma cell line (SNU-1), retinoblastoma cell line (WER1-Rb-1), two prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (LN-CaP and CAHPV 10), three breast cancer adenocarcinoma cell lines (T-47D, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7), non- small cell lung carcinoma cell line (NCl-H23), nasopharyngeal carcinoma epithelial cell line (HONE-1), upper aerodigestive tract carcinoma cell line (HSC-2), oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-3), tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-4), hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell line (FaDu), cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa), Uterus/Leiomyosarcoma cell line (SK-UT-1B), hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), renal cell adenocarcinoma cell line (ACHN), melanoma cell line (SK-Mel-28), neuroblastoma cell line (lMR-32), osteosarcoma cell line (U-2 OS) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line (TW04). The cytotoxicity effects of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® were benchmarked with doxorubicin, a standard chemotherapeutics drug on 24 cancer cell lines. The most active extract will be further studied on its anti-cancer, anti-tumour- promoting and anti-inflammatory effects before developed it as a potential cancer preventive agent.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of LPR-1^®, CCE100, ONCOBLOC^® and Doxorubicin

LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® were provided by LINK (THM) SCIENCES PTE LTD (Singapore). LPR-1^® is in pellet form whereas CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® are in powder form. All three samples were soaked in water, sonicated and filtered through PTFE 0.45μm membrane filter to obtain the supernatant of LPR- 1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^®. The supernatant collected was then freeze-dried. The dried extracts were then dissolved in water for preparing the concentrations needed in this experiment. The concentrations of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® were prepared at 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100μg/mL. The cytotoxic effects of these extracts were benchmarked with doxorubicin that was purchased from Sigma-aldrich (USA). The concentrations of doxorubicin were prepared at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4μg/mL.

Determination of Optimal Cell Seeding Concentration

Optimum cell seeding density of each cell line was determined prior to MTT assay. A total of 1x106, 5 x105, 1 x105, 1 x104 and 1 x103 cells/ml of cells were seeded in each well accordingly in a 96-well plate. The cells were incubated for 72 hours prior subjected to cytotoxicity evaluation by MTT assay. Absorbance of each well was read at 570 nm. Absorbance versus cell density graph was plotted to determine the optimum cell concentration of each cancer cell. The optimum cell concentration was obtained from the middle point of exponential phase of each graph plotted for each cell line. The optimum cell concentration for each cell line obtained was served as the cell seeding concentration for cytotoxicity evaluation.

MTT Assay

LPR-1^®, CCE100, ONCOBLOC^® and doxorubicin were tested for cytotoxicity against 24 cell lines. A total of 100μL of cells at the optimum cell concentration were seeded into each well of 96-well plate. Three wells containing medium only were included as a negative control. After 24 hours of incubation, each well was added with 100μL mixture of fresh medium containing respective extracts (LPR-1^®, CCE100, ONCOBLOC^® or doxorubicin). The concentrations of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® tested were at 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100μg/ mL, whereas, the concentrations of doxorubicin tested were at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4μg/mL. The plate containing culture was then incubated for 72 hours. After 72 hours of incubation, 20μL of MTT was added into each well and incubated for another 4 hours. After 4 hours of incubation, the plate was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. A total of 140 μL medium was carefully removed from each well. A total of 100μL iso-propanol was then added into each well and swirled gently at room temperature in the dark for 15 minutes. The absorbance of each well was read at 570 nm. The assays were conducted in triplicate and repeated in three independent experiments. The average absorbance against number of cells/mL graph was plotted and 1C50 value was calculated.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 displays the results obtained for the optimum cell seeding density of each cell line. The optimum cell seeding density of each cell line was ranging from 0.4 X 104 to 2 X 104 cells. The 1C₅₀ values for the cytotoxic effects of LPR-1^®, CCE100, ONCOBLOC^® and doxorubicin evaluated are indicated in Figures 1-4, respectively and summarised in Table 2. The results obtained indicate that the three extracts of LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® exhibited different cytotoxic effects towards different kinds of cancer cells, which is categorized as weak, moderate, and strong cytotoxic effects (Table 3). From the results obtained, ONCOBLOC^® showed the strongest cytotoxic effects towards HONE-1 with the 1C₅₀ value of 15.34μg/mL, followed by CCE100 with the 1C₅₀ value of 2 3.02μg/mL. LPR-1^® exhibited moderate cytotoxic effect towards HONE-1 and the 1C50 value obtained was at 45.96 μg/mL. Figure 5 shows the images of HONE-1 cells treated with LPR-1^®, CCE100, ONCOBLOC^® and doxorubicin. Meanwhile, both CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® showed moderate cytotoxic effects towards FaDu with the 1C50 values of 42.68 and 66.26 μg/mL, respectively. LPR-1^® exhibited weak cytotoxic effect towards FaDu and the 1C50 value attained was at 92.89 μg/mL. Figure 6 shows the images of FaDu cells treated with LPR-1^® CCE100, ONCOBLOC^® and doxorubicin.

Note: NA = Nonachievable, the IC50 values cannot be obtained due to the cytotoxic effects are above 50% cell death

For T-47D cell line, CCE100 showed weak cytotoxic effects with the IC₅₀ value of 84.17 μg/mL, whereas ONCOBLOC^® exhibited moderate cytotoxic effect with the IC₅₀ value of 34.52 μg/mL. Figure 7 shows the images of T-47D cells treated with CCE100, ONCOBLOC^® and doxorubicin. LPR-1^® exhibited moderate cytotoxic effect towards NCI-H23 and the IC₅₀ value obtained was at 34.63 μg/mL. Figure 8 shows the images of NCI-H23 cells treated with LPR-1^® and doxorubicin. CCE100 exhibited weak cytotoxic effects towards MCF-7 and U-2 OS cells with the IC₅₀ values of 73.84 and 93.35 μg/mL respectively Figures 9,10 show the images of MCF-7 and U-2 OS cells treated with CCE100 and doxorubicin, respectively. ONCOBLOC^® showed moderate cytotoxic effect towards MDA-MB-231 with the IC50 value of 69.02 μg/mL. Figure 11 shows the images of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with ONCOBLOC^® and doxorubicin. Meanwhile, ONCOBLOC^® showed weak cytotoxic effect towards K-562 with the IC50 value of 91.36 μg/mL. Figure 12 shows the images of K-562 cells treated with ONCOBLOC^® and doxorubicin.

Note: Strong cytotoxicity = IC₅₀ value < 30 μg/mL; Moderate cytotoxicity = 30 μg/mL < IC₅₀ value ≤ 70 μg/mL; Weak cytotoxicity = IC₅₀ value > 70 μg/mL; NA = Nonachievable

The findings obtained from this study demonstrate that ONCOBLOC^® has the greatest cytotoxic effects towards cancer cells compared to LPR-1^® and CCE100. Photomicroscopic images of cell with IC₅₀ values only (Figures 5-12) are displayed in this report. There was no cytotoxic effect observed for LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® against HL-60, Raji, SNU-1, WERI RB-1, LN-CaP, HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, HeLa, SK-UT-1B, HepG2, ACHN, SK- Mel-28, IMR-32, CAHPV10 and TWO4 cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of these three extract may contributed by the major active compounds present in C. militaris, such as cordycepin and water- soluble polysacharides. Cordycepin has been reported to induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma SK-N-BE (2)-C and melanoma SK- MEL-2 cells [30]. This preliminary study reported for the first time that LPR-1^®, CCE100 and ONCOBLOC^® exhibit various level of cytotoxicity towards different cancer cell lines.

Conclusion

In conclusion, these extracts exhibit cytotoxic effects on nasopharyngeal carcinoma epithelial cells (HONE-1), hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu), breast cancer cells (T-47D, MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231), non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (NCI-H23), osteosarcoma (U-2 OS) and chronic myeloid leukaemia cells (K-562). ONCOBLOC^® showed the most cytotoxicity effects compared to LPR-1^® and CCE100. The preliminary findings of this study suggest that ONCOBLOC^® could be potentially developed as a novel therapeutic candidate for cancer treatment. Nevertheless, more efficacy studies should be conducted to confirm its anticancer activities.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to Link (THM) Sciences Pte Ltd (Singapore) for sponsoring this research (Vote no. 4472/001).

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