Determinants of cattle Market Participation Decision by Pastoralist in Southern Ethiopia: The case of Moyale district in Borana zone of Oromiya Region
Zekarias Bassa1* and Teshale Woldeamanuel2
1 School of Natural Resource and Environmental Studies, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
2Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Areka Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia
Submission: July 09, 2018; Published: August 01, 2018
*Corresponding author: Zekarias Bassa, School of Natural Resource and Environmental Studies, Wondogenet College of Forestry and Natural Resource, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 125, Wondogenet, Ethiopia. Tel : 251913918474; Email: bassazekarias@yahoo.com
How to cite this article: Zekarias B, Teshale W. Determinants of cattle Market Participation Decision by Pastoralist in Southern Ethiopia: The case of Moyale district in Borana zone of Oromiya Region. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 2018; 13(4): 555869. DOI:10.19080/IJESNR.2018.13.555869.
Abstract
The logistic regression analysis was employed to identify determinants of cattle market participation decision by pastoral household in Borana zone. Three kebeles were selected based on secondary data and reviewed literatures. Primary data were collected from 223 sampled pastoralist, 25 traders and 14 brokers. Econometric Approach was used to investigate determinants of pastoralist household cattle market participation. For logistic regression model six explanatory variables used and out of which three significantly affect probability of producers’ market participation decision. The number of cattle owned, number of camel owned and gender are predictors that significantly affect probability of cattle market participation. Both number of cattle and camel owned per household affects positively the probability of market participation. This implies that rearing large size of cattle and camels provoke cattle market participation decision of pastorals and it is also advisable to promote Borana cattle breed conservation. Holding the other predictor variables constant, being male by its-self increase the probability cattle market participation by 2.92 factors as compared to female household heads. This calls for systematic intervention of government to mainstreaming gender in cattle market that supposed to optimize the sector productivity. For one unit increase in number of cattle owned the probability of cattle market participation increase by 1.12 factors, other factors held fixed. For one unit increase in number of camel owned, the probability of cattle market participation decision increase by factor of 1.23 times, given the other variables held constant. Top 1st to 5th ranked constraints of cattle market include lengthy market, brokers’ interference, disease and parasite, clan conflict and unfriendly relation between market actors. Other 6th to 10th ranked market problems include informal trade, lack of reliable market information, recurrent tax, infrastructure constraint and initial capital problem. As remedial measure shortening the supply chain, animal health center development, capacity development, adopting value addition practices, update market information provision, cooperative formation and linking producers to market is believed to optimize the benefits of pastorals and boost cattle productivity.
Keywords:Client Satisfaction; Solid Waste Management; Waste Collection Frequency; Jimma city
Introduction
The greater cattle holdings results in greater cattle market participation and the greater capacity of willingness to sell animals. The key practical implication is that active livestock markets depend on pastoralists maintaining sufficiently large herd sizes that they become willing to liquidate animals through the market. It is generally believed that pastoralists sell their animals at least partly in response to demand for cash to meet expenditure needs. Relatively wealthy pastoralists, with greater herd size, have considerably higher expenditure rates and thus use livestock markets more frequently to cash out animals (Barrett et al. [1]). The cattle markets in most parts of the country are characterized by seasonality in flow and prices of animals. In the pastoral lowland areas major factors contribute to seasonal flow include festivals, weather, pasture, seasonality of consumption demand (fasting and ceremonial period) in domestic, drought, disease outbreak, lack of information, availability of food aid and clan conflicts (Getachew et al. [2] Awur [3]. The average cattle off-take rate is found to be well below 10% in Borana area of which only 11% household off-take decisions were made for financing non-pastoral business. Cattle off-take decisions are largely determined the need to procure cereal grains, meeting other needs and income diversity (Wassie and Bichaka [4]. The off take rates for livestock during drought were estimated to be about twofold than the off take rates during a normal year. The incremental off take rate during drought was 50 percent for cattle, 52 percent for sheep, 70 percent for goats, 11 percent for camels, and 11 percent for equines Awuor [3]. The distribution of the markets across the woredas in Borana zone does not conform to the size of cattle available in the area. Except the market at Moyale which sets up every day but Sunday, the rest of the markets in the area meet 1 to 2 days per week. This is a good opportunity for all market participants particularly for traders to take advantage of all the markets the whole week and fulfill their requirements (Getachew et al. [2]). Moyale and Mandera are the two largest cross-border terminal markets for livestock between Ethiopia and Kenya. Between 70-80 percent of live animals sold in these two markets originate in Ethiopia. The Ethiopia/Kenya livestock trade is very important because it links prime cattle production areas of southern Ethiopia to the region’s largest market in Nairobi, Kenya (Awur [3]).
While in Ethiopia, where 73.4% of the common bean production is used for household consumption (CSA 2011/12), its importance as source of income for smallholder farmers has increased over the years. The leading destinations for Ethiopian common beans are European, Middle East, African and Far East countries. Ethiopia exports red and navy beans, much of which, are produced by smallholder farmers. Red bean exports account for more than 10% of the country’s common bean volume while navy beans accounts for 90% [5]. Colored bean accounts for the largest share of consumption in Ethiopia. The lines were developed with the objectives of developing locally adaptive genotypes with high market value and higher resistance/ tolerance to major common bean diseases and insect pests in Ethiopia.
<The National average yield of common beans is low ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 tone ha–1, which is far below the corresponding yield recorded at research sites (2.5-3 tones ha-1) using improved varieties. The low national mean yield observed for common bean could be attributed to various constraints related to low adoption of improved agricultural technologies, drought, and lack of improved varieties, poor cultural practices, disease, and environmental degradation. In essence of things, the generation and transfer of technologies is not an end in itself. Therefore, increasing productivity and production of common bean will be realized if and only if the farmers adopt the technologies that are developed by research. However, the genetic potential yields of the varieties have to be maintained to boost production and productivity to improve their income and livelihood.
In our region, many farmers uses more of local variety that are available on their hands than improved variety and the production and productivity were low. So, to overcome this problems, demonstrating early maturing, disease resistance, drought tolerant and high yielder variety are the main tools to enhance diffusion and increase production and productivity of the common bean in the selected areas [5-7].
Objective
a. To enhance the rapid diffusion and adoption of newly released common bean varieties to boost production and productivity.
b. To collect farmers preferences and feedback information.
c. To study direct cost benefit analysis of the variety.
Methodology
Site and Farmers Selection
For preextension demonstration of common bean variety Arbaminch Zuria woreda from Gamogofa Zone and Konso Woreda from Segen area peoples zone were selected. Three Kebeles were selected (Gaho and Fasha from Konso woreda and Shara from Arbaminch Zuria Woreda) purposively based on the relevant agro-ecology for the specific commodity. Sixteen (16) participant farmers (beneficiaries) were screened based on the willingness to participate in the demonstration works and the availability of sufficient farm land. Farmers research group (FRG) were organized to capacitate farmers through different trainings and experience sharing [8,9].
Implementation Procedure
Ten by ten (10*10=100m2) plot size area was prepared for each variety (Remeda, Tatu and Hawassa Dume) by inter and intra spacing of 40cm and 10cm respectively and 100kg/ha seed rate were used and 100kg NPS fertilizer applied. The varieties were tested for their adaptation to our area by Arbaminch Agricultural Research Center (AMARC). The seeds were supplied by the project and distributed by AMARC in collaboration with the woreda experts and Development Agents of the respective kebeles. As part of the intervention activities, training on agronomic practices was given to farmers, DAs and experts. Finally, in order to evaluate the performance and final outputs of the varieties and share the lessons with different stakeholders’, field days were organized in the fields of beneficiary farmers and technologies were promoted to mass through different media. Kebele is the smallest administrative units in Ethiopia.
Data Collection Methods
Both primary and secondary data were collected from various sources using different methods. The agronomic data were collected by the researchers directly from the field. The data on grain yield of the varieties were taken from 10m*10m= 100m2. The data were collected from all plots of the beneficiary farmers. In addition, perception data of the varieties were collected using focus group discussion during evaluation periods. The perception data on the varieties attributes were grouped in to; Seed emergence, Disease and pest resistance, Suitability for inter cropping, Earliness, Taste when mixed with other dishes, Leaf shading (manuring), number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, Seed size, Yield, Seed color, taste, marketability and productivity. The respondents were responding their perception level on the relative advantage of each characteristics of the variety compared to local/previously introduced varieties. Secondary information was collected from the respective kebele and worked as Office of agriculture and rural development office of the woreda.
Data Analysis
All data were collected from the field and analyzed through different methods. Oneway ANOVA, Genstat software, simple descriptive statistics such as mean, CIMMYT partial budget analysis and pair wise and matrix rankings were used to analyze farmers preferences criteria.
Results and Discussion
Yield Performance
Yield Performance of Farmers Field: Yield data were collected from farmers field and the yield performance were shown below the Table 1. The average yield performance of Hawassa dume was 17.94 quintal per hectare, that of Tatu was 14.84 quintal/hectare and Remeda was 21.57 quintals per hectare. Remeda shows better yield performance in all location than other variety.
Yield Performance of FTCs: The variety were sown in farmers training center (FTCs) because of FTCs serves as a school without wall and farmers who doesn’t implement on their farms can learn and evaluate the varieties and builds their capacity to solve their problems by themselves for further. So, the demonstration works implemented in three FTCs for the sake of demonstrating the common bean varieties for nonparticipant farmers with in and around the Kebele. The collected yield data was shown below the table. Table 2 Yield Performance of FTCs. The average yield performance of Hawassa duume was 26.33 quintal per hectares, Tatu was 21.16 quintal per hectare and that of Remeda were 28.8 quintals per hectare. Remeda gave high yield both on farmers field and FTCs (Table 2).
1 Quintal= 100 kg
Note: 1Quintal= 100 kg.
Note: 1Quintal= 100 kg.
Yield Increase and Advantage
Tatu shows -4.18 quintal and -22.33% yield decrease and yield advantage than standard checks. While, Remeda shows 3.37 quintal and 18.43% yield increase and yield advantage over standard checks respectively (Table 3).
Tatu shows -4.18 quintal and -22.33% yield decrease and yield advantage than standard checks. While, Remeda shows 3.37 quintal and 18.43% yield increase and yield advantage over standard checks respectively.
Rank Frequency
Pair-Wise Ranking Matrix of Farmers’ Selection Criteria: Pair-wise ranking of farmers selection criteria were done, and farmers compare the criteria and rank them in order of importance. The following table shows the pair-wise ranking of the selection criteria. Seed emergence(A), Disease and pest resistance (B), Drought tolerance(C), Earliness(D), No. of pods per plant(E), No. of seed per pod(F), Seed size(G), Yield(H), Seed color(I), Cooking time(J), Taste(K), Marketability(L) (Figure 1). Farmers select criteria as its importance; drought tolerance, seed color and marketability got the first place during selection. Yield, Number of seed per pod, and Seed size takes the next place. We have learnt that the farmers’ selection criteria are beyond yield and most farmers give priority for qualitative traits. They give priority for seed color, marketability and drought tolerance than other traits.
Farmers Preferences: Farmers select common bean variety by different criteria. The criteria was set by farmers and adjusted by relevant researchers for the sake of clarity. According to the above table, farmers at konso rank Tatu variety at first, Hawassa duume at second and remeda variety at third places. While at Arbaminch Zuria district, farmers rank Hawassa duume at first, tatu at second and remeda at third. Generally, Farmers ranks tatu variety at first place by its excellent seed emergency, disease and pest resistances, high drought tolerances, earliness, number of seeds per pod and its marketability. Also farmers select Hawassa Dume as second by the criteria of high seed emergency rate, disease and pest resistances, earliness, seed size, seed color, cooking time, taste and its marketability. Farmers put Remeda as third position because of it doesnt resist drought and stays long at field for maturity compared with other varieties (Figure 2) (Table 4).
Cost Benefit Analysis
According to CIMMYT 1988, The yield obtained initially were adjusted at -10% because of the adjusted yield for a treatment is the average yield adjusted downward by a certain percentage to reflect the difference between the experimental yield and the yield farmers could expect from the same treatment. Experimental yields, even from on-farm experiments under representative conditions, are often higher than the yields that farmers could expect using the same treatments (Table 5).
Management: If they manage the experimental variables. researchers can often be more precise and sometimes more timely than farmers in operations such as plant spacing of the plant, weed control or fertilizer application.
Plot size: Yields estimated from small plots often overestimate the yield of an entire field because of errors in the measurement of the harvested area and because the small plots tend to be more uniform than large fields.
Harvest Date: Researchers often harvest a crop at physiological maturity, whereas farmers may not harvest at the optimum time. Thus even when the yields of both researchers and farmers are adjusted to a constant moisture content, the researchers’ yield may be higher, because of fewer losses to insects, birds, rodents, ear rots, or shattering
Form of harvest: In some cases farmers’ harvest methods may lead to heavier losses than result from researchers’ harvest methods. This might occur, for example, if farmers harvest their fields by machine and researchers carry out a more careful manual harvest.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
Preextension demonstration of common bean works were conducted in konso and Arbaminch Zuria Woreda with the objective of enhancing diffusion and adoption of the variety. The demonstration works were implemented at 16 farmers field and three FTCs at 100m2 area. Hawassa dume, Tatu and Remeda varieties were demonstrated with 40cm*10cm inter and intra row spacing and 100kg seed rate were used. Training, sowing, evaluation & continuous follow up and organization of field days were conducted and farmers evaluate and select the best performed varieties in their area according to their own criteria.
Recommendation
a. It is better to disseminate the preferred common bean technologies to a large number of farmers through scaling up to enhance diffusion and adoption of the variety.
b. Therefore, it is advisable to participate farmers in the Common bean demonstration from the very beginning and exploit their indigenous knowledge and selection criteria so as to develop and disseminate farmer preferred varieties.
c. To enhance production and productivity, Provision of training to farmers to apply technologies with its full packages including agronomic practices.
Acknowledgement
We thank the farmers and development agents DAs in the study without whose active participation this trial would have not been realized; SARI (southern agricultural research institute) and Arbaminch agricultural research center for material and financial support; providing seed and technical backup.
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