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Case Report

On The Importance of the Development of Alternative Water Sources for Agriculture in Azerbaijan

**Rae ZH Aliyev* and Kh Z Aliyeva**

Institute of Erosion and Irrigation NAS of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan

Submission: November 24, 2017; Published: December 06, 2017

*Corresponding author: Rae ZH Aliyev, Institute of Erosion and Irrigation NAS of Azerbaijan, Baku Azerbaijan, Email: zakirakademik@mail.ru

How to cite this article: Rae ZH Aliyev,Kh Z Aliyeva. On The Importance of the Development of Alternative Water Sources for Agriculture in Azerbaijan. Glob J Oto 2017; 12(1): 555830. DOI: 10.19080/GJO.2017.12.555830

Abstract

Article submitted by geographic location, geological-geomorphological and soil-climatic characteristics of Ganja-Kazakh array coordinates and kagrizs capability in order to provide the population with fresh water.

Keywords: Kjagriz; Tunnel; Water Flow; Groundwater

Introduction

a) The relevance of the: On the globe has about 2.53% freshwater, most of which have to share rivers, freshwater lakes, glaciers, groundwater. Given the scarcity of fresh water in the tropical and subtropical zones, identified the relevance of the seek alternative ways of providing the population with crops and fresh water (Figures 1 & 2). The Republic of Azerbaijan has a great variety of water resources, their education and distribution, in the territory of which the complexity of natural conditions suffers. In flat areas, the sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic strata - the present period with a litho logical composition - have large resources of economic, kjagrizy, drinking and artesian waters. Underground waters, it can be said, are found everywhere in modern sediments. In the foothill areas, as a result of active water exchange, these waters are slightly deeper.

Their mineralization is equal to 1 g / l; the chemical composition is calcium bicarbonate. Artesian basins with high pressure on inclined parts are found in anthropogenic, Absheron, Akchag old rocks (Ganja, Gazakh, Guba-Khachmaz, Garabagh, Shirvan, etc.),and Sarmatia deposits (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic). Their mineralization is about 1 g / l; chemical composition - calcium bicarbonate, used in water supply of cities and villages, irrigation of plots. In Azerbaijan, the water balance is considered a water deficit, where the average annual flow coefficient fluctuates between 0.070.44. In this regard, kjagrizy, as a source of depletable and renewable resources, is an indispensable, given their significant reserves and make widely available in Foothill regions of Azerbaijan, whose main function is smooth availability of input and output channels of the system alienated species and creating a backlog of ventilation and feature galleries is to ensure the release of the Earth's surface in a horizontal direction of groundwater by gravity.

In Azerbaijan, as in many countries, even in the middle ages (2000-2200 years ago) there were many kagrizs. According to medieval sources, Azerbaijan is also one of the countries have established kjagrizy, as indicated by archaeological research: Y. Hummel [1], who discovered the remains of ancient kagrizs around Shamkirchaja, belonging to 1 century b.c. The object of study is the Ganja-Kazakh sloping plain, located from the foothill zone of the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus to the right coast of r. Mtkvari, bordered on the West by r. Indzhasu and Armenia, in the South of the Murovdagskimi ridges, shahdag and on East Valley stretching Garachay include differing in their geological and geomorphological properties administrative districts of Gazakh, Agstafa, Tovuz, Kedabek, Shamkir, dashkasan, samukh, Goygol and Goranboy [2].

In the lowland plain with individual elevations against foothill zone is located between 400-700 m above sea level in a narrow strip and characterized by medium and highly dissected surface. This zone is located between the basis of erosion 200-400 m, where there are favourable conditions for the formation of erosion-denudacionnogo relief. Watershed slopes dissected by gullies. North-East slope of the Lesser Caucasus presented crystalline limestone, sedimentary rocks and mergeljami, jeljuvii and delusion, which is widespread in the basin of the rivers Shamkirchay, Goshgarchaja, Ganja-Kazakh and Tovuz districts, as well as Aggildzhachaja Gedabey district. On the territory of the common volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic and tertiary deposits and also Quaternary Cenozoic periods [3].

Shikhlinski E.m. [4] to the climatic zoning on the northeastern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus highlighted 3 climatic zone (subalpine, mountain-forest and suhostepovoho), which identified the following types of climate: sloping plain on the right bank of the Kura River r. warm-temperate climate semi-desert and dry steppes with dry winters; the low mountains and partly Midlands (4001500 m)-warm-temperate climate with dry winters, where annual rainfall is 50-75% evaporation. The value of annual total radiation in the zone of low and mid is 125-130 kcal/cm². Starting from an altitude of 400-500 m for every 100 m, lowering the total radiation occurs 0.8 kcal/cm², and radiation balance decreases by 1 Kcal/ cm². In dry steppe zone annual radiation balance value is 45.3 -49.7 CAL/cm², in the middle of the forest zone -40.0 39.0 kcal/cm² [4].

In the Piedmont Plains average annual air temperature is 1213° c, gradually decreasing with the increase of gipsometricheskogo level and depending on the exhibitions and the slope of the slopes of the low and middle range from 11-13° c. The average January temperature in the foothill zone is-0.7-+ 1.5° c in the Midlands (1000-2000 m)-2- -6° c. The thickness of the snow cover in the foothills (300-600 m) is unstable and the maximum is 15-20 cm, at an altitude of 1200-1400 m-20 cm and above 1500 m is characterized by greater thickness. In feeding the rivers involved snow, rain, groundwater and water sources. Annual food waters sources is 45-46%, snow and glacier power 35-36%, rain 14-18% power throughout the year are distributed very unevenly.

The greatest volume of flow 50-75% falls on spring and summer (March-June), and the lowest (10-15%) in winter [5]. The soil cover of the Lesser Caucasus, classification and Systematics of the soils is described in detail in refs [6] M. Salayev, where the author points to a widespread on small Caucasus highly clayey jeljuvij maternal breeds, according the specificity of hydrothermal system. As mentioned above, studies were carried out in the districts that comprise the Ganja-Kazakh sloping plain. Archival materials were used originally 1938-40 Gg. The Ministry of ecology and natural resources of Azerbaijan, on the basis of which the precise geographic coordinates were installed location and rated the overall situation of each kjagriza. Next on the topographic basis identified outputs kagrizs, the number of observation wells, water costs are identified and appropriate water quality tests.

The main sources of supply for kagrizs Ganja-Kazakh sloping Plains are r. Akstafachaj, r. Daghkesemen village with the namesake reservoir, Tovuzchay, Zejamchay, Gjandzhachay and Kjurekchay rivers, which downstream created cones the stem. According to the 40-ies. The 20^th century in the Republic of Azerbaijan officially registered 885 operating kagrizs. Their length of tunnels is 721.008 km, number of wells monitoring 27850 PCs., water consumption 13.380 m³/s, the water volume for the year 426.839 million m³ [7]. The Ganja-Kazakh sloping plain there are 617 kagrizs, whose length is 362.35 km, number of wells monitoring water consumption 11.1124, 625 m³/s, the water volume 350.806 million m³. In the Kazakh district has one kjagriz, long tunnel in 1750 m, number of wells monitoring water consumption 42 50 l/s, the volume of water used per year 1.577 million m³.

Due to the fact that Kazax and Agstafa districts in the past were a single administrative unit, together they had 8 kagrizs wyth 17.710 km 530 observation wells, the availability of PCs, the water consumption of 97 l/s and the amount for the year 3.058 million m³. In the Akstafa district of kagrizs, 8 were analysed as a force in his time. Ofthese, 5 (Gyryly, Daghkesemen village, in Jejnally) had water flow rate 160 l/s for water consumed 5.045 million m³. According to estimates in the amount of water consumption 5-minute kagrizs in Akstafa area, you can zoom in on 26 l/sec, or 0.819 million m³. Total in Kazakhstan and Akstafa area of kagrizs is used for the year 6.622 million m³ of water, which you can bring to 7.442 million m³ per year. Tables 1 & 2 In the Tovuz district 5 kagrizs were studied, as well as in his time.

They functioned in the MOP. Lower Gyryhly, Alibeyli, Gushchu, total water consumption amounted to 145 l/s, the water volume used 4.57 million m³. Calculations found that the cost of water in In the Tovuz district, 5 khiriz district in the amount you can bring up to 22 l/s or 0.694 million m³, which means only in the Tovuz district with brownies used 3.374 million m³ of water that you can bring to 4.068 million m³ per year. From the foregoing it may be concluded that only in the districts of Ganja-Kazakh sloping plain, there is a significant amount of fresh groundwater, using them as economically kagrizs cost of which go for a lot cheaper than the sub- artesian wells. If maintenance on laying a with brownies the system cost is 5742 USD. United States, then drilling one well sub-artesian go 22187 United States dollars.

Conclusion

An analysis of the conducted researches should conclude that at the present stage of development of the economy, expansion of irrigation hectares of crops to ensure food for the increasing number of population, as well as shortage of fresh water in arid zones of Azerbaijan and economic efficiency, the laying of new and reconstruction of destroyed kagrizs, it is necessary to pay special attention, as one of the alternative sources of fresh water.