Review Article

Exploring the Evolution of 3D Garments: Advancements in Theories, Manufacturing and Application

Man Lip Lai^1,2 and Matthew MF Yuen^1*

¹Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

²School of Business, Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Submission: March 16, 2024;Published: March 27, 2024

*Corresponding author: Matthew MF Yuen, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

How to cite this article: Man Lip L, Matthew MF Y. Exploring the Evolution of 3D Garments: Advancements in Theories, Manufacturing and Application. Curr Trends Fashion Technol Textile Eng. 2024; 9(1): 555754. DOI: 10.19080/CTFTTE.2024.09.555754

Abstract

This paper delves into the multifaceted realm of 3D garments, exploring the dynamic developments in theories, manufacturing processes, and applications. As the fashion industry undergoes a transformative phase driven by technological innovations, the integration of three-dimensional design and production techniques has emerged as a significant paradigm shift. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of 3D garments, encompassing theoretical foundations, manufacturing methodologies, and diverse applications across various sectors.

Keywords: 3D Garments; Fashion Technology; Virtual Prototyping; Feature-Based Design; Sustainable Fashion

Abbreviations: CAD: Computer Aided Design; FEA: Finite Element Analysis; CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics

Introduction

The fashion industry is undergoing a transformative phase, driven by technological innovations that have reshaped tradition­al design and manufacturing processes. This evolution is prom­inently marked by the integration of three-dimensional (3D) design and manufacturing techniques, revolutionizing the way garments are conceptualized, produced, and consumed [1]. In recent years, the shift towards 3D garments has gained momen­tum due to its potential to address key challenges in the fashion landscape. Customization, a hallmark of the 3D design approach, allows for a more personalized and tailored experience for con­sumers [2]. This departure from mass production aligns with the growing demand for individualized fashion choices and contrib­utes to the democratization of design in the industry [1]. The de­velopment of 3D garments for personalization is supported by the adoption of semantic features in the model. Human models can be decomposed into semantic features as proposed by Au & Yuen [3] and likewise the garment models. While the semantic features in the human model represent different parts of the human body, the semantic features on 3D garment models are related human fea­tures on the garment pattern pieces as in Jing et al [4] & Li et al [5].

Efficiency is another compelling aspect propelling the adop­tion of 3D garments. Choi [6] noted that the digitalization of the design process enables rapid prototyping, reducing the time-to-market for new collections. This acceleration in the product de­velopment cycle not only enhances the industry’s responsiveness to rapidly changing consumer trends but also facilitates a more agile and sustainable production model. Moreover, Fletcher [7] identified the adoption of 3D garments aligns with the increasing emphasis on sustainability within the fashion sector. Traditional garment production processes are often resource- intensive and environmentally impactful. 3D design and manufacturing tech­niques present an opportunity to minimize material waste, ener­gy consumption, and the carbon footprint associated with fashion production as proposed by Gwilt & Rissanen [8].

The shortfall in the development of 3D garment is the lack of linkage with the fabric designers and manufacturers. To create genuine 3D garment models with the actual fabric to be used in the garment, it is important to use the digital fabric design file to model the fabric. This will result in garment models with high fi­delity as shown in SEDDI Textura [9].

Theoretical Foundations

The theoretical foundations of 3D garment development are rooted in advanced design and simulation techniques. Comput­er-aided design (CAD) plays a pivotal role in creating and visu­alizing 3D garments, providing designers with powerful tools to translate their creative visions into virtual prototypes as demon­strated in Durupinar & Gudukbay [10]. Through CAD, designers can iteratively refine designs, assess proportions, and experiment with various elements before physical production begins.

Virtual prototyping is another critical aspect of the theoretical framework. Batool & Mou [11] showed the creation of digital pro­totypes that simulate the behavior of garments in a virtual envi­ronment. This process facilitates a comprehensive understanding of how fabrics drape, move, and interact with the human body, al­lowing for more informed design decisions and reducing the need for physical prototypes. Simulation techniques further enhance the theoretical underpinnings by providing a platform to predict and analyse the performance of 3D garments under different con­ditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are applied to assess factors such as stress distribution, fabric behavior, and thermal comfort [10,11]. These simulations contribute to the optimization of garment de­sign and functionality.

In addition, the integration of anthropometric data and prin­ciples of ergonomics is essential for ensuring the fit and comfort of 3D garments. Anthropometric databases and 3D body scanning technologies enable designers to create garments that cater to di­verse body shapes and sizes as illustrated by De Raeve & Cools [12]. By incorporating ergonomic principles, designers can en­hance not only the aesthetic appeal but also the wearability and functionality of 3D garments, aligning them more closely with the needs and comfort preferences of the end-users.

In summary, the theoretical foundations of 3D garment devel­opment encompass the integration of CAD, virtual prototyping, and simulation techniques, along with a focus on anthropometric data and ergonomics. This holistic approach provides designers with the tools and knowledge needed to create aesthetically pleas­ing, well-fitting, and functionally optimized 3D garments.

Semantic Feature-Based Design

The anthropometric data collected are translated into differ­ent sizes for garment manufacturing in the fashion industry. It will be used to fit the full range of normal-size customers based on a well- established mass-production process. 3D garment will cater to the personalization of garments using individual custom­er human models. To make the design process more efficient, a parametric design based on semantic features could be adopted Au & Yuen [3], Wang et al [13] & Zhang & Yuen [14]. In Li et al [5], the human model is decomposed into a number of human features with key feature points used in garment pattern construction. The garment pattern pieces marked with the human key features points are used to align the garment patterns with the human model. This will help to ensure the proper fitting of the garment on the human model with the support of the prescribed pattern rules as illustrated in Jing et al [4], Chen et al [15].

Adopting this approach will speed up the garment design pro­cess through a platform that integrates the human body geomet­ric data with the pattern construction rules. These feature-based garment patterns can be fed into 3D garment simulation software such as [16], Marvelous Designer [17], Optitex [18], or Browzwear [19] to generate the 3D garment model. Different fabric can be tried on the 3D garment model to evaluate the aesthetics of the design and personalized to meet the customer’s need.

Manufacturing Processes

The manufacturing processes involved in 3D garments have witnessed a profound transformation through the integration of cutting-edge technologies. Among these advancements, additive manufacturing techniques, notably 3D printing, have played a pivotal role in revolutionizing the production landscape as shown by Cuk et al [20]. 3D printing allows for the layer-by-layer con­struction of garments, providing unprecedented design freedom and customization potential as reviewed by Xiao & Kan [21]. This technique is particularly advantageous for creating intricate and complex structures that would be challenging or impossible to achieve using traditional manufacturing methods.

Digital textile printing technologies have also emerged as a key component of 3D garment production. These technologies en­able the direct application of color and patterns onto fabrics, elim­inating the need for conventional dyeing processes as stated in Ta­wiah et al [22]. The use of digital textile printing not only enhances the efficiency of the manufacturing process but also contributes to reduced water consumption and waste, aligning with sustainable practices in the fashion industry.

Furthermore, the integration of automation and robotics has streamlined the manufacturing pipeline for 3D garments. Auto­mated cutting and sewing processes, guided by digital design files, enhance precision and efficiency in production as presented by Yang, et al [23]. Robotics are employed in tasks such as materi­al handling, assembling, and quality control, contributing to in­creased speed and consistency in manufacturing as cited in Jindal & Kaur [24]. The synergy between automation, robotics, and 3D garment design has the potential to significantly reduce produc­tion lead times and costs.

Applications in Fashion and Beyond

This segment delves into the myriad applications of 3D gar­ments in the fashion industry, showcasing the transformative im­pact of 3D design and manufacturing. Avant-garde designs are now within reach as 3D technology allows for intricate detailing and complex geometric shapes that were once challenging to achieve through traditional methods as demonstrated by McCormick et al [25]. The seamless integration of 3D design tools with manufac­turing processes has also ushered in a new era of sustainable fash­ion practices. Fletcher [7] & Gwilt & Rissanen [8] showed that by enabling designers to visualize and optimize patterns digitally, 3D technology minimizes material wastage and promotes eco-friend­ly production methods. Several fashion brands have embraced 3D garment technologies successfully, providing valuable case stud­ies for analysis. For instance, Adidas has implemented 3D knitting technology to produce seamless and personalized sportswear, en­hancing both comfort and performance as illustrated in Troynikov & Watson [26], Power [27]. The adoption of 3D garment design has proven beneficial not only in terms of efficiency but also in ele­vating the overall customer experience, showcasing the real-world impact of incorporating 3D technologies in the fashion industry.

Beyond fashion, the applications of 3D garments extend into various industries, exemplifying the versatility of this technology. In medical textiles, 3D printing has revolutionized the creation of customized compression garments and orthopaedic braces, pro­viding patients with tailored solutions for enhanced comfort and therapeutic effectiveness as in Xiong & Tao [28] & Shirvan & Nouri [29].

Hayes & Venkatraman [30] showed in sports apparel, the dy­namic nature of 3D garment design allows for the development of performance-enhancing gear tailored to athletes’ specific needs. The potential for cross-disciplinary collaborations is facilitated by 3D garment technologies. By bridging the gap between fashion and other specialized industries, such as healthcare and sports, innovative solutions can be achieved. The transferability of 3D garment technologies across disciplines not only accelerates ad­vancements but also opens up new possibilities for creative and functional applications.

Challenges and Future Directions

The basic theoretical foundation of the 3D garment technol­ogy has not changed since its founding date Volino et al [31]. The latest software systems use the same approach of hanging the garment patterns around the human model to conduct the sewing process for the garment. The draping process is conducted using incremental improvements on the algorithm developed by Terzo­poulos & Fleischer [32], Baraff & Witkin [33], Provot [34], Zhang & Yuen [14], Liang et al [35] & Li et al [36]. The improvements are partially linked to the rapid computing hardware development, in­cluding parallel processing and graphics processing such as CUDA [37], Luo & Yuen [38] & Liang & Lin [35]. This will also cater for the simulation of multi-layer garment modelling which is a key part of the virtual try-on pursuit. The complexity of the 3D sim­ulation involves interaction between adjacent layers of clothes in the garment system, which is governed by the material properties and form of contact in the draping simulation as shown in Lee et al [39].

To bring further improvement to speed up the 3D garment simulation process, semantic feature modelling will allow more effective alignment of the pattern pieces with the human model speeding up the pattern-human topological mapping as in Jing et al [4] & Li et al [5]. It will also enhance the pattern setup arrange­ment for the sewing process as this is again a topological process. With proper feature definition on the pattern pieces within the 3D garment system, the entire 3D garment simulation can be signifi­cantly improved, and with further enhancement from generative AI, there is a lot of room to automate the simulation process.

Machine learning applications present another avenue for innovation in 3D garment development. By leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms, designers can automate the design pro­cess, generate complex patterns, and optimize garment fit based on user data as in Liu et al [40]. Machine learning algorithms also have the potential to analyse data from wearables and sensors embedded in garments, providing valuable insights for person­alized design and enhancing the overall user experience. With the advancement of generative AI, there are a lot of exciting new ventures that create new fashion designs. A lot of these are im­age-based, offering changes in human model, background, pose, and garment combination based on available data in the database as in Liu et al. [41]. The shortfall is that provides only aesthetic in­formation but is short of geometric information without any input on fitting as in Li et al. [42] & He et al. [43]. It requires considerable effort to build a realistic personalized 3D garment simulation that meets the designers’ anticipations.

Addressing the challenges associated with 3D garment devel­opment is crucial for unlocking the full potential of this technol­ogy. One of the primary challenges is the limitation of materials suitable garment construction. While advancements have been made in this area, including the development of flexible and dura­ble materials, further research in materials science is necessary to expand the range of options available for 3D garment production such as in Chatterjee & Ghosh [44]. Looking towards the future, advancements in materials science hold promise for overcoming current limitations and expanding the capabilities of 3D garment technologies. Researchers including Pandiyan, et al. [45] are ex­ploring novel materials with enhanced properties, such as con­ductivity, elasticity, and sustainability, which could revolutionize the design possibilities and functionalities of 3D garments.

Furthermore, it is more important to link the fabric design digitally with the 3D garment simulation. Recent development of SEDDI Textura [9] has products supporting print pattern repeats, experimentation of colorways, and fabric finish presets like satins and metallic, and then export the digital fabrics in the specified format. The product also provides methods to measure fabric properties, such as weight, thickness, and draped form, in support of 3D garment simulation. Scalability is another significant hur­dle in the widespread adoption of 3D garment technologies. Cur­rent processes may not be optimized for large-scale production, limiting the applicability of 3D garments in mass-market fashion. Addressing scalability issues requires innovative solutions in manufacturing processes, such as the development of automated production lines specifically tailored for 3D garment manufactur­ing as in Liu et al. [46].

Standardization of practices is essential for ensuring consis­tency and quality in 3D garment development. The absence of standardized practices across different stages of garment produc­tion, from design to manufacturing, poses challenges in terms of interoperability and compatibility between software and hard­ware systems. Kim et al. [47] proposed establishing industry-wide standards and protocols can facilitate seamless collaboration and integration within the 3D garment ecosystem.

Furthermore, there is a growing emphasis on integrating sus­tainable practices into 3D garment development. From utilizing recycled materials to optimizing production processes for mini­mal environmental impact, sustainable initiatives are becoming increasingly prevalent in the fashion industry. Future directions in 3D garment development include further research into sus­tainable materials and manufacturing techniques, as well as the adoption of circular economy principles to minimize waste and promote resource efficiency as in Fletcher [7].

Conclusion

In the dynamic landscape of fashion and technology integra­tion, this paper has provided a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted realm of 3D garments, spanning theoretical founda­tions, manufacturing processes, applications, challenges, and fu­ture directions.

Theoretical foundations unveiled the pivotal role of comput­er-aided design, virtual prototyping, and simulation techniques in shaping the evolution of 3D garments. The integration of an­thropometric data and ergonomic principles emerged as critical contributors, ensuring not only aesthetic appeal but also the com­fort and wearability of these innovative garments. Technological advancements, particularly in 3D garment simulation and fea­ture-based design, and manufacturing processes, have been trans­formative. Manufacturing techniques like digital textile printing have revolutionized how garments are conceptualized and pro­duced. The application of automation and robotics has stream­lined manufacturing pipelines, paving the way for enhanced pre­cision and efficiency.

Exploring the applications of 3D garments revealed their pro­found impact on the fashion industry. Beyond the realm of fashion, the paper delved into cross-sector applications, uncovering how 3D garments extend their influence into medical textiles, sports apparel, and various specialized industries. The potential for cross-disciplinary collaborations emerged as a promising avenue, emphasizing the transferability of 3D garment technologies and their ability to transcend industry boundaries. While the trans­formative potential of 3D garments is evident, challenges persist. Material limitations, scalability issues, and the lack of standard­ized practices pose hurdles that require careful consideration. Ad­dressing these challenges is essential to unlock the full potential of 3D garment development.

Looking towards the future, the advancements in materials science, the integration of machine learning applications, and a heightened focus on sustainable practices are poised to shape the next phase of 3D garment development. The call for interdisciplinary collaboration echoes as a theme for future exploration, fostering a collective effort towards unlocking new possibilities and pushing the boundaries of creativity and functionality in the realm of 3D garments. As the fashion industry continues its transformative journey, the integration of three-dimensional design and production techniques stands as a beacon of innovation, heralding a new era where technology and creativity converge to redefine the very fabric of fashion.

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