Lami Amanuel; Demoze Adefris; Ehitnesh Ajaw; Netsanet Bekele; Atinkut Abinet

doi:10.19080/CTFTTE.2019.05.555661

Research Article

Dye Extraction and Cotton Dyeing from Peach Leaf

Lami Amanuel*, Demoze Adefris, Ehitnesh Ajaw, Netsanet Bekele and Atinkut Abinet

Department of Textile engineering, Wollo University, Ethiopia

Submission: August 07, 2019; Published: September 24, 2019

*Corresponding author: Lami Amanuel, Department of Textile engineering, Wollo University, Kombolcha institute of technology, P.O. Box 208, Ethiopia

How to cite this article: Lami A, Demoze A, Ehitnesh A, Netsanet B, Atinkut A. Dye Extraction and Cotton Dyeing from Peach Leaf. Curr Trends Fashion Technol Textile Eng. 2019; 5(3): 555661. DOI: 10.19080/CTFTTE.2019.05.555661

Abstract

Peach leaf dye extracted by optimized Solvent extraction was used to dye cotton fabric. Optimization of Dye extraction and dyeing were done by varying one factor at a time keeping the others constant. The three different dyeing methods namely pre-mordanting, simultaneous-mordanting and post-mordanting were used to dye the cotton fabrics. Color strength and shade depth of the dyed samples; i.e., the CIELAB (L* = 50.29, a* = 3.83, b* = 37.18 and K/S values of 1.9 were recorded from the dyed samples by using a spectrophotometer. Wash and rubbing fastness of the dyed samples were evaluated using Lin test colorfastness and annual rubbing fastness tester respectively. As per the findings of this research optimum peach leaf dye can be obtained if extraction carried out with MLR of 1:20 (Weight/Volume of peach leaf to water) at 80oC for 70minutes. Optimum Dyeing was recorded with MLR 1:25 (W/V of cotton fabric to water) at 90OC for 45minutes in neutral media using Copper sulfate as mordant. The dyed cotton fabric has excellent wash fastness and a moderate level of colorfastness to light and rubbing.

Keywords: Dye extraction; Optimization; Mordanting; Color strength

Introduction

Textile dyeing industry uses an excessive amount of synthetic dyes to meet the required coloration of global consumption of textiles due to cheaper price, a wider range of bright shades and considerably improved fastness properties in competition to natural dyes [1,2]. But the production of synthetic dyes is dependent on petrochemical source [3] and some of these dyes contain carcinogenic amines. The application of such dyes causes serious health hazards and influences negatively eco-balance of nature [4] [3]. Natural dyes are dyes which are extracted from a natural source. It is mostly non-substantive applied on textiles with the help of mordents which is metallic salt having an affinity for both the coloring matter and the fiber [5]. Natural dyes are known for their use in the coloring of food substrate, leather as well as natural protein fibers like wool, silk, and cotton as major areas of application since pre-historic times. The use of non-allergic, non-toxic and eco-friendly natural dyes on textiles have become a matter of significant importance due to the increased environmental awareness to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes for successful commercial use of natural dyes, the appropriate and standardized dyeing techniques need to be adopted without scarifying required quality of dyed textiles materials. Therefore; to obtain newer shades with acceptable color fastness [6] natural dyes come into existence.

Natural dyes are increasing continuously as their production and application do not require strong acids and alkalis [2,7,8]. Natural dyes are believed that they have better biodegradability, have wide variety, less-toxic, non-carcinogenic, easily available and Renewable, eco-friend and generally higher compatibility with the environment; provide a wide range of beautiful shades with acceptable levels of colorfastness [8-10]. Natural dyes also offer functional benefits to the wearer and users of such textiles. Many of the natural dyes absorb in the ultraviolet region and therefore fabrics dyed with such dyes should offer good protection from ultraviolet light. Improvement in UV protection characteristics of natural cellulosic fibers after treatment with natural dyes has been reported by various researchers [7,11,12]. Many of the natural dye materials possess anti-microbial properties. Therefore, textiles dyed with such materials are also likely to show antimicrobial properties and the same has been reported by many researchers [12-14]. Natural dyes not only release medicinal properties but also improve the aesthetic value of the product and they are unique and eco-friendly [8,15]. The present study focuses on the extraction of dye from the peach leaf by optimizing the extraction and dyeing conditions.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Peach leaf collected from Northern Ethiopia (Dessie city), dried under shade hidden from direct sunlight and used to extract dye out of it.

Equipment

The types of equipment used were digital electronic balance to measure the weight of materials and chemicals, Water bath, Hot air oven, grinding machine, thermometer beaker and launder meter paper, magnetic stirrer with hot plate, and measuring cylinders [16-18]. The Spectrophotometer will be used to evaluate color strength (K/S) and color values (CIEL*a*b*). For wash Fastness Testing Lin test machines and for rubbing fastness manual rubbing fastness tester machines are used.

Chemicals

As the extraction method used in this particular study was solvent extraction; Methanol is used as a solvent. Copper sulfate is the fixing agent used for fixing the dyes to cotton and the other auxiliary chemicals used were Sodium hydroxide and acetic acid. Acetic acid was used a PH stabilizer during sample dyeing.

Methods

Preparation of peach leaf

Peach leaves were collected manually from Peachtree (Figure 1a) and dried under shade hidden from direct sunlight and grounded (Figure 1b) by using grinder machine then sieving (Figure 1c) was carried out to remove particle sizes. For each extraction 10 gm of peach leaf powder was used with distilled water to extract dye from the powder.

Dye extraction and optimization of the extraction process

Considering Extraction MLR, extraction Temperature and Extraction time as variables which affect dye extraction quality dye extraction from 10gm peach leaf were optimized by varying only one variable at a time. From the four different dyes extracted at different MLR; the dye extracted with MLR of 1:20 has shown better color darkness [19-21]. With MLR of 1:5 it was impossible to filter dyestuff as the residue was thick and cannot pass through filter paper (Figures 2 & 3). In the same manner, extraction temperature and extraction time were optimized. Optimization of extraction temperature was studied by extracting dyestuff with 1:20 MLR at three different temperatures (60oC, 80oC and at boil temperature) keeping the other parameters constant. As it can be seen in Figure 4 among the dyed cotton fabrics (Figure 4a-4c) the dye extracted at 80oC has more dark shade. By extracting dyestuff s at three different extraction times (40minutes, 60 minutes & 70minutes) with 1:20 MLR at 80oC again three cotton fabric samples (Figure 5a-5c) were dyed to compare their shades. The cotton sample dyed with dye extracted within 70minutes was found the darkest (Figure 5c). Finally, extraction was carried out at the optimized conditions (MLR of 1:20, extraction Time of 70 minutes and extraction Temperature of 800C) and dyed a sample fabric to evaluate fabric color fastness and color strength [22-25]. For example or example To optimize MLR, Four Extractions were carried out with 4 different MLR ratios (with 1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 w/v ratio of peach leaf to water) keeping other parameters constant and cotton samples were dyed without mordent to evaluate its shade darkness.

Optimization of Dyeing conditions

Again, OFAT factorial design was employed by taking dyeing MLR, dyeing time, dyeing temperature, dyeing Ph and dyeing technique as variables to dye cotton samples in the presence or mordant and compare the quality of dyed samples in terms of wash fastness, rubbing fastness and color yield [26-30]. In Figure 6 below the photograph of dyed fabric samples shows thee (3) fabric samples dyed by Simultaneous Dyeing at neutral Ph at three different MLR (1:25, 1:30, and 1:35) (Figure 6a-6c) keeping the other parameters constant.

The optimum MLR was identified by comparing the shade depth, wash fastness and rubbing fastness of the dyed samples. Fabric sample- ‘a’ in Figure 6 Which is dyed with MLR of 1:25 has shown the best wash fastness, color yield and rubbing fastness compared to the other dyed samples. Again, three different fabric samples were dyed (Figure 7) at three different dyeing temperatures (60oC, 70oC, and 90oC) keeping the other parameters constant (Figure 8) . Simultaneous mordanting and Dyeing of three (3) fabric samples at neutral Ph using copper sulfate as mordent for three different dyeing times (45minutes, 50minutes, and 60minutes) were carried out to compare the quality of dyed samples [31-34]. From the dyed samples; fabric sample dyed for 45 minutes (Figure 9a) found superior quality in terms of wash fastness, shade depth and rubbing fastness. Three fabric samples were dyed at three different Ph, i.e., acidic Ph, basic Ph and neutral Ph to evaluate the dyed fabric samples and compare to each other [35-39]. Among the dyed fabric samples at different Ph (Figure 10), the sample dyed in neutral media exhibited the best-dyed fabric quality. To select an optimum dyeing condition among the different techniques of dyeing and mordanting, three (3) cotton fabrics were dyed by pre, post and simultaneous (Figure 11) mordanting techniques at a neutral Ph.

Evaluation of dyed fabric samples

Color Measurement and Analysis

Fabric samples dyed by pre, simultaneous and post mordanting techniques and dyed sample without mordanting at the optimized dyeing conditions (MLR of 1:25 for 45minutes and 90OC) characterized for Color strength (K/S) value, reflectance (R%) and CIEL*a*b* values as shown in Table 1. In (Figure 12) above the simultaneous mordanting technique has shown higher color strength (K/S) of 190%.

Color Fastness testing

Launder meter was adjusted to 60OC and laundering was carried out for 30 minutes with 15g/l detergent to evaluate the wash fastness of the dyed samples against greyscale to assess the color change. To test rubbing fastness, 10cm by 5cm dyed fabric sample was rubbed against half bleached fabric 15 times and checked the color is fade on the half-bleached fabric to compare with the standard grading scale. In the above table (Table 2) fabric sample dyed with MLR of 1:25 dyed for 45minutes at 90oC in neutral Ph has super quality than the other dyed samples [40,41].

Conclusion

Dyestuff which can dye cotton fabric the required shade depth and color strength can be extracted from the peach leaf at optimized extraction with 1:20 MLR at 80oC by boiling the mixture of water, peach leaf powder, and methanol for 70minutes. Peach leaf dye is highly suitable for dyeing cotton fabric by using copper sulfate as a mordent and efficient dyeing of cotton with peach leaf can be carried out using a simultaneous mordanting technique with MLR of 1:25 and dye cotton at 90oC for 45minutes in a neutral dye bath. Cotton fabric dyed with peach leaf with the help of copper sulfate has excellent wash fastness and rubbing fastness. These dyes are safe and eco-friendly (Table 3). Therefore, the use of peach leaf dyestuff for dyeing of cotton fabric can minimize the health hazards caused using synthetic dyes. As it is for all-natural dyes; predicting the color of peach leaf dyed cotton fabric before dyeing was difficult as the inherent color of the mordents changes the color of the extruded dyestuff.

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