Abstract

Hormonal residues in meat have become a growing concern due to their potential health and environmental impacts. These residues result from the use of hormonal growth promoters (HGPs) in livestock production, which are employed to enhance growth rates, improve feed efficiency, and increase meat yield. This paper explores the sources, detection methods, regulatory measures, and potential risks associated with hormonal residues in meat products.

Keywords:Hormonal residues; Growth promoters; Livestock production; Potential risks

Abbreviations:HGPs: Hormonal growth promoters; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; GC-MS: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; MPLC: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography; EU: European Union; MRLs: Maximum Residue Limits

Introduction

The global demand for meat has led to intensified livestock production systems [1-7]. Hormonal growth promoters, such as estrogen, progesterone, and synthetic anabolic steroids, are commonly used to accelerate growth in cattle, poultry, and swine [8-15]. While these practices improve economic efficiency, they raise concerns about hormonal residues entering the food chain [16-50]. potentially affecting human health and environmental systems [51-100].

Sources of Hormonal Residues

Hormonal residues in meat originate from Natural Hormones [101-120]. Produced endogenously by animals. Synthetic Hormones, administered to enhance growth and productivity, such as trenbolone acetate, zeranol, and melengestrol acetate [121-150]. Mismanagement, Overuse or improper withdrawal periods before slaughter can lead to residue accumulation.

Detection of Hormonal Residues

Modern techniques have advanced the detection of hormonal residues in meat as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Used for rapid and cost-effective screening. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Offers high sensitivity and specificity. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Common for quantifying hormone levels [151-156].

Health Implications

Endocrine Disruption: Residues may interfere with hormone receptors, leading to reproductive and developmental issues. Carcinogenic Risks, Long-term exposure to some hormones is linked to increased cancer risks. Antibiotic Resistance, Hormone treatments often coincide with antibiotic use, compounding public health challenges.

Regulations and Standards

Regulatory frameworks differ globally. European Union (EU) Prohibits hormonal growth promoters in livestock. United States (FDA/USDA) Permits limited use under strict guidelines. Codex Alimentarius Provides international food standards, including Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).

Environmental Concerns

Hormonal residues excreted by livestock can contaminate water systems, affecting aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Studies show hormonal disruption in fish populations near livestock farming areas, highlighting the broader ecological impact.

Mitigation Strategies

1. Improved Livestock Management, Adhering to withdrawal periods and monitoring feed additives. Alternative Growth Promoters, Using probiotics, enzymes, or plant-based additives.Policy Enforcement: Strengthening inspections and penalties for non-compliance. Hormonal residues in meat remain a contentious issue, balancing economic benefits against potential health and environmental risks.

Conclusion

Advances in detection methods and stricter regulations are critical to ensuring food safety and sustainability. Collaborative efforts among scientists, policymakers, and industry stakeholders are essential to mitigate risks and protect public health.

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129. Shaltout FAE, Ab delazez Ahmed Helmy Barr, Mohamed Elsayed Abdelaziz (2024) Pathogenic Microorganisms in Meat Products. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 41(4): 2022.
130. Mohamed QM, Fahim A Shaltout FA, Ali EA (2025) Bacteriological Quality Profiles and Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Species, and E. coli in Meat Samples of Sheep and Goats. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences pp: 1-7.
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132. Shaltout FA (2024) The Availa bility, the Price, the Tradition, the Reli gion, the Income, the Social, the Develop ment and the Economic Influences on the Meat Consumption. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 55(4)-2024.
133. Ibrahim SM, Hassanin FS, Abou-Elroos NS, Shaltout FA (2025) Evaluating The impact of Certain Herbal Essential Oils on The Shelf Life and Chemical Composition of Beef Steak. Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences pp: 1-8.  
134. Shaltout FA (2024) Our Opinion on Using Irradiation in Food Preservation and Production. Journal of Medical and Clinical Case Reports 1(6): 1-9.
135. Anees KP, El-diasty EM, Shaltout FA (2023) Mycological Evaluation and Occurrence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Fish and Fish Products. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research 13(7): 1381-1385.
136. Amr AK, Hassanin FS, Hassan MA, Shaltout FAE (2024) Trials to Estimate and Control the Residual Levels of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Meat Products. Assiut Vet Med J 70(182): 98-105.
137. Shaltout FA, Mohammed I, Afify EA (2020) Detection of E. coli O157 and Salmonella species in some raw chicken meat cuts in Ismailia province, Egypt. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 39(2): 101-104.
138. Hassanin FS, Shaltout FA, Maarouf AA, El-Sisy SF, Ahmed, AE (2020) Bacteriological profile of frozen chicken meat cuts at Qalubiya governorate markets. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 39(2): 1-5.
139. Shaltout FA, Heikal GI, Ghanem AM (2022) Mycological quality of some chicken meat cuts in Gharbiya governorate with special reference to Aspergillus flavus virulent factors. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 42(1): 12-16.
140. Shaltout F (2024) Application of Irradiation in Food Preservation and Production. Journal of Pathology Research Reviews & Reports. SRC/JPR-190 6(5): 1-8.
141. Taha ST, Shaltout FA, Shimaa N, Edris SN, Mohamed E, Nabil ME (2024) Effect of lavender oil, clove oil and frankincense extract on sensory and microbial properties of raw drumsticks in refrigerator. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 46(1): 135-139.
142. Shaltout FA, Salem RM, Eldiasty EM, Diab FA (2023) Experimental Study on the Effect of Propionibacterium and Acetic acid on Candida albicans contamination in chicken fillet Stored at Chilling Conditions. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 43(2): 91-96.
143. Mubarak SR, Abou EL-Roos NA, Hussein MN, Shaltout FAE (2024) Comparative microbiological evaluation between fresh and frozen bovine liver. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 47(1): 99-102.
144. El Asely MM, Fath Elbab GF, Shaltout FAE (2024) Antibiotic Residues in Commercially Available Freshwater and Marine Fish: A Risk Assessment. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries 28(1): 397-410.
145. El Asely MM, Fath Elbab GF, Shaltout AE (2025): Impact of Freezing Intervals on Oxytetracycline and Ciprofloxacin Residues in Nile Tilapia and Catfish Muscles. Egypt J Vet Sci 56(7): 1419-1424.
146. Elkholy RA, Abou EL-Roos NA, Hussein MN, Shaltout FAE (2025) Differential Microbiological Quality on Marketed Frozen Turkey Breast and Thigh Meat. Egypt J Vet Sci 56(1): 1-10.
147. Shaltout FA (2024) The Food Additives Used in Food Production, Advantages and Disadvantages. World Journal of Internal Medicine and Surgery 1(6): 1-17.
148. Shaltout FA (2024) Right Methods to Extend the Meat Shelf- Life by Using of Natural Preservatives and Their Public Health Importance. Journal of Medicine Care and Health Review 1(2): 1-17.
149. Saad M Saad, Fahim A Shaltout, Amal AA Farag, Hashim F Mohammed (2022) Organophosphorus Residues in Fish in Rural Areas. Journal of Progress in Engineering and Physical Science 1(1): 27-31.
150. Shaltout FA (2024) Importance of Extending the Shelf Life of the Meat. Journal of Medical and Clinical Case Reports 01(9): 1-10.
151. Shaltout FAE, Mona N Hussein, Nada Kh Elsayed (2023) Histological Detection of Unauthorized Herbal and Animal Contents in Some Meat Products. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research 13(2): 157-160.
152. Shaltout FA (2023) Abattoir and Bovine Tuberculosis as A Reemerging Foodborne Disease. Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 6(1): 1-7.  
153. Shaltout FA, Ramadan M, SalemEman M Eldiasty, Fatma A Diab (2022) Seasonal Impact on the Prevalence of Yeast Contamination of Chicken Meat Products and Edible Giblets. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research 12(5): 641-644.
154. Shaltout S, Shaltout F (2024) “Food Borne Bacterial Diseases Due to Consumption of Meat, Fish and Poultry Products”, Arch Health Sci 8(1): 1-8.
155. Shaltout FA (2024) Our Opinion on Using Irradiation in Food Preservation and Production. Journal of Medical and Clinical Case Reports 01(6): 1-9.
156. Hakeem KP, El-diasty EM, Shaltout FAE (2023) Effects of natural compounds of some plants on microbial contamination and sensory quality of fish fillet during refrigeration. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 45(1): 152-156.