Abstract

Nutraceuticals achieved revolutionary interest because of their safety and health impact on human community. The term ‘Nutraceuticals can be illustrated as a substance which may be a food or part of the food that provides protection against long term disease as well as keep human healthy. This substance is incorporated into products which are isolated from natural sources, dietary supplements and processed foods which are combinedly used with other nutrients which used as a medicine. At present it has been given importance to introduce pharmaceuticals products to treat chronic disease like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, immune disorder and Parkinson disease due to their minor side effects comparative to conventional medicine. Nutraceuticals boost up physiological activity by providing fundamental nutrients in the body. To maintain healthy and safety life and acquiring self- confidence and working capacity it is necessary to intake nutraceuticals in our daily diet. Furthermore, if continuous research work is conducted it will be helpful for the scientist of future to identify new natural substances and help to introduce new pharmaceutical nutraceuticals product. In this regard global regulatory authority should be well furnished and be more flexible permitting new dosage form and as well as encouraged the manufacturers to introduce more nutraceuticals products against conventional medicine.

Keywords:Nutraceuticals; Functional Food Supplements; Chronic Disease Prevention; Natural Health Products; Physiological Well-being

Root Pressure

General Concept

There is a proverb that prevention is better than cure. From the starting of civilization men used to take natural protection than conventional medicine which was safe and free from mentionable side effect and health hazard. Thereby after the invention of traditional medicine men faces various problems like side effects, adverse drug reaction and long-term effect on biological system. If it is possible to prevent the physiological process of disease it is better for mankind to prohibit the development of the disease inside the body. Moreover, it can minimize the health hazard and the cost of treatment Chanda et al. [1]. Researchers found that there are number of food constituents present in the food basically naturally derived food which includes minerals, fats, fibers, antioxidants and other useful elements that acts as preventive agents which can able to prevent many chronic diseases and keep the human from any sorts of disease and keep them healthy. Recently novel diet programmed is implementing which gives importance on the positive effect of diet. The modern lifestyle is conducted by the people which modify the basic food habit. Junk food consumed by the people is increasing nowadays which leads to various diseases due to intake improper nutrition. Nowadays there is a global focus on the recognition that nutraceuticals play an important role in health improvement. Nutraceuticals can play an important role conducting different physiological process in the body and thus lowering the risk factors of different diseases inside the body. These pharmaceuticals foods are used to cure and prevent different diseases and boost up immunity system of the body and keep the body healthy Ghani et al. [2]. Besides this consumer are being disappointed due to the expensive treatment with high technology-based medicine system and thus searching for new approach or alternative way for the treatment. The formulation scientists are greatly encouraged to incorporate such natural food ingredients into new and novel formulation against conventional drug formulation in such a way that minimize the potential health hazard and prevent all sorts of disease. The extraction of natural food ingredients and manage them into new formulation is a tough job and required sophisticated technology which under investigation.

Though natural food ingredients don’t require any clinical trial but it is necessary to know the basic active ingredients and useful ingredients that prevent the physiological process of disease and give a healthy human being. That is why Nutraceuticals nowadays is a popular and more acceptable disease management approach that will replace the conventional medicine in future. Different forms of nutraceuticals are shown in Figure 1 Padmavathi [3].

Background of Nutraceuticals

Today people are searching for alternative substances that mount the biological function and keep us healthier and long live. The western part of the world is converting food as an alternative source of these enhancers. All these products are collectively called nutrients, dietary supplements, biologically active substances and as well as nutraceuticals. This terminology varies from country wise which is performed by the regulatory authority on this substance. Zeisel gives a clear definition of dietary supplements which is ingredients of food which are not modified outside the food for the better health benefit. Zeisel also provides a definition of nutraceuticals which are derived from the food or nonfood matrix which are intended to be used as a biologically active constituent to improve the health and prevention of disease. Espino also regarded nutraceuticals as an ingredient which can be turned into pharmaceuticals formulation that possesses food ingredients as an active agent Rajasekaran et al. [4].

According to the act of nutrition and food safety there are three types categories are listed which are dietary supplements, foods which are used as nutritional purposes and foods which are used for the disease managements. It is said that these two terminologies like dietary supplements and functional food are widely used in European legislation. Enriched food is a terminology which is found in Polish literature. According to this scientist nutraceuticals can be illustrated as a food ingredient that can be found in the formulation like capsules, pills, extraction as well as different pharmaceutical dosage form which are intended to be used for health benefit and preventive purposes. Meanwhile there are a descriptive illustration in European legislation that gives a clear difference between food and pharmaceuticals. Based on this knowledge nutritionists provide nutrition in such a form that use human being for the proper development and maintenance the physiological function of the body. But medicines are always used as a therapeutic agent that are used in case of illness and health condition. Acquiring abundant knowledge about the promising health effect of food is more difficult to distinguish between these two therapeutic agents. This concept establishes a statement that the nutraceuticals possesses both terminology like nutrition and pharmaceuticals Sawicka et al. [5].

Definition of Nutraceuticals

Medicines are poisons for the body as it has a great impact on the different vital organ of the body. Long term uses of medicines are so harmful for body as it deposits and cannot excreted clearly from the body. It is considered as the curable action while the physiological function of the body altered due to the disturbance of the normal physiological condition. Hence the traditional foods that are abundantly present in natural sources like herbs, roots, leafy vegetables as well as in the animal organ that is not harmful to the body. Moreover, it has a beneficial effect on the body and has protective action. This consideration establishes a concept that it will be safe and convenient if this traditional food can be converted as protective agents that keeps the normal physiological func tion and hinders the pathophysiology of the disease. Moreover, it minimizes the side and adverse effect of the traditional medicine as well as its cost of production and authorized certification Street [6].

In Section 2 we recapitulate the standard quantum mechanical description of an ideal wave packet (here the free motion of the c.m), while in Section 3 we comment on the not understood absence of broad wave packets of macroscopic objects in the real word.

The term nutraceuticals were first used by the Stephen De Felice which can be regarded as the combination of food and pharmaceuticals that are intended to be used for the healthy wellbeing, boost up immunity and blockage the pathophysiology of disease thus prevent disease Sharma et al. [7]. In can case of pharmaceutical drug development, it is needed to conduct clinical trial based on the animal model for the establishing and verifying the therapeutic efficacy of the drug but in case of traditional food there was no verification method to be used in case disease prevention. Recently it has been proven that food composition is responsible for creating disease which is related to human being and become a social concern Prabu et al. [8]. Nutraceuticals is a term that can be defined as a food and food ingredients that can be found in fruits, vegetables as well as in animal source that helps to detoxify the body and good digestion process in human being Swarupananda and Sohini [9]. According to the definition of Stephen Defelice nutraceuticals can be defined as the food or portion of food that possesses health benefits as well as prevents and cures the physiological pathway of the disease. It supplies all nutraceuticals values and pharmaceuticals benefits inside our body that is why it is called nutraceuticals. The clear concept of nutraceuticals is shown in Figure 2 Dharti et al. [10].

Classification of Nutraceuticals

This classification is established from nature and there is no change which is remain in natural form. Lots of food constituents remain in nature such as lycopene in tomatoes, salmon fish contains omega-3 fatty acids and soy contains saponins and based on the chemical constituents’ nutraceuticals can be classified by the following:
Nutrients: Nutrients can be recognized as initial metabolites which includes vitamins, minerals, fatty acids which has a great impact on human health in different physiologic pathway. Products which are derived from plant and animal with the combination of vitamins that have beneficial health impact on human and used to treat different diseases which are associated with the vital organ of the body. Natural substances that are collected from natural sources are useful in the treatment of various physiological disorders like fragile bone, low hemoglobin level in the blood and it provides strengthen to the bones and muscles as well as it keeps the healthy heart of human.
Herbals: Nutraceuticals with the combination of herbs exerts an excellent effect for the prevention of long-term disease and makes life better and comfortable. Salicin is a natural compound that can be found mostly in willow bark that show effect against anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic effect as well as it can be used in the treatment of arthritis. Peppermint which possesses different types of terpenoids that are used in the treatment of flue that are associated with cold. Tannins that can be found in the lavender which is useful in the treatment of elevating stress and lowering blood pressure and bronchial asthma.
Phytochemicals: They can be categorized based on phytochemicals. Carotenoids that can be found in the vegetables origin which boost up immunity system and that have anticancer responses. Flavonoids which can be recognized as the secondary metabolites can be found in most of the plant origin that prevent most of the chronic diseases. Phenolic acids that are secondary metabolites existing in citrus fruits that have antioxidant property which block the production of free radicals which are responsible for the pathophysiology of many diseases Chanda et al. [1].
Dietary Supplements: A dietary supplement is a substance that possesses nutritional value that originates from food origin and are available in liquid or capsule form. According to the DSHEA act of U.S dietary supplements can be defined as a product that are consumed orally and possesses dietary substances added to the diet. It is collected from natural sources and converted in different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, soft gels and dry powders. Dietary supplements cannot get approval by the U.S FDA but many companies all over the world can but patent and get approval for the production in suitable dosage forms. Some well recognized dietary supplements are available in the market for enhancing the physiological function of the body.
Probiotic Microorganisms: Probiotics helps to expel out of pathogens like yeasts, pathogenic bacteria and harmful viruses that greatly influence gastrointestinal motility and thus creates GIT disorders. They prevent microbial hazards by altering microflora. Thus, they prevent the adhesion of the microorganisms on the epithelium wall and compete for nutrients which are basic foods for the microorganisms and thus they prevent the pathophysiological process in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics produces some specific enzymes that can reduce lactose intolerance by converting its subsequent sugar units. For human health benefit and safety consideration probiotics should have following characteristics:
i. Probiotics must be derived from human species.
ii. It should be found as gram positive type organisms.
iii. It should have sufficient stability after passing through bile and acid media.
iv. It should have adhesive property to retain on the epithelium cell wall.
v. It should have antagonistic effect against pathogenic and harmful bacteria.
vi. It should have beneficial health effect.

List of some bacteria and their health benefit are given in Table 1 Chaudhari et al. [11].

Nutraceutical Enzymes: Enzymes are an integral part of human life because they conduct numerous physiological functions inside our body without which many biological processes will be disrupted. People who are suffering from many physiological disorders such lowering blood glucose, severe gastrointestinal disorder can be elevated with the help of useful enzymes that are widely present in the body and sometimes body can synthesize it in the body. The potential sources of enzymes are the animal, plant and different microorganism.

Prebiotics: Prebiotics are novel words that recently found in life science which are the substances that are consumed by human beings but incapable of digestion by the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, they can be the potential source of nutrients served to the probiotic bacteria for their survival. This ensures the favorable growth of helpful probiotic microorganisms in suitable environment they can greatly reduce the friendly environment for the growth of harmful bacteria that causes gastrointestinal disorder. Insulin is a kind of prebiotics that are sufficiently present in fortified foods. It is a kind of fiber that are greatly present in the root of the plants Bhowmik et al. [12].

Non-Traditional Nutraceuticals: Nontraditional nutraceuticals are one kind of artificial foods that are manufactured through biotechnological process. Food origin possesses biologically active ingredients that can be further engineered into food items which are beneficial for good human health. There are two types of nontraditional nutraceuticals that are as follows:
a) Fortified nutraceuticals
b) Recombinant nutraceuticals

a) Fortified Nutraceuticals: Fortified nutraceuticals contain numerous amounts of vitamins, minerals and other ingredients that can be present in dietary supplements in sufficient amount. It is found that fortified food that are derived through agricultural breeding technology and other origin can possesses folic acid and can be used in some physiological disorder.

b) Recombinant Nutraceuticals: Foods that serve energy in human body such as carbohydrates, protein and fats can be manufactured through the help of biotechnology. Probiotic manufacturing as well as biologically active molecules can be produced with the help of genetic engineering and biotechnology process.
i. Commercial Nutraceuticals: It is more difficult to find new molecules because the process is sophisticated and cost effective. Most of the pharmaceuticals nowadays give emphasis on manufacturing of nutraceuticals because its market size is increasing very sharply. Nutraceuticals can prevent most of the diseases associated with humans with minimizing the health hazard such as cough, flue, hematological disorder, various chronic disease. Omega-3 fatty acids containing seafood has promising health benefit that can also cure diseases, and their effect is much more than traditional medicines.
ii. Medicinal Food Medicinal foods are formulated or sometimes in natural forms that have medicinal property which is administered through orally with the recommendation of certified physician. Medicinal food basically has the intention to be used for disease management which requires nutritional supplements. Medicinal food is derived based on scientific evidence that have the nutritional property as well as medicinal value that prevent chronic disease and help in proper health management that our body system cannot recognized due to the deficiency of nutrients in some cases. It is normally recommended by the physician in specific health condition for better health management which can be consumed through different method like ingestion, digestion and other convenient process. By the long term use it can establish strong immunity inside the body system that block many physiological pathways of disease and that create a protective shield against disease Dureja et al. [13]
iii. Functional food Functional food can be defined as the food or portion of food ingredients that have potential health benefit against any sort of disease through the nutritional ingredients that possesses it. Functional foods are prepared in such a way that attracts the consumers because of its wild nature and sometimes incorporated in dietary supplements in various dosage form that are convenient to the people. Functional foods are prepared in a technique which is called nutrification and contain all nutritional content same as the level before it processing. Canadian health organization defines it as the food or ingredients of food that are added constituents or nutritional substances that have potential health benefit comparing to crude nutritional element found in natural food origin. A recommended classification is shown in Figure 3 Chaudhari et al. [11].

Factors Affecting Using Nutraceuticals

Conventional medicine sometimes creates health hazard and exert numerous physiological complications through long term use. Thus, it influences people to use continuously nutraceuticals as a preventive agent and proper disease management. The following factors are responsible for the widely use of nutraceuticals: a) Predominant Number of Consumers: As the number of consumers are increasingly day by day it is a concern about their health as well as the cost of treatment.
b) Satisfaction of Consumers: Pharmaceuticals formulation are always toxic and have long term effect on human physiology that is why people want to divert in the use of nutraceuticals as their alternative agents for the treatment of chronic disease and healthcare managements.
c) Consciousness about health: The healthcare professional found that the food which are processing through technology are coming from natural sources that are highly adulterer by the insecticides, chemical, pesticides and other toxic potential element that are highly poisonous to health. This is the major reason of using nutraceuticals than the processed food.
d) Ethical Consideration: There is proverb that prevention is better than cure. This conceptual agreement allows people using nutraceuticals than conventional medicine.
e) Less Efficiency of Allopathic Medicine: Todays allopathic medicine is not properly working due to its inconvenience and formulation defect. That is why people tends to using nutraceuticals than conventional medicine. The importance of nutraceuticals is shown in Figure 4 Verma and Mishra [14].

Food as a Source of Nutraceuticals

Nutraceuticals can be found in diversity of naturally occurring foods that contain a sufficient number of nutraceuticals and can be collected in different ways. Those agents are useful in the treatment of some neurological disorder, immunity boost up, heart disease and different physiological disorder. Having nutritional properties, the following foods are recommended for disease prevention and health management.
i. Milk yogurt and beverage from probiotics bacteria have great impact on gastrointestinal tract and improving the health of the gut and surrounding environment.
ii. Foods which are in low level of sugar and fat portion can reduce appetite and increase fat burning and carbohydrate metabolism and thus its acts as potential alternative for the management of obesity and subsequent problem.
iii. It is said that vegetables oils, olive oils, yogurt and other food ingredients have effect on management of cardiovascular diseases.
iv. It is found that soy confectionary substances and different types of desert have potential chance to reduce of elevating the osteoporosis.
v. Soy, bread from whole grain and different products of flour can minimize the risk of cancer.
vi. Citrus fruits exert anticancer property because it contains a significant amount of vitamin C, folates and fibers which have other beneficial health effect.
vii. It is found that juices fruit drinks and other beverages with combination of herbal compound shows potential progress of psychophysical condition of the human body.
viii. Linseed can play an important role in the prevention of estrogen- based cancer which acts as an introducing agent for the developing of enter diol and enterolactone that prevent such type of cancer.
ix. Lutein and zeaxanthin acts as a naturally occurring antioxidants that can prevent the eye disorder and cataract as well as blurred vision in the people of middle age.

The health impact of those nutritional food and food ingredients depends on how much ingredients is consumed in proper way that sometimes interact with other dietary supplements that reduces the health benefit of that compound. Through the proper investigation and evaluation of scientific research it is found that nutraceuticals and other food ingredients occur naturally and can formulated in different types of dosage forms which have positive impact on body. For the constant use and recognition of the raw materials in different food industry where nutraceuticals can act as the main ingredients for the preparation of dosage forms. Nutraceuticals that are collected from natural origin can significantly affect human health but it can adulterate while it is used with combination of some nutraceutical’s constituents. Thus, it can suppress the beneficial effect of disease management and prevention of disease. Food products and their potential health benefit are given in Table 2 Sawicka et al. [5].

Conceptual Differences

Based on novel terminology the term pharmaceuticals can be illustrated as the substances that are used for the treatment of different disease that uses other terminology like medicaments, medication as well as medicine. According to the novel concept drugs are compound that intended to be used for the treatment, diagnosis and disrupting the physiological pathway of different diseases. According to the legislation of some particular country drugs are compound that can affect the central nervous systems and can able to alter the behavioral tendency sometimes cause addiction on it. According to the legislation of different country drugs are clearly defined for distinguish medicine but in a broad sense the concept is same that varies from country wise. On the other hand, nutraceuticals were first introduced by Stephen di Felice, and he combined the two terminologies in together such as nutrition and pharmaceuticals that are therapeutically used same as conventional medicine which can be derived from food or food origin in different natural sources. It doesn’t matter either its food or potion of the food if it is used for the treatment purpose it can be considered as therapeutic agents thereby nutraceuticals. According to the Canadian health organization it is the substances that are available in form of purified or crude form that can be marketed in different forms that beneficial health impact as well as give protection against long term diseases. According to the natural obligation nutraceuticals are collected and prepared from natural origin and marketed in different forms that possesses health benefit which is scientifically recognized. It could be more transparent if wild garlic converted into powdered form and available in the market in suitable processed form it considers as nutraceuticals. Many scientists given consideration about the nutraceuticals, traditional food and supplements. They consider those therapeutically identical. But another portion of them consider it similar on the basis of use and disease management. Some natural nutraceuticals and their health benefits are given in Table 3 Pise et al. [15].

Nutraceuticals vs Pharmaceuticals

In healthcare conception drug is a substance that are generally used in the treatment of disease which can be derived from natural or synthetic sources. Nutraceuticals are the compounds that prevent physiological disorder of human basically called biologically active products. Nutraceuticals can be found in plant origin, animals and sometimes in minerals found in nature. License is mandatory adopted by the regulatory agency for the marketing of the Pharmaceuticals products. But in case of nutraceuticals products it is not mandatory the license of the regulatory body and no need of clinical trial which is perform on animal model in case of pharmaceutical products. Prescription is not mandatory for buying nutraceuticals products but in case of pharmaceuticals products prescription is recommended by the physician and need authenticity of the evidence. Concrete and descriptive guidelines should be followed to produce pharmaceutical products. This terminology is novel in the pharmaceutical market that is why sufficient information and research work cannot be found in this regard. On the other hand, nutraceuticals industry emphasis on the development and research work for establishing sufficient data to be available in the market. There are numerous privileges and potential growth of the nutraceutical industry that will make this industry predominant over the conventional pharmaceutical industry. Beside this nutraceutical are widely available in the nature and can easily isolated from that sources that can be used either crude or processed form. Different nutraceuticals natural sources are shown in Figure 5 Padmavathi [3].

Nutraceuticals Uses of Plants and Animals

While the nutraceuticals terms were first introduced there are certain criteria that are used to distinguish this compound from the other substances that are natural form to evaluate the market level of this product which deserve some specific characteristics that acts against chronic disease. This term sometimes used with functional food dramatically that regarded as similar according to their function. The Australian food council given a definition of functional food which are substances which have nutritional value, enhance diet, alter the metabolic pathway of the body and used for the purpose for the treatment and prevention of some specific disease in the body. This definition can be regarded as same as adopted by the dietary, health and education act. It is very tough to differentiate between nutraceuticals and naturally occurring food that is introduced in pharmaceutical formulation or used as medicinal product through the history. This is widely the fruitful of:
a) The different systems that are studied today are the basis principle of evaluation of that product. From the past it is very difficult to differentiate the various kinds of plant and animal origin that are mainly used as prophylaxis or prevent many chronic diseases as the possesses different nutrients. In written and established evidence, it is clarified that there is some specific preparation that are regarded as tonic but they do not have basic formulation that are used in some specific condition and thus they cannot be considered as actual medicine. This formulation is now considered as nutraceuticals as it is used naturally and isolated from the natural origin.
b) At present matching has been established between the novel nutraceutical’s products and traditional medicine. Nowadays there are number of substances such as herbal teas and other plants that contain medicinal substances makes a clear distinguish between traditional medicine and functional foods. The complication between food and medicine has now fallen in great regulatory aspects. On the basis of their primary using purposes, it is clear identification between food and medicine. Considering of all those complexities it is clearly perceivable that products that are collected from plant or animal origin is being used for their beneficial use on human community as they considered as food or actual medicine. At present nutraceuticals are used among those complexities of conventional medicine and there are no regulatory hindrances if it is used as wild form rather than any sorts of formulations Michael [16].

Nutraceuticals Approach in Ayurveda

The supreme goal and purposes of the Ayurveda is the improvement of health status and in general the cure of disease situations. In the modern ayurvedic sector it is given emphasis on food or part of food for the disease management ant elevating disease as hers or herbal preparation show efficacy in a targeted disease control. On the basis of reference of this scientist, a diet programme is one kind of management which provides fundamental nutrients and help to keep proper healthy state and block the pathophysiological process of disease. According to the novel and innovative approach it is recommended that if wholesome meals are incorporated in daily food habit there is no need to intake the conventional medicine as it increases the potential health hazard. The conceptual view of a well-known nutraceuticals is novel and innovative according to the modern approach. Ayurveda has given significant importance on various nutritious foods. At present the food and nutrition science in Ayurveda have been developing as much more. This nutraceutical categorizes all food products into twelve classes where this nutraceutical categorized thirteen. The nutraceuticals products are not recommended only for their beneficial health impact but also it prevents number of chronic diseases like cancer cardiovascular disease and gut syndrome.

Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals Ingredients

The main and potential active nutraceuticals constituents in plant origin are basically flavonoids. It is similar to phenolic compounds, and they are used in the treatment of antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral and are used as antioxidant. They are used nowadays as a cardio protective agent and they prevent many cardio vascular diseases. They have great impact on central nervous systems and they exert emollient effect on inflammation, prevent arthritis, and lower blood glucose level thus it acts as preventive agents of metabolic disorder Nema et al. [17].

Laws Governing Nutraceuticals

There are different laws and regulations adopted by the authority of the world to govern the nutraceuticals products and its market size based on the country associated with the regulation. The name may vary from territory to territory as per their own principle, but some countries regarded nutraceuticals and dietary supplements as same according to the nutritional composition and health benefit. Basically, dietary supplements are compounds that are consumed orally and prepared from dietary ingredients which are generally added to the diet. There are number of definitions and terminology used in the whole world to clarify this term and its subsequent uses as dietary supplements as in America and Canada referred it natural food products. In Australia it is termed as complementary medicine and in European union it is regarded as food ingredients and supplements. In India it is considered as the food which are combinedly used with other food supplements.

Dietary Supplements Health Education Acts

This act was first presented by senator Orrin. G. Hatch. This law given a clear illustration of dietary supplements provides actual and validated principle that are necessary for the marketing of such products. This law illustrated dietary supplements as the substances that possesses different dietary constituents such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbal or botanical ingredients. It is the compounds that are consumed and used with other dietary items and enhances the total nutritional value. The other concept is that it is a substance that can be metabolic agent, substances that comes from food, extraction of natural origin that are used with the combination of other supplements Maddi et al. [18].

Food Safety Standard and Standards Act

This act was introduced due to form of the governing body to govern the production, preservation, allocating marketing to conform the plenty of food and food items among the countries. Nutraceuticals are placed in the same class of food under the terms and condition according to the act of FSS rules and regulation. This act illustrates the foods for the specific dietary purposes or functional foods similar to nutraceuticals that are used in the disease management as following:
a) Foods that are particularly processed and found in such a form that purpose is to fulfill specific dietary conditions considering particular physical and physiological situation or specific disease management where the food constituents of those food items have to be identical and may contain such following constituents:
i. It is the part of the plants or phytochemical that are remain in the form of powder, condensed and extraction in water, alcoholic extraction and the combination of both.
ii. It is regarded as vitamins or minerals, protein or metals and their subsequent components.
iii. It is a substance that are collected from animal origin. iv. It is a dietary product that are consumed by people and used in daily diet menu to increasing the total nutritional value and arranged the all benefit that are required for the proper disease management.
b) Now a days some food products are dominating over the conventional medicine due to their health benefit and riskfree characteristics that are greatly seen in case of traditional medicine by the following:
i. It is a processed food or food product that are mentioned as the food that are recommended for specific use or nutraceuticals or traditional food that have health impact against chronic disease and formulated in different dosage form like powder, capsule, tablet, liquid, semisolid and other viable dosage form.
ii. Such compound cannot be considered as drug as per the following conception according to drug and cosmetic acts.
iii. This doesn’t consider those products that are suitable for the use of specific disease or disease condition. Those products cannot prevent or soothe chronic disease and its genetic factor.
iv. Those products are not considered as CNS stimulant or suppressant drug as per the condition of Narcotic drugs and psychotropic constituents act Ganesh et al. [19].

Nutraceuticals as Food

Food is a compound that are consumed by the human being for the essential nutritional support and keep healthy life. On the other hand, nutraceuticals are recognized as food or food components that prevent disease and have greater heath impact. Food are basically considered as risk free but nutraceuticals possesses components that are naturally occurred but cannot regarded as risk free.

Nutraceuticals as Drugs

According to the European law and regulation nutraceuticals are considered as medicine for the following two causes:
i. It is predominantly used over traditional medicine because it has properties to cure disease, elevate disease condition and as well as the pathophysiology of the diseases.
ii. It is consumed by human beings for the altering, managing and increasing the physiological function. Drugs must be needed an authentication before entering into the market. For the acceptance by the authority drugs must have safety and efficacy profile for better recognition. In this case nutraceuticals are not considered as drug substances because it doesn’t require the authentication process. The correlation of nutraceuticals with foods and drugs is shown in Figure 6 Dharti et al. [10].

Nutraceuticals as Dietary Supplements

According to the dietary supplements and health education act dietary supplements can be defined as a substances that are basically incorporated into the food items that possess different types of nutritional substances such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, amino acids, protein fats and other essential ingredients that en riched with highly food benefit and increase the total nutritional value of the daily diet programme. It can be found in available formulation like tablets, pills, capsules or sometimes in liquid form. It is not considered traditional food and not directly incorporates into food solely. Sometimes nutraceuticals can be differentiated by the following causes:
a) Nutraceuticals are not only diet that are incorporated into foods but it is used with other food supplements for better diet and control or prevent all sort of diseases.
b) Nutraceuticals are added in the daily diet as the traditional food ingredients but not consumed as an alternative food ingredient.

Nutraceuticals Amino Acids

Amino acids are essential components in biological systems. It plays an important role in different physiological process inside the body. Amino acids are building block of protein which are keep functioning of the body and the growth of human body. Some amino acids are synthesized by the body but other cannot synthesized by the body. Such amino acids are supplied through nutraceuticals products or components which are derived from mainly natural sources like plants and animal origin and thus nutraceuticals can play an important role in the body functioning. Some amino acids and their sources and use are given in Table 4 Sharma et al. [7].

Arginine Nutraceuticals

Arginine is one kind of performance enhancing nutraceuticals amino acid which undergo nitric oxide category and is semi essential amino acid which is associated in different physiologic metabolic pathway of the body. Nitric oxide is produced from it and can progress the condition of different disease. L- arginine is a derivative of it and widely used in different cases to treat different disease and increase the muscle mass. L- arginine is being evaluated as a probable therapeutic agent that are significantly used in different acute and long-term disease condition. It prevents cardiovascular disease like hypertension, myocardial infarction, acute kidney failure due to its bronchodilation and vasodilation activity. Various marketed source of arginine is given in Table 5 Sharma et al. [7].

Pharmacokinetics View of Nutraceuticals

It could be easy for a formulation scientist to formulate the nutraceuticals in different available dosage form like tablet, capsules, semisolids, powder and as well as suppositories dosage form. But those food or portion of food that possesses biologically active nutraceuticals it is quite difficult to estimate bioavailability of that nutraceutical’s product. The bioavailability is normally estimated by the low solubility, stability and penetration of epithelium cell membrane in a suitable manner. Curcumin nutraceuticals exerts low concentration in blood, restricted distribution process, apparently speedy metabolism, and shorter biological half-life. The reason behind it is poor oral bioavailability profile. Another example is the hydrophobic antioxidant coenzyme Q10 show poor absorption as well as lower bioavailability due to its restricted aqueous solubilization profile and very low dissolution profile in stomach fluid which is prerequisite the better absorption due to it hydrophobic nature in epithelium membrane. On the other hand, the penetration criteria are more restricted due to its heavy molecular weight Andrew and Izzo [20].

Another class of nutraceuticals that are rapidly developing in previous era are probiotics. The oral ingestion of probiotics is greatly hindrance by the low stability of the organism in the elementary tract and probable declining of the that microorganism in the strong acid media in which it cannot survive properly as well the density of bile salt. The shortcomings of oral ingestion nutraceuticals at recognized bioavailability could be managed by the help of formulation scientist in an accepted manner. In the case of probiotic microorganism, the ingestion of itself can be enhanced by incorporating into polymer bed. The probiotic encapsulation method is now added in an advanced and reliable way in the formulation of probiotics microorganisms which delivered in enteric coated system and remain intact in the acid media but breaking and dispersed in the intestine. In an alternative technique, solid dispersion and cyclodextrin combination can introduce a great chance to increase the larger surface area in the GI media and thus increasing the dissolution profile and penetration criteria through the epithelium membrane. The modern nanotechnology in pharma sector creates a greater chance in sustainability, dissolution and penetration profile. A decision tree for the formulation of poorly water-soluble nutraceuticals is shown in Figure 7 Zaki [21].

Pharmacodynamic View of Nutraceuticals

The number of nutraceuticals supplements available in the systemic circulation is the main obstacle for that product to ensure its efficiency. The availability of the nutraceutical’s substances is much more while it consumed as natural form than processed form. Nutraceuticals which have minor penetration profile excreted out from the body without showing clinical effect. Impact of placebo effect: Same as to pharmaceuticals efficacy is the part of nutraceuticals that sometimes ensures by placebo effect. People intake nutraceuticals for the recovery of disease but sometimes it affects their mental satisfaction as body can repair it as its physiological process. Product quality issues: Nutraceuticals introduced from the global market required to be used organic compound during its formulation. Beside this the law and regulation greatly impact on the efficacy and quality of the product. Safety and interaction with other drugs: The main peril and burden of such product is that it doesn’t serve sufficient document like indication, safety, dose, physical complication with comparing to the medicine which under prescription. Thus, it can sometimes fall patient into major risk of physical problem Dharti et al. [10].

Nutraceuticals and Disease Management

Nowadays the revolution of industrialization and modern technology people used to intake processed food rather than naturally derived food. Besides this due to the rapid exploration of modern technology people becomes physically inactive which leads to various chronic disease like diabetes, cancer, hepatic failure, chronic kidney disease. In this new and vulnerable situation, its leads the nutritionist to introduce naturally occurring food instead of conventional medicine which acts conjugately as serving nutrients and medicinal properties. Thus, people’s awareness about chronic disease and mental satisfaction over conventional medicine leads to use nutraceuticals product in advance. The application of nutraceuticals in disease management is shown in Figure 8 Tewari and Ramkrishna [22].

Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is one of the matters of concern among the general people as it causes major of death in human community. The unhealthy lifestyle and poisonous food lead to major risk of cardiovascular disease. This includes damage of muscle of myocardium that leads to myocardial infarction generally known as heart attack, raising of blood pressure, cardiac infibrilation, irregular heartbeat that causes the major death in the whole world. Recently WHO declared that CVDs is the principal reason of the mortality rate in the whole universe and the western country is in major risk. There lots of reason behind the cardiovascular disease like heavy weight, consuming tobacco product, physical inactivation and production of insulin destroyed by the pancreatic cell thus lead to metabolic disorder as well as cardiovascular disease. The substances which are derived from natural origin possess high amount of nutrients enhanced the nutritional value termed as nutraceuticals. Different dietary ingredients, fiber, and herbs are principal constituents of nutraceuticals.

The vulnerable and peril agents that causes cardiovascular disease are the low-density lipoprotein is one kind of cholesterol. In research it is found that cardiovascular disease can be recovered by elevating the level of low-density lipoprotein in the blood. Re search work performed in different individuals who are suffering in high blood cholesterol level it is found that by consuming nutraceuticals and traditional food can repair the risk of cardiovascular disease. By blocking the penetration of cholesterol through the epithelium membrane and also blocking the production of cholesterol it minimizes cardiovascular diseases. The inhibition pathway of cholesterol synthesis is shown in Figure 9 Teoh et al. [23]. By the blocking of enzyme present in liver once through which may curtail the biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver. Some common nutraceuticals like ginger, spices, natural tea are very active in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Various plants which can be the source of potential crude drugs that can further modified into medicine that contains natural product. Those products have low absorption through intestine and thus poor bioavailability. The biotransformation of those products occurs in liver that eliminated from the body through bile. This substance acts by accelerating the detaching of LDL receptor which is located on the surface of the liver and modify into lysosomes. The breakdown of this substances into lysosomes which increase the half-life of that receptor receive cholesterol from the blood circulation more significantly which is then transfer to the bile to excrete out from the body. The overall absorption and excretion process of cholesterol is shown in Figure 10 Ghani et al. [2].

Nutraceuticals in Obesity and Diabetes Management

Nowadays obesity and diabetes are the predominant diseases all over the world. In modern medical science it is matter of anxious that diseases of those type increasingly exponentially. Diabetes is the one of the major causes of death worldwide among the world population. Faulty lifestyle, consuming unhygienic and poisonous foods, foods enriched with saturated fats and frequent consuming of red meat are the basic cause of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which causes by the destruction of pancreatic cell and elevate the insulin production and thereby result in inhibition of glucose metabolism by the cell which raise the glucose level in the blood commonly known as diabetes. There are different sorts of diabetes like diabetes mellitus, insipidus and diabetes in pregnancy which affect other physiologic disorder like chronic disease such as renal failure, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension etc. Diabetes have significant community and global impact due to its prolongation and creates economic and health hazards on individual family and community. Worldwide basically in the third world country faces great economic crisis due to costly treatment management and other physiological disorder. Obesity is considered as a basic cause of diabetes and hypertension.

Consuming foods enriched with high impact energy, fatty foods, physical inactivation, improper diet are basic cause of obesity. This condition later initiate different physiological disorder and metabolic disorder is one of them. With the combination of some factors and enzyme inflammatory disorder is developed in our body which results in hypertension, obesity and metabolic disorder later. This is happening in long term process. Continuous intake of improper diet, leading unhealthy lifestyle, frequent intake of gunk foods, intake of some potent drug can cause the accumulation of the those factors that hindrance the common physiologic pathway of the body. Which later causes oxidative stress and inflammation. The combination of these two conditions causes metabolic disorder and obesity. Besides this this condition initiate some inflammatory disorder and narrowing the lining of the blood vessels. Which creates hindrances in the flow of blood stream and thereby result in hypertension. Obesity and metabolic disorder conjugately cause the high level of insulin and thereby insulin resistance. Which reduces the glucose metabolism by the cell and raise the glucose level in the blood stream. The link between obesity, diabetes and hypertension is shown in Figure 11 Sasikala and Radhaisri [24].

There are some herbal ingredients which are intended to be used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Lipoic acid which remain diversity in worldwide are considered to be used in the curing of renal impairment due to the diabetes. Dietary fibers derived from natural origin which have pharmacological activity, used as food supplements, in conventional food which significantly elevate the overweight, maintain proper glucose level thus treat diabetes and the bad cholesterol level in the blood which prevent cardiovascular disease. Polyphenols which can be found in natural origin can significantly minimize the glucose concentration in the blood stream. Polyphenols mainly decrease blood glucose level by inhibiting the penetration of carbon containing compound comes from daily diet. This compound increases the activity of some enzymes engaged with the biotransformation of glucose, mounting the insulin release and decrease the insulin resistance by the cell. The effect of polyphenols in diabetes management is shown in Figure 12 Sahore and Rani [25].

Cancer and Nutraceuticals

Cancer is one of the most chronic disease and have greater health impact on world human community. It causes major economic burden and increase the social anxiety basically in the developing country. Cancer is long term physiological disorder which is caused by improper diet, chemically contaminated food, unhealthy lifestyle, obesity, consuming tobacco and alcohol and junk food. It is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is a disorder while the irregular cell division occurred inside our body. The UV rays, Gamma rays, long term exposure to industrial chemicals, in contact with radioactive matter in the nuclear plant and sometimes free radical are greatly responsible for the development of cancer. The presence of poisonous gas, metals like led, Sulphur, CO, Industrial fumes, and inhalation of chemical vapor during working are the environmental factors that causes cancer. Recently a report was expressed where it mentioned that about 50% of world patients are suffering from cancer. Some chemicals derived from plant that cause the color of food items while processing. They possess antioxidant properties which is curable for the cancer. Recently research conducted on carotenoids searching for the preventive mood of lycopene against cancer. Some phytochemicals like isoflavones and genistein can block the development of prostate gland cancer. Lycopene is one kind of nutrients that deposited on some vital organs of the body and acts as a potential agent for the curing of cancer.

It is proved that leafy vegetables and colored fruits contains important elements like carotenoids that’s acts as a preventive agent for the cancer. Some fruits and vegetables that contains valuable ingredients that show prevention against cancer by blocking oxidation pathway which disrupts the DNA formation. Beta carotene is the important agents that hindrances the physiological pathway of cancer as well as other complication of the body. Long term inflammatory activity is linked with the major risk of cancer. It is also linked with the immune dysfunction which consider as the vulnerable agent of irregular cell division. Ginseng can be a better example which acts against inflammation that focused on fundamental pathway that turns into inflammation to the cancer consequences. Recently phytochemicals that have some anticancer properties draws supreme emphasis. Chemo destructing agents that are highly present in green vegetables and fruits that prevent cancer development pathway and the DNA mutation in the cell. Flavonoids that comes from fruits have great impact on cancer prevention by the blocking the major physiological pathway of cancer. Soy foods are the major sources of isoflavones and some ingredients that coming from food are the agents that exert preventive action against cancer. It is believed that saponins blocks the mutation pathway and the activity of tumor cells that initiate the physiologic pathway of cancer Teoh et al. [23].

Tannins is another compound that blocks the hazardous free radical and eliminates the cancer- causing agent from the body. Pectin is a dissolved fibrous compound that highly remain in apple that blocks the mutation process of prostate cancer and reduce the attachment of the cancerous cell to the other non-cancerous cell of the body. The risk of colorectal and lung cancer can be elevated by consuming fresh and green vegetables. Biologically transformed ingredients of those compound are highly effective for the curing of cancer. They hindrance the enzymatic pathway of that assist for the development of tumor in the vital organ of the digestive system. Garlic contains Sulphur and subsequent compound that mounting our immunity system and acts as a shield against cancer. Polyphenolic substances curcumin that comes from natural herbs and play an important role for the treatment of cancer because it is highly antioxidant. Frequently consumption fruits and vegetables that possesses different types of vitamins and minerals have a great impact on the pathophysiology of cancer. Based on broadly investigation it is proved that components come from tea as well as different minerals have great anticancer effect. Cancer is not effective in case of smokers though the intake natural nutrients through diet. Running clinical trials can be helpful to clarify the beneficial effect of chemotherapy. Consecutive investigation has been proved that chemical treatment and radiological treatment can be alternative approach for the treatment of cancer. Combination of those treatment can be effective and fruitful favorable steps for the prevention of some specific cancer. Several investigations have proved that the curable action of nutraceuticals against cancer should be more examined.

Eye Disorders and Nutraceuticals

Salubrious life leading and daily food habit enriched with such nutrients that acts as a preventive action against all types of disease as well as the eye defect related to the different stage of life. Nutraceuticals that are composed with high proportion of flavonoids of polyphenolic compound exert antioxidant property. Different types of herbal ingredients that comes from tea, vitamins as well as phenolic compound show antioxidant capacity that are useful in the treatment of eye disorder. Carotenoids that are highly distributed naturally in different area such as sea kingdom that possesses different useful biologically active compound that inhibit oxidative pathway and make a shield against sun ray thus protect the animal’s lives in sea and river. There is an antioxidant that provides strong shield to the eyes and reduce some common eye defect. Such antioxidant protects the heart from damage which occurs by the oxidation process. Few ingredients of those compound are so much protective for the central nerves and its branches from the birth related disorder and increase the immunity of body system. A specific carotenoid that are highly present in vegetables and fruits are beneficial for the curing of eye defect Andrew and Izzo [20].

Immune System and Nutraceuticals

There are number of nutraceuticals that have significant impact on the immune system improvement as well as show effectiveness to different disease circumstances. Nutraceuticals that are regarded as the immune system enhancer are useful for the development of immune system. They can be classified as extraction collected from different part of the plant like root, leaf, bark and other medicinal part of the plant. An herbal plant that possesses medicinal property which are well known in the middle Americas population in which they are abundantly available. Astragalus herbs and other variants are mostly effective for the improvement of the immunity system. These kinds of substances trigger the propagation and conversion of definite cells present in bone marrow that activate the immune system. Estrogens that are coming from plant are highly suggested for the treatment of variety of disease linked with improper balance of hormone. Isoflavones that are regarded as probable option which is now used as the treatment of hormone recovery treatment. Some ingredients that come from spicy and narcotic origin can simultaneously trigger and diminish the immune system. The impact of herbal and bacterial substances on the immunity system and GIT membrane capacity open a new hope for the application of nutraceuticals and useful bacteria combinedly. Intestinal friendly bacteria are useful in the treatment of diarrheal infection in case of infant and subsequent bacterial infection. Probiotics supplements can able to serve suitable signs for the specific tissue that increases the anti-inflammatory system. Probiotics helps to manage GIT environment and keep a balance to the useful and harmful bacteria. Proper utilization of those compound for the curing of some definite disease impresses the public about the concern of safety evaluation, declining the use of antibiotics whereas nutraceuticals can act as option for the curing of those disease as an optional therapy Rajasekaran et al. [4].

Inflammation and Nutraceuticals

Inflammation is a physiological response to the atmospheric factor of the cell while it is mechanically injured. There are several nutraceuticals that have great impact on the inflammation on the bone and the different join of the bone. They all are useful and compatible to the body but the effect can be altered due to the genetic factor. Some tiny nutrients that have been proven have an impact on inflammatory action. An agent derived from pet can exert a potential impact on the inflammatory pathway. Experts are able to find out a compound from the pet that are basically alkaloids in nature have the efficiency for the inflammatory action. But there are few compounds of those that are not properly dissolved in water show minor effect on the inflammatory disorder because of their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effect. A well-known component that derived from fruits block the enzymatic pathway and expand the length of life of some bacterial cell Tewari and Ramkrishna [22].

They act against inflammation and disease linked with fungus. There are several groups of fatty acids that display exemplary effect on physical defect through introducing triggering agent that act against the physiological pathway of inflammation. A specific acid is generated inside our body from different acids and some classes of fatty acids. A specific acid that is considered as nutraceuticals can be used for curing hazards which is associated with immunological disorder. Those acid is bio transformed and converted into an acid that further subjected to oxidation reaction through enzymatic pathway that exert inflammatory action. Nutraceuticals that derived from herbs can show efficacy for the treatment of immunologic disorder. Inflammation that occurs between the attachment of the two bones can impact numerous people. Recently it has been shown that the expenditure of the treatment of those disorder exceeds tremendous amount of money. Complication that comes from inflammation in joint of the bone may elevate physiological disorder that causes energy disruption and overweight. Overweight can increase the associated problem that adopt additional pressure on the joint of the bone. There are two specific amine and Sulphur containing nutraceuticals that are broadly used in the treatment of bone disorder. This compound modulates genetic recognition and synthesize anti-inflammatory agent that block the physiological pathway of the inflammation.

Parkinson’s Disease and Nutraceuticals

Parkinson’s disease is a malfunctioning defect associated with brain and spinal cord. This is a symptom that are associated with the dysfunction of the basic neurotransmitter. The major and objectionable physical complication is the difficulty in physical activation, muscle cramps, elevated acceleration in exercise etc. The primary symptoms of this disease are improper imagination and imbalance in behavior. Depressed mood is the major psychological complication that associated with the over sensitive and insomnia. This disease is commonly found in the aged people who are passing middle age of the life. Based on the ongoing research evidence it is established that there are no supervised nutrients that can prevent the Parkinson’s disease but there are some sources under investigation and trying to establish that those are effective for the prevention of the disease. Some vitamins and amino acids show exemplary effect on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Miscellaneous Complications and Nutraceuticals

A specific enzymatic process that lower down the physiological pathway in healthy humans. This substance is specific to the blood vessels that are formed just now while applying a mentionable amount don’t show any adverse effect exposing continuously. This compound can inhibit physiological disorders which have a link with the long-term physiological disruption. There is some biologically active compound that have probable action against those compounds. There is a compound that has a wide variety of therapeutic uses and act as a potential source of the various amino acids and vitamins and compound that contains phenol which possesses high amount of nutrition and widely used as therapeutic agent. Different segment of those plants triggering the function of the heart and systemic circulation destroy tumor cell, elevate fever, cardiovascular disease, and lowering the blood glucose level that prevent metabolic disorder Nasri et al. [26].

Challenges in Formulation of Nutraceuticals Dosage Form

Analytical Challenges

Nutraceuticals are of combination of different chemical compounds. For this reason, it is relatively tough to determine and measure the amount of the constituents among the nutraceuticals. Determining and selecting the adulterants in the nutraceuticals and conforming that these adulterants are not hostile to the users. Here conducting the analysis of the chemical structure of those compounds are comparatively tough during processing of the product.

Formulation Challenges in Case of Solid Dosage Form

Herbals and botanicals are composed of different chemical ingredients and possesses approximately fifty chemical compounds where seventy to ninety percent of the compound are chemically active and can be used in formulation. Chemical behavior of those nutraceutical compounds creates difficulties associated with molecular shape, flow property, compression behavior, moisture compatibility, reactivity of the components, dosage uniformity and other critical functional activity experiment as the plants and their extraction may differ depending upon the origin and where it is cultivated. Amount of every components are capable of serving plenty of useful constituents. Dosage dimension of the compounds that are pharmacologically beneficial is very spacious and thus there are a tiny place for the other additives in the extreme dosage form. In nutraceuticals dosage form there are numerous pharmacological compounds comparing to the conventional pharmaceutical dosage form.

This restricted dosage dimension basically limited the space for the additives in the final dosage form. Generally, a nutraceuticals dosage forms contain seventy to ninety percent of pharmacologically active compound with the proportion of other additives where the conventional dosage forms contains vice versa. The lesser additives and the diversity of the pharmacological compound present in a dosage form causes difficulties to achieve the targeted output including physical and all pharmacokinetic properties. Knowledgeable mapping during consideration of a solid dosage form should give priority for selecting appropriate tools and technique. Defending the formulation challenges nutraceuticals solid dosage forms are manufactured by adding inactive color which have opaque and gritty features that make it complicated during labeling. Incorporating components in the nutraceuticals formulation that naturally occurred which make it unprocessed, brittle, erosion, degradative which hamper the final dosage form. This sort of formulation difficulties may hamper the consistent use of nutraceuticals products.

Formulation Challenges in Case of Liquid Dosage Form

Majority of the nutraceuticals are phytochemicals, saturated fatty acids and vaporized oily compounds. In liquid dosage form the main raw materials is water which acts as a vehicle to contains the pharmacological ingredients and other additives. In such case it is difficult to formulate such dosage form. Some organic fatty acids remain unstable in such environment. The orally ingested useful bacteria face difficulties due to the lacking instability in the environment of gastrointestinal tract and their expected presence with the influence of highly gastric acid environment and biliary secretion. The amount of drug in the systemic circulation and the epithelium membrane penetration are another challenge for the formulation of liquid dosage form. Such systemic availability of those hydrophobic secondary enzyme which have antioxidative property could be challenge of this problem. Poor solubilization in water and dissolved mildly in gastrointestinal medium can be characterized by its high degree of hydrophobic nature. Permeation through the epithelium membrane is restricted by its high molecular mass. Some of the transferring enzyme and transport mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract may overcome those challenges which should be further investigation. The compatibility between the pharmacologically responsive substances and the different additives are another major consideration in the formulation of liquid dosage form.

Processing Challenges

There is widely diversity seen in a single formulation such as temperature, moist and photo reactivity is the major challenge in cage of processing activities. Probiotic coacervation method can be an example in this case where all the critical process parameters should be maintained within the specification. Biologically occurred, naturally and synthesized polymeric substances are utilized in such case. Physical and chemical characteristics of those components are given higher priority regarding processing. Defining the toxicological data is another challenge whether it is beneficial and safe to use by the consumers. Production and sanitization process, vehicle used as a liquid matrix, purification and toxicological profile and the technological support used the process are the prime considerations.

Psychological Challenges

Nutraceuticals producers have to isolate the substances and evaluate this in variety of way from the conventional food. Figuring out the commodities to pleasant taste and priorities to the consumers. Those could be given emphasis on the community those consume vegetables, cultural food of different religion, well known treatment process, addition of flavor and such formulation additives that represent the status of specific community and historic background. The selection of community on which the clinical investigation is to be conducted.

v

During the manufacturing and formulation of a nutraceutical’s dosage form it is a great challenge having scientifically proved evidence that contains sufficient data about the dosage form that is it is affordable, convenient, safety profile of the product, and all regulatory documents provided by the regulatory authority. Moreover, it should have pharmacological action of predetermined time frame. The necessity of complying with the challenges is to initiate a consistent product quality. This mechanistic approach should be implemented in an area which have a concrete and scientifically proved experimental approach that can established in an authentic way. Certified evidence is always required to pharmacologically active component and other compatible additives Chaudhari et al. [11].

Nutraceuticals Revolution

The trends of using nutraceuticals by the consumers started earlier during the eighty decades of twenty century and moving upwards while authentic and beneficial health impact had been proved and developed of the different dietary supplements and food ingredients which based on clinically investigation and relevant data had been published in a distinguished scientific journal. Besides this the healthcare professional started to trained up their subordinates and general people about the beneficial health impact of nutraceuticals against conventional dosage form through electronic print media.

Factors Affecting Revolution

Rectifying the recommendation of healthcare professional about the pharmacological advantage of the nutraceutical’s products mounting the global acceptance of the nutraceutical’s products. Nowadays the electronic and print media appeared as a preliminary reference as to broadcast the pharmacological aspects of nutraceuticals products. Electronic and print media is becoming the most strengthen and more versatile sector that acting the brand ambassador of the nutraceuticals products Pandey et al. [27].

Research and Development

The most necessity of the research and development in the nutraceuticals sector is to optimize the nutraceuticals dosage formulation by using sophisticated technology. Cautious development and execution of physical investigation serves the foundation of healthcare issue regarding nutraceuticals products that greatly systematic branding approach. Strengthen branding resources can play an important role to create a great image about nutraceuticals among the users. Augmenting advancement in science and technology can play an important role for healthcare management and pathophysiology of physical defects. This advancement can curtail the expenditure of treatment cost against physical disorder. This is mostly effective in case of old aged community. Besides this the technological advancement in the food sector that could permit the upgrading of the nutrients that are used to improve health status of the community who are aware about their health status Al Mahmud A et al. [28].

Role of Research and Development in Nutraceuticals

Research and development activities greatly impact the purification, peril, and amount of pharmacological responsive components are present in any nutraceutical samples. Development of safe, efficacious and affordable constituents from its natural source to be used more frequently in the subsequent dosage form. Introducing an experimental approach for conforming and authentication of the consistent incorporating of the constituents in the dosage form. Introducing novel and sophisticated formulation whether it is used the current components in the formulation or developing novel components to be used in the formulation Ahmad et al. [29].

Research in Nutrigenomic

Genomic scientific and technological approach bring close to identifying novel food components which is expected to have more beneficial health impact and curing of disease which is now consider the nutrients derived from natural origin and the technological method using nutraceuticals in genomic science is called nourishing genomic science. Nutraceutical genome science illustrated those three terminologies which are DNA, Amino acids polymer and metabolic substances as implemented in nutraceutical science. Nutraceuticals genomic science create a basis for establishing nutritional value implemented to the necessity of the users to lead a healthier, free of endanger and curing of disease. The terminology nutraceuticals genetics was first coined by a renowned scientist. Elevating the conceptual hazards about the lower blood glucose level. Nutraceuticals genomics science is the modern branch of nutritional technology that is linked between genome science and biological science in a single frame. Nutraceuticals genomic science is a novel branch of science the conjugate to the food and nutraceuticals components, physiological disorder and curing of the defect. The relation between nutrigenomics and branches of life sciences are shown in Figure 13 Gupta et al. [30].

Global Nutraceuticals Market

There are few renowned pharmaceuticals in the world are being diverted to the manufacturing of nutraceuticals product due to increasing the demand of it to the consumers. The FMCG manufacturers and pharmaceuticals industry playing an important role in the Indian nutraceuticals sectors. Specially the minor molecule that server the normal physiologic condition is capturing the major portion of Indian nutraceuticals market. The subsequent countries are USA and Japan whose appeared as the consecutive market holder among the global nutraceuticals market. But recently a statistical report given an assumption based on technical audit and supervision that China will take the leading position of the global nutraceuticals market because of their peoples growing awareness about manner of life and healthy diet. But in the case of European Union because of concrete regulatory and authentication process it is quite hindrance for the development of nutraceuticals sector. Nowadays the pharmaceuticals industry is chronologically giving emphasis to exploring the market size of current nutraceuticals products which triggering it to the users instead of emphasizing discovering and exploring the new nutraceuticals products. Recently based on authentic and concrete report it is stated that Indian nutraceuticals sectors are mounting dominantly. The current scenario of global nutraceuticals market is shown in Figure 14 Ganesh et al. [19].

Global Regulatory Scenario of Nutraceuticals

The strategic steps towards controlling and branding of nutraceuticals are significantly varied worldwide. This is broadly because of obstacles in categorizing those products, lacks of suitable regulation for this conjugate products and changing points that are emphasized lacking of plenty of documented evidence to summarize this aspect. In this regard there is monitoring and controlling approach that clarify and consistently linked with nutraceuticals products. Majority of the countries those conjugated products are pushed to include current recognized foods and medicines and observed in a current regulation class which have concrete and defined regulation approach. Such example in case of USA nutraceuticals where nutraceuticals are controlled as dietary supplements a specific type of products which are categorized into general classification of foods. While they are controlled as naturally occurring healthcare products categorized as a branch of natural compounds in Canada. The state consideration of those products and regulation process across the predetermined regulatory regime is given in Table 6 Ahmad et al. [29].

Marketed Nutraceuticals

There are number of marketed nutraceuticals products which are produced for healthcare purpose by many pharmaceuticals which is given in Table 5 Sharma et al. [7].

Future Aspects

Increasing consciousness about the lifestyle and health highlighted by satellite and electronic print media it is forcing the people to lead a healthier lifestyle, practicing more exercise and eating healthy food. Flourishing in the nutraceutical market day by day it gives us message that people wants to minimize the processed food in their daily diet with extra nutritional additives and organoleptic properties. This circumstance leads to exploring the global nutraceutical market. The exploring nutraceuticals market are giving focus to occupy this new challenge. Its revolutionary growth giving implications for the food, pharmaceuticals, healthcare and agricultural industries. Most of the scientists now believing that enzymes indicate another important issue in nutraceutical industry. Now it is a target to minimize genetic disorder by using nutraceuticals is another area of concern Kumar and Kumar [31].

Conclusion

Nutraceuticals serves all the necessary nutrients which should be present in daily diet for leading healthy life and prevention of disease. From the above study it can be concluded that a number of chemical constituents are present in natural sources which can be turned into various safe optimized and stable formulation for the treatment and prevention of disease. Nutraceuticals, particularly those derived from phytochemical plant extracts, are becoming increasingly prevalent in both the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their potential health benefits Bellah et al.; Howlader et al.; Momin et al. and Faysal Bellah et al. [32-35]. These bioactive compounds, often found in plants, are being explored for their ability to contribute to the development of new and effective nutraceutical products. However, to fully realize their potential, it is essential to properly investigate the sources of these phytochemicals to ensure their availability, safety, and efficacy. Modern tools, techniques, and extraction processes should be employed to optimize the isolation of these plant-based bioactives, surpassing traditional drug synthesis methods Ashrafudoulla et al.; Rezaul et al. and Ferdous et al. [36-39]. This would enable more efficient production, as well as the development of safer and more effective nutrients. The availability of manufacturing facilities is another issue. The world’s regulatory authority should give more emphasis for the manufacturing of nutraceuticals products than conventional medicine. In this case the law and regulations should be properly occupied, which will be flexible for the manufacturing and marketing of the nutraceutical product. The competitive market growth should be properly analyzed, and the larger sharer should be encouraged to manufacture more nutraceuticals products.

Acknowledgments

We thank members of our groups for insightful discussions during this study.

References

1. Berger E, Fong W, Chaornock R (2013) An r-process Kilonova associated with the short-hard GRB 130603B. Astrophys J Lett 774(2): L23.
2. Siegel E (2015) The Cosmic origin story of gold.
3. Bayda S, Adeel M, Tucciardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio F (2019) The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology: From chemical-physical application to nanomedicine. Molecules 25(1): 112.
4. Gnach A, Lipinski T, Bednorklewicz A, Rybka J, Capobianco JA (2015) Up Converting nano-particles: Assessing the toxicity. Chem Socy Rev 44(6): 1561-1584.
5. Alivistos A P (1996) Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals and quantum dots. Science 271(5251): 933-937.
6. Rad AG, Abbasi H, Afzali MH (2011) Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterizing and Reviewing novel application in recent years. Physics Procedia 22: 203-208.
7. Xi Z, Zhang R, Kiess K, Fabian Z, Twan K, et al. (2024) Role of surface curvature in Gold Nanostar properties and applications. ACS Biomaterial Sci Engg 10(1): 38-50.
8. Brill RH (1965) The chemistry of the Lycurgus Cup in Proc. 7^th Int Cong Glass Bruxelles, Section B, 223(1).
9. Barbar DJ, Freestone IC (1990) An investigation of the origin of the colour of the Lycurgus. Archaeometry 32(1): 33-45.
10. Hornyak GL, Patrissi CJ, Oberhauser EB (1997) The Use of Metal Nanoparticles to Produce Yellow, Red and Iridescent Colour, from Bronze Age to Present Times in Lustre Pottery and Glass: Solid State Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Nanostructure. Nano Struc Matter 9: 571.
11. Kokarneswaran M, Selvarej P, Ashokan T, Perumal S, Sellappan P, et al (2020) Discovery of Carbon nanotubes in 6^th century BC Potteries from Keeladi, India. Scientific Reports Nature 10: 19786.
12. Arantegui JP, Molera J, Larrea A, Pradell T, Saz MV, et al. (2004) Luster pottery from the thirteenth century to the sixteenth century: a nanostructured thin metallic film. J Am Ceram Soc 84(2): 442-446.
13. Padovani S, Sada C, Mazzoldi P, Brunetti B, Borgia I, et al. (2003) Copper in glazes of Renaissance luster pottery: Nanoparticles, ions, and local environment. J Appl Phys 93: 10058-10063.
14. Arnold DE (2005) Mayan Blue and Polygorskite: a second possible pre-Columbian source. Ancient Mesoamerica 16(1): 51-62.
15. Heiligtag FJ, Niederberger M (2013) The fascinating world of nanoparticle research. Matter Today 16(7-8): 262-271.
16. Sudha P N, Sangeetha K, Vijayalakshmi K, Barhoum A (2018) Nanomaterials history, classification, unique properties, production and model. Chapter 12 in Engineering application of Nanoparticles and Architectural Nanostructures. Elsevier, pp: 341-376.
17. Kumar N, Kumbhat S (2010) Essentials in nano science and nano technology. (In: 1^st edition), Wiley, USA.
18. Feynman R P (1960) There’s plenty of room at the bottom. Engg Sci 23: 22-36.
19. Taniguchi N (1974) On the basic concept of Nano-technology. In: Proc Int Conf Prod Engg Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, Tokyo, Japan.
20. Rafique M, Tahir MB, Rafique MS, Hamza M (2020) History and Fundamentals of Nanoscience and nano technology, in Nano Technology and Photo-catalysis for Environmental application. Elsevier Inc, pp. 1-25.
21. Faraday M (1857) The Bakenian Lecture: Experimental relations of gold (and other materials) to light. Philos Trans Roy Socy Lond 147: 145-181.
22. History and Scope, Classification of nanostructured materials. PSCMR college of Engg Tech, Andhra Pradesh, India.
23. Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, et al. (2004) Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single walled carbon nanotube fragments. J Am Chem Socy 126: 12736-12737.
24. Baker SN, Baker GA (2010) Luminescent carbon nanodots: Emergente nanolights. Angew Chem Socy Inst Ed England 49(38): 6726-6744.
25. Morton W, Joyce C, Taylor J, Ryan M, Uberti SA, et al (2023) Modeling Au Nanostar Geometry in Bulk Solutions. J Phys Chem C 127(3): 1680-1686.
26. Niu W, Chua YA, Zhang W, Huang H, Lu X (2015) Highly symmetric Gold Nanostars: Crystallographic control and surface enhanced Raman Scattering property. J Am Chem Socy 137(33):10460-10463.
27. Nehl C, Liao H, Hafner JH (2006) Optical properties of star-shaped gold nanoparticles. Nano Letters 6(4): 683-688.
28. Nikelshparg EI, Prikhozhdenko ES, Verkhovskii RA, Atkin VS, Khanadeev VA, et al. (2021) Live cell Poration by Au Nanostars to probe intracellular molecular composition with SERS. Nanomaterials 11(10): 2588.
29. Schlücker S (2009) SERS Microscopy: Nanoparticle Probes and Biomedical Applications. Chem Phys Chem 10(9-10): 1344-1354.
30. Kneipp J, Kneipp H, McLaughlin M, Brown D, Kneipp K (2006) In Vivo Molecular Probing of Cellular Compartments with Gold Nanoparticles and Nanoaggregates. Nano Lett 6(10): 2225-2231.
31. Yashchenok A, Masic A, Gorin D, Shim BS, Kotov NA, et al. (2013) Nanoengineered Colloidal Probes for Raman-based Detection of Biomolecules inside Living Cells. Small 9(3): 351-356.
32. Garcia VC, Strobbia P, Crawford BM, Wang H, Ngo H, et al. (2021) Plasmonic nanoplatforms: From surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing to biomedical applications. J Raman Spectrosc 52(2): 541-553.
33. Panikkanvalappil SR, Hira SM, Mahmoud MA, Sayed MAE (2014) Unraveling the Biomolecular Snapshots of Mitosis in Healthy and Cancer Cells Using Plasmonically-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 136(45): 15961-15968.
34. Sun H, Jia J, Jiang C, Zhai S (2018) Gold nanoparticle-induced cell death and potential application in nanomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 19(3): 754.
35. Schaeublin NM, Braydich-Stolle LK, Maurer EI, Park K, MacCuspie RI, et al. (2012) Does shape matter? Bioeffects of gold nanoparticles in a human skin cell model. Langmuir 28(6): 3248-3258.
36. Magri Z (2023) Cell death is essential to your health-an immunologist explains when cells decide to die with a bang or take their quiet leave.

-->