Research Article

Cohort Study of Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Cavery Delta Districts of Tamil Nadu

Krishna Kumar S^1*, Richa Sood², Selvaraj P¹, Jayalakshmi K¹ and Ranjith Kumar M¹

¹Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, India

Submission:August 01, 2019;Published: August 29, 2019

*Corresponding author: Krishna Kumar S, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, India

How to cite this article:Krishna Kumar S, Richa Sood, Selvaraj P, Jayalakshmi K, Ranjith Kumar M. Cohort Study of Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Cavery Delta Districts of Tamil Nadu. 2019; 5(2): 555659. DOI: 10.19080/ARR.2019.04.555659

Abstract

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a Sheep derived lethal viral disease mainly affecting Bovidae, cervids and other ruminant species. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) are the two most widely prevalent causative organisms for tropical MCF. Wildebeest associated MCF (WA-MCF) in cattle is prevalent in African sub-continent. The OvHV-2 is prevalent in domestic sheep as a sub-clinical infection and causes sheep associated MCF (SA-MCF) in susceptible ruminants. In India, the detection of cases of SA-MCF in cattle and OvHV-2 infection in sheep during the last decade has established the presence of the virus in native sheep of the country. The present study documents the presence of bovine MCF in Cavery delta districts of Tamilnadu.

Keywords: Bovine; Malignant catarrhal fever; Ovine origin; Tamilnadu

Introduction

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is usually a fatal disease of bovids, cervids and certain other susceptible ruminant species. MCF primarily affects the lymphoid organs, respiratory and alimentary tracts which is characterized by high fever, in appetence, ocular and nasal discharge, kerato-conjunctivitis with corneal opacity and enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes. Death may occur within few days or several weeks after the onset of clinical signs [1]. In the regions of African sub-continent, AlHV-1 naturally infects wildebeest and causes wildebeest associated MCF (WA-MCF) in cattle while the OvHV-2 infects domestic sheep as a sub-clinical infection and causes sheep associated MCF (SA-MCF) in susceptible cattle in tropical countries. Virus are excreted through nasal and ocular secretions mainly, but also reported in faeces and semen. Close contact of susceptible species with sheep may result in SA -MCF.

Materials and methods

An 18 months old crossbred Holstein Friesian heifer was referred to the Large animal Medicine Referral clinic of the Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Tamilnadu. India. Upon Clinical examination it had pyrexia (41.5 ℃), highly enlarged pre scapular lymph nodes and bilateral corneal opacity. Systemic examination was unremarkable. Clinical samples like whole blood in EDTA, clotted blood in serum activator tubes and peripheral blood smears were collected and analyzed. Clinical samples were also collected from co - habituating sheep population where the affected cattle were reared. Complete blood count, biochemical tests and blood protozoan screening were done. Data like geolocation, season and farming details were collected and analyzed (Figure 1).

In this way, the validity and reliability of inertial movement analysis during sprinting and changes of directions were positively evaluated Meylan, McKean [11]. Moreover, Galé- Ansodi, Langarika-Rocafort, Usabiaga, Castellano [12] have shown the reliability of this type of GPS was adequate also in tennis tasks. The tennis players and their parents were informed of the purpose, procedures, and potential risks involved in this study, and written informed consent was provided by both, due to players were under the age of 18. The Ethic Committee of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) gave its institutional approval of the study. All the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. The data are expressed as mean, percentage (%) and standard deviation (±SD).

A 5ml of blood was collected aseptically from jugular vein from both Cattle and Sheep (reared near the affected cow) and kept in refrigerated temperature until processing.

Separation of sera

Clotted blood was collected in clot activator tubes and kept in slanting position for 15 minutes. Serum was separated by centrifuging the clotted blood at 3000rpm for 10min and sera were inactivated by keeping it at 56 ℃ for 30min.

Separation of pbl and dna isolation

Leucocytes were separated as per the procedure adopted earlier. 2ml of whole blood collected in di potassium EDTA and tube was centrifuged at 1000rpm for 20min. The buffy coat was collected, and erythrocyte lysis buffer was added at a ratio of 1:2. After keeping for 10min at room temperature, centrifuged at 2000rpm for 10min. The supernatant was decanted, and the process was repeated till complete lysis of RBC. Finally, the pellet was re suspended with 2ml of sterile PBS and stored at -86 ℃ until analysis. Hemi-nested PCR were performed as described earlier [2].

Results and Discussion

The affected cow was found to have head and eye form of MCF as it had signs like pyrexia (41.5 ℃), anorexia, enlargement of lymph node, progressive corneal opacity and necrosis of nasal mucosa. Upon history and clinical signs, the cow was tentatively diagnosed to have MCF. As blood protozoal screen was negative, hemoparasitic disease was ruled out. The animal was treated with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and fluid therapies. On third day of the clinical course, the animal died. The farmer was unwilling for a postmortem. In previous study, progression of corneal edema correlated well with disease outcome, and that non improvement of uveitis was considered as a bad prognostic sign [3]. The same was observed in this case study also. Complete blood count showed no major abnormalities (Table 1). Total protein was 5.7 with a globulin value of 3.4 (Table 2). From the PCR tests, the animal was confirmed for ovHV-2 in whole blood sample and the six samples from sheep were negative for MCF by outer and nested Polymerase chain reaction (Figure 2).

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the “IMA” patterns of young tennis players in official matches using GPS. The results showed that the most common plane of movement in tennis players was the vertical axis. This fact could be due to tennis players use to take off their feet from the ground to hit the ball and bending to start running, according to Davies, Young, Farrow and Bahnert [13], who showed that football players performed greater values on the vertical axis of the movement as a result of the number of sprints done. Therefore, it seems to be accepted that the accelerations and sprints collaborate to achieve high values in the displacements realized on the vertical axis. Taking into account the number of accelerations, the results showed that lateral displacement overcome the rest of movements developed in other directions.

These results were similar to Weber, Pieper y Exler [14], who founding that the 71,8 % of tennis players’ movements were covered parallel to back line. In this line, Fernandez-Fernandez, and Méndez-Villanueva [15] concluded that tennis players developed four changes of direction per each point. Finally, there were a great number of high accelerations (>1.0 m·s-2) which took place to forward. On the contary, lateral accelerations were more common than forward acceleration at low and medium intensity, according to Hoppe, Baumgart, and Freiwald [16] where adults tennis players covered a great number of accelerations (>4m·s-2) to forward. Further literature should focus on “IMA” patterns to improve tennis players’ performance because a wide knowledge about this kind of patterns of movement would allow coaches to design specific training programs.

In the current study, the availability of plenty of paddy field attracts migratory sheep populations and then pose threat to the Bovidae. Young Sheep (9-12 months) generally have higher prevalence of MCF and it spreads the disease to the neighboring susceptible population. Samples from sheep showed negative for MCF since Infectious OvHV-2 is present in ovine nasal secretions but appears to be difficult to isolate from this source, since the period of virus shedding is short for any given animal [4,5].

Sheep could act as a potential source of infection for the clinically susceptible species and to the remaining reservoir population [6,7]. India has large susceptible population species and mixed livestock farming system practiced will increases the chances of close contact of carrier animals like sheep and goat with susceptible animals while co-habituating or during community grazing. The level of total protein along with higher globulin levels indicates the chronic nature of the disease (Figure 3).

Conclusion

SA-MCF is pandemic in nature of its distribution and has shown its presence in India also. SA-MCF is an emerging and an economically important disease of cattle and is particularly significant in the Indian context where mixed farming is advocated commonly. Due to its sporadic nature and overlapping clinical signs with hemoprotozoan diseases, the disease is underestimated among veterinarians, researchers and policy makers in India. With development of PCR based assays and their improved versions make easier to know about the epidemiology of MCF in India. Sero and molecular surveillance of this disease will provide the epidemiology of MCF and its impact on livestock health and productivity. Avoiding of grazing both cattle and Sheep in the same place will reduce the epidemic of MCF in India.

Acknowledgement

1. The authors expressed their sincere thanks to Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai -51,

2. The Director, National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Anand Nagar, Bhopal- 462 022 (MP), INDIA.

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