Research Article

Palliative Percutaneous Transhepatic Placement of Plastic Biliary Stents 7 and 10 French for the Treatment of Malignant Biliary Obstruction: A Primary Patency Comparison

Thiago Franchi Nunes¹*, Tiago Kojun Tibana¹, Reinaldo Moraes Neto¹, Gustavo Andrade² and Joaquim Maurício da Motta Leal Filho³

¹Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian (HUMAP), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Brazil

²AngioRad–Interventional Radiology, Brazil

³Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil

Submission:June 16, 2022; Published:June 23, 2022

*Corresponding author:Thiago Franchi Nunes, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian (HUMAP), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Av. Senador Filinto Müller, 355, Vila Ipiranga, 79080-190 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil

How to cite this article:Thiago F N, Tiago K T, Reinaldo M N, Gustavo A, Joaquim M d M L F. Palliative Percutaneous Transhepatic Placement of Plastic Biliary Stents 7 and 10 French for the Treatment of Malignant Biliary Obstruction: A Primary Patency Comparison.Adv Res Gastroentero Hepatol, 2022; 18(5): 556000. DOI: 10.19080/ARGH.2022.18.556000.

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the primary patency of 7F vs 10F plastic biliary stents (PBS) placed by percutaneous transhepatic technique in two cohort of patients that received palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction.

Materials and Methods: From January/2016 to April/2020, 34 patients who were admitted to a tertiary academic center because of malignant biliary obstruction were enrolled in a prospective non-randomized study. Between January/2016 to December/2018, 7F PBS implants were performed and between January/2019 to January /2021, 10F PBS implants were performed.

Results: The technical successful rates of PBS 7F and 10F were 100% (16/16) and 100% (18/18), respectively (P=1.000). The primary patency was 153.2days for 7F PBS and 230.3days for 10F prosthesis, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.014). The average survival time in the group of patients who used the 7F prosthesis was 230.0days and that of the 10F prosthesis was 242.0days, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.840). For 7F and 10F groups, stent dysfunctions were found in 7 and 4 patients, respectively (43.7% vs 22%, P=0.434). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of serious adverse events.

Conclusions: 10F plastic stents had a longer duration of patency than 7F which recommends their use in the palliative treatment of patients with biliary obstruction due to malignant biliary obstruction.

Keywords: Obstructive jaundice; Biliary obstruction; Percutaneous drainage; Biliary stent; Radiology; Interventional radiology

Key Points: The 10F plastic stents had a longer duration of patency than 7F which recommends their use in the palliative treatment of patients with biliary obstruction due to malignant biliary obstruction.

Abbreviations: PBS: Plastic Biliary Stents; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; PTBD: Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage; SEMS: Self-Expanding Metal Stents; PTH: Percutaneous Transhepatic; SOJ: Symptomatic Obstructive Jaundice; US: Ultrasound; CT: Computed Tomography; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; PBS: Plastic Biliary Stents; SEMS: Self-Expanding Metal Stents

Introduction

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the usual ap¬proach for patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction [1]. However, even when performed by experienced endoscopists, ERCP has a failure rate of 3-12% [2]. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) can be used for patients with distal and proximal malignant biliary obstruction or in cases where ERCP fails or cannot be performed, with excellent results [3,4]. Regarding palliative treatment, a meta-analysis published in 2017 showed that, as compared to plastic biliary stents (PBS), self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are associated with longer stent patency and duration of symptomatic improvement, less late complications and reinterventions, but without impact in overall survival [5]. Due to SEMS cost 15 to 40 times more than most PBS, SEMS seems to be less cost-effective in patients with life expectancy lower than four months [6].

Recently, Nunes TF et al. [7] described a novel technique of percutaneous transhepatic (PTH) placement of a 7 French (F) PBS with 100% of primary patency in 90days, with a mean follow-up of 349.4days, for palliative malignant biliary obstruction. In case of advanced unresectable hilar malignancies, palliation with PTBD seems to be superior to ERCP [1,8]. Newly, Nunes TF et al. started to use a 10F instead of 7F PBS for PTBD of palliative malignant biliary obstruction and it seems better results were achieved [9]. The purpose of this study was to compare the primary patency of 7F vs10F plastic biliary stents placed by percutaneous transhepatic technique in two cohort of patients that received palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction.

Materials and Methods

Study design

This was a retrospective, open-label, double-arm, singlecenter of a cohort of patients with malignant biliary obstruction undergoing PTH placement of a PBS to relieve obstruction. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (CAAE: 22858019.5.0000.0021) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Patient selection

Eligible participants were all patients with symptomatic obstructive jaundice (SOJ) related to malignant biliary obstruction who underwent PBS from January 1, 2016, to April 30, 2020, for palliative treatment (Figure 1). Between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018, 7F PBS implants were performed and from January 1, 2019 until January 1 2021, the 10F PBS. The patients were evaluated with ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the results of the exams were discussed in an Oncology Board to define tumor resectability or not. Although in the initial sample there were a significant number of patients with obstructive jaundice associated with metastatic disease, we chose to select only patients with primary unresectable disease, since the main objective of the study is to assess the primary patency between the two prostheses. Data were collected from the patients’ electronic medical records, diagnostic imaging tests, and laboratory tests. All PBS placement procedures were performed by a single interventional radiologist with 10 years of experience in biliary interventions procedures, assisted by two residents in interventional radiology.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in table 1.

Level of obstruction

To determine and classify the level of obstruction we decided to use a modified Bismuth-Cortelle classification [10].

Institutional protocol in the approach of obstructive jaundice

The protocol in our institution for patients with high obstructive jaundice (e.g., malignant lesions, Bismuth type II, III, or IV) is transhepatic PBS placement and cholangiobiopsy with reassessment by the endoscopy team after 3 months. Low obstructive jaundice (e.g., malignant lesions, Bismuth type I) cases are referred for endoscopic biliary drainage and, if unsuccessful, they are referred to the interventional radiology unit. The same protocol is adopted for benign lesions. Three months after biliary drainage with a PBS, patients are referred to the endoscopy unit for assessment of the position of the previous transhepatically placed stent and possible removal in benign cases. If malignancy is confirmed, the stent should be replaced with a new plastic or metal stent based on the availability of materials. For patients with signs of cholangitis, which was an exclusion criterion in the present study, in addition to a PBS, an intrahepatic 8F external pigtail catheter was also placed until the infectious process resolved.

Technical description

Patients received cefazolin 1g intravenously, but patients with a history of biliary intervention received cefotetan 2g intravenously. Local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine (10mL) was administered at the percutaneous puncture site previously determined on imaging tests under conscious sedation. Ultrasound-guided PTH puncture of a peripheral bile duct was performed with a 17 Gauge (G) x 10.6cm coaxial needle (Argon Medical Devices, Inc.) and a 5F radial sheath (Radifocus Introducer II, Terumo^®, Tokyo, Japan). Cholangiography using a common contrast medium (iohexol - Omnipaque^™ 300, GE Healthcare, Milan, Italy, diluted 1:1 with saline) was then performed to visualize the location of obstruction. Palliative percutaneous transhepatic placement of plastic biliary stents 7 and 10F (Flexima, Boston Scientific^®) for the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction were performed according to previously described techniques [7,9]. Briefly, the obstruction was transposedcrossed with a 0.035” hydrophilic guidewire and a 5F vertebral diagnostic catheter (Boston Scientific^®, Marlborough, MA, USA), until its distal end was positioned in the duodenum, preferably near the angle of Treitz. We distended the entire duodenal lumen with approximately 25mL of contrast agent diluted in 100mL of 0.9% saline (total of 125mL) for better visualization of the duodenal sweep and planning of the placement of the PBS. The hydrophilic guidewire was then replaced with a 0.035” stiff guidewire (Amplatz Super Stiff, Boston Scientific^®), and the diagnostic catheter was removed. The 5F sheath was replaced with an 8F (when the 7F PBS was used) or a 10F (when the 10F PBS was used) femoral sheath (Radifocus Introducer II, Terumo^®) to insert the PBS. The PBS, together with the delivery system, was inserted over the stiff guidewire by the 8-10F sheath. The 8-10F sheath was pulled to an estimated distance of 3.0cm above (proximal) the bifurcation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (toward the puncture site) to correctly position the proximal end of the PBS so that it was not detached with inside the sheath. At this point, the stiff guidewire was completely removed to improve lodging and anchorage of the distal end of PBS in the duodenum. After this step, the PBS began to be released by unscrewing the outer part of the delivery system counterclockwise (4 turns) and then removing the entire delivery system. Upon removal of the delivery system, we ensured adequate distal anchorage of the PBS within the duodenum and proximal anchorage along the radiopaque portion. The PBS lengths were chosen according to the level of obstruction.

After the endo of the procedures, we leave the introducer (7Fr or 10Fr) for a period between 6 and 12 hours until its removal at the bedside and a compressive local dressing, in order to reduce immediate complications, such as biloma and/or perihepatic hematomas.

Technical and clinical success, and patency

Technical success was defined as adequate PBS deployment, with one post papillary end and the other pre tumor, with adequate drainage of the bile duct as determined by cholangiography after the procedure and abdominal radiographs. Clinical success was based on the improvement of symptoms (pruritus, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, choluria, and fecal acholia) and defined as a reduction by at least 30% in the level of total bilirubin within 2weeks after stenting. Primary patency was defined as the period from stent insertion to stent dysfunction, patient death, or the date of the last follow-up.

Definition of stent occlusion

Stent dysfunction was defined as a recurrence of jaundice and/ or cholangitis due to tumor growth (ingrowth or overgrowth), sludge, stent migration, or other reasons. Stent failure was assumed when two of the three criteria were fulfilled: 1 - Ultrasound showing new dilation of intra-hepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts; 2 - Bilirubin ≥ 2mg/dl with increase ≥ 1mg/dl compared with the value after initial successful drainage, or elevation of alkaline phosphatase and/or gamma glutamyl transferase more than twice the normal value with an increase of at least 30U/l; 3 - Signs of cholangitis (fever and leukocyte count > 10 × 109/l or C-reactive protein > 20mg/dl). In case of stent dysfunction, the PBS was replaced by a SEMS.

Follow‐up

For both groups, post-stenting follow-up was routinely performed at 2weeks, 1 and 3months, and then every 3months, and included physical examination, CT scan, and liver function test. The follow-up time was 24months for both groups, although the periods for performing the procedure were at different times. The patients were advised to visit the hospital any time if they experienced recurrent cholangitis or any obstructive jaundice symptom. At month 3, the PBS was assessed by the endoscopy team, the endoscopic approach stent aimed the replacement of the previous percutaneously placed stent with an endoscopically placed plastic or metal biliary stent. Endoscopic access was gained to the major duodenal papilla using an Olympus TJF-150 duodenoscope, with the patient in prone position and under deep sedation administered by an anesthesiologist. Stents were removed by grasping the distal end of the stent and withdrawing it using a polypectomy snare. In cases of stent replacement, selective cannulation of the bile duct was performed with a 0.035” hydrophilic guidewire (Hydra Jagwire, Boston Scientific^®) guided by an Olympus Clever Cut 3V sphincterotome, 50% iodinated contrast solution injection for cholangiography, papillotomy, and placement of a Boston Scientific Flexima 10Fr plastic stent or a Wall Flex Biliary RX self-expanding metal stent.

Endpoints

The main endpoint was to compare the primary patency of percutaneous transhepatic placement of two different sizes of PBS, 7 and 10F, for the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. The secondary endpoints included technical success, clinical success, adverse events, and survival.

Adverse events and complications

Complications were classified according to the 6-grade CIRSE classification system [11].

Statistical analysis

Data were entered into the Excel program and later exported to the IBM SPSS statistics version 20.0 program for statistical analysis. The symmetry of the variable was assessed using the Kolmorogov Smirnov test. Quantitative variables with symmetric distribution were described by means and standard deviations and compared by Student`s test for independent samples. Categorical variables were described by frequencies and percentages and compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher`s exact test according to application conditions. Patency and survival time were analyzed using the Kaplan Meier analysis and the log rank test was used to compare survival curves. Cox regression was used to adjust the relationships between the prostheses and the patient`s survival for potential confounding factors (including those factors with a statistically significant difference between the groups). A significance level of 5% was considered, and differences were considered statistically significant when the P-value was ≤ 0.05.

Results

Baseline

F: French; SD: Standard Deviation; PBS: Plastic Biliary Stent; SEMS: Self-expanding Metal Stent; Categorical variables associated by the Chisquare test or Fisher’s exact test and quantitative by Studenst’s test for independent samples.

Data were collected for 34 patients, 14 females, with a mean age of approximately 65years (range from 49 to 88years, standard deviation 7years). Of the 34 patients, 16 (47.1%) used the 7F prosthesis and 18 (52,9%) used the 10F prosthesis. Considering the pre-procedure variables (baseline), when comparing the groups, there were no statistically significant differences for age, sex, level of obstruction (Bismuth), total bilirubin, site of drainage and anticancer therapy, demonstrating the homogeneity between the groups studied. Table 2 shows all the results.

Technical success

The technical successful rates of PBS 7F and 10F were 100% (16/16) and 100% (18/18), respectively (P = 1.000). The lengths of both stents were 12cm. All stents in the 7F and 10F group were inserted unilaterally using the right side (Table 2).

Stent patency

The primary patency was 153.2days for 7F PBS (95% confidence interval: 130.5 to 175.9days) (Figure 2) and 230.3days for 10F prosthesis (95% confidence interval: 214.0 to 246.7days) (Figure 3) with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.014) (Figure 4).

Stent dysfunction

For groups 7F and 10F, stent dysfunctions were found in 7 and 4 patients, respectively (43.7% vs 22%, P=0.434). Among these 11 patients, nine had sludge and 2 had tumor growth. Tumor growth and sludge were treated with SEMS insertion trans hepatically (N=7) and endoscopically (N=4). In the PBS 7F group, the earliest dysfunction occurred 95 days after stent implantation, whereas in the 10F group, the earliest stent dysfunction occurred 170 days after implantation, therefore almost twice as long.

Survival

The median survival time in the group of patients who used the 7F prosthesis was 230.0days (95% confidence interval: 176.7 to 283.0 days) and the 10F prosthesis was 242.0days (95% confidence interval: 206.1 278.0days) with no statistically significant difference (P=0.840). In the presence of a statistically significant difference between the two groups for total bilirubin 30-60 days after PBS implantation, adjustments of patient survival comparisons for this factor were performed using Cox Regression. Comparing patients who used 7F PBS and 10F in regarding survival, there is still no significant difference after adjusting for total bilirubin after 30-60 days (P=0.236).

Adverse events and complications

In the group of patients who used 7F PBS, adverse events included cholangitis (n=1) and self-limited bleeding (n=1). In the group of patients using 10F PBS, adverse events included selflimited bleeding (n=1), perihepatic bilioma (n=1) and pancreatitis (n=1).

Discussion

The introduction of the transhepathic percutaneous insertion technique of endoscopic plastic biliary prostheses has determined potential advantages in terms of feasibility, safety, and effectiveness [7]. We believe that patients who will benefit most from this technique are those with unresectable malignancy who had failed endoscopic therapy (ERCP), those with hilar lesions, and cases of diagnostic uncertainty about the cause of obstruction. Our results demonstrated technical and clinical success in 100% of patients in both groups (7F versus 10F plastic prostheses). The primary patency was significantly higher in the group that used 10F PBS with 230.3days (95% confidence interval: from 214.0 to 246.7days) versus 153.2days (95% confidence interval: 130.5 to 175.9days) of the 7F prosthesis (P=0.014). In the 7F PBS group, the earliest dysfunction occurred 95 days after the stent implantation, whereas in the 10F group, the earliest stent dysfunction occurred 170 days after implantation, therefore almost twice as long. Around 170days after implantation, practically when all 7F stents were already occluded, 10F stents started to obstruct / occlude. We also note that the need to replace PBS with self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) was greater in the group that used 7F, 43% vs 25%, due to the greater number of obstructions. Another indication of the superiority, in terms of longer patency of 10F PBS over the 7F.

There were 2 complications in both groups, they were all minor complications. Cholangitis and self-limited bleeding were treated conservatively with increased antibiotic therapy time in the first case and observation and clinical control in the second. In the case of bilioma, treatment was successfully performed by percutaneous drainage. One patient with pancreatitis was not submitted to additional treatment, but there was an extension in the hospital stay by 7days. For those patients in whom the biliary drainage procedure is part of palliative treatment and which aims to keep the bile duct open while the patient is alive (life expectancy from 3months to 1year), the ideal scenario is for the patient to do just one procedure and keep the bile duct open until death. In this sense, the use of PBS 10F was more efficient than 7F.

Doctor N et al. [12] was the first author to describe the PTBD insertion technique of PBS (prosthesis caliber ranging from 7 to 14 F) with its initial results of 54 cases presenting a technical success rate of 89% (48 / 54) and primary patency around 80% of biliary prostheses in 270 days. In his cohort, he obtained 12 PBS occlusions (two early <30days and ten late> 30days) and in 100% (2/2) of early occlusions and 80% (8/10) of late occlusions, we observed that the caliber of PBS were 7F. The complication rate was 24%, the most common complication being cholangitis and the median survival for patients with palliation was approximately 3 months [13].

Regarding palliative treatment, a meta-analysis published in 2017 [4] showed that, as compared to plastic biliary stents (PBS), self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) are associated with longer stent patency and duration of symptomatic improvement, less late complications and reinterventions, but without impact in overall survival [5]. One important limitation of SEMS use with biliary obstruction is the high upfront cost associated with their use. Therefore, if we have a PBS that manages to have the same length of time as a SEMS, with similar numbers of interventions and complications, it will be more cost-effective.

Perhaps the access route may have an influence on the duration of prosthesis. Duan et al. [4] raised the hypothesis in their metaanalysis that the endoscopic approach did not show significant advantages over the percutaneous approach. PTBD resulted in a better rate of therapeutic success and a lower incidence of complications, leakage of intraperitoneal bile, mortality in 30 days, sepsis, and duodenal perforation, compared to ERCP. Regarding cholangitis and pancreatitis, PTBD has also proved to be a superior method. In clinical practice, it is recommended to choose the method based on the location of the obstruction, drainage objective (such as preoperative procedure or palliative treatment) and level of experience in biliary drainage [14].

This study has some limitations. First, the study design did not allow comparison between the percutaneous and endoscopic techniques of placing plastic biliary prosthesis in terms of patency and safety rates. Second, the small sample size between the two groups. We noticed that there was a heterogeneity in the treated neoplasia groups, malignant distal biliary obstruction that involves peri ampular lesions with different prognosis and hilar malignant biliary obstruction. We report our experience with PBP as a therapeutic modality of palliation for patients with malignant biliary obstruction. We have achieved high rates of technical and clinical success with minimal complications, suggesting that trans hepathic placement of PBP can be a safe and effective method for the treatment of this oncological condition, which is supported by recent studies that address this topic. We believe that more case series are needed to show the effectiveness and replication of this method, so that the paradigm of percutaneous treatment with insertion of PBP in patients with inoperable malignant biliary neoplasia can be changed. The next steps for our clinical research would be to evaluate whether the insertion of multiple PBP is more effective than insertion of a single prosthesis and, finally, a prospective and randomized study comparing endoscopic and percutaneous techniques in the insertion of plastic biliary prosthesis in patients with unresectable malignant biliary neoplasia.

Conclusion

10F plastic stents had a longer patency time than 7F, which recommends their use in palliative treatment of patients with biliary obstruction due to malignancy.

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