Review Article

Features of Functional Asymmetry of the Brain of People Engaged in Sports

Kazakova Olga Mikhailovna¹, Romanova Elena Veniaminovna², Rudakova Elena Vyacheslavovna³, Grabinenko Elena Viktorovna⁴ and Peregudova Tatyana Maratovna⁵

¹Department of Foreign Languages of History Faculty, Altai State University, Russia

²Candidate of Philosophy, Altai State University, Russia

³School Teacher, Municipal budget educational institution, Russia

⁴Associate Professor, Altay State Pedagogical University, Russia

⁵Department of Physical Education, Altai State University, Russia

Submission: July 17, 2018; Published: July 26, 2018

*Corresponding author: Romanova Elena Veniaminovna, Candidate of Philosophy, Altai State University, Russia, Email: romanovaev.2007@mail.ru

How to cite this article: Kazakova O M, Romanova E V, Rudakova E V, Grabinenko E V, Peregudova T M. Features of Functional Asymmetry of the Brain of People Engaged in Sports. J Phy Fit Treatment & Sports. 2018; 4(5): 555649. DOI:10.19080/JPFMTS.2018.04.555649

Abstract

The manifestation of such physical qualities as strength, speed, endurance depends on many factors. In our study, we tested the dependence on the type of interhemispheric organization of motor and sensory processes. Groups of young people aged 18-20 years were examined. The coefficients of lateralization in different sports are analyzed. The dependence of the functional asymmetry profile of the brain on sports specialization is established. We considered the type of functional asymmetry of the brain as a factor that determines the specificity of the course of higher mental processes, including motor functions. It has been revealed that in athletes the profile of functional asymmetry of the brain depends on the chosen sport and the qualification of the athlete, while athletes with a high level of skill involved in sports games increase the percentage of persons with ambidextral type of asymmetry, those engaged in cyclic sports with right-sided characteristics engaged martial arts - with left-handed, and the success of sports activity depends on the functional asymmetry of the brain. The foregoing was the basis for studying the features of the functional asymmetry of the brain and the coefficient of lateralization of athletes depending on the level of health. According to the lateralization coefficient, a high degree of asymmetry is observed in a group of young people engaged in sports, the lowest coefficient of lateralization in young people not engaged in sports.

Keywords: Functional interhemispheric asymmetry; Functional asymmetry; Lateralization coefficient; Sports games; Engaged in cyclic sports; Combat sportsmen; Interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain

Abbreviations: FIA: Functional Interhemispheric Asymmetry; FA: Functional Asymmetry; LC: Lateralization Coefficient; SG: Sports Games; ECS: Engaged in Cyclic Sports; CS: Combat Sportsmen; IAB: Interhemispheric Asymmetry of the Brain

Introduction

In modern science, the question of the human brain is still complex and urgent. Scientists from different positions try to study the specificity of brain activity. There are very few developments on our subject, however, it is possible to note studies of Kirsanov VM [1], Romanov Yu N [2], Koryukalova Yu I [3], Dugnist P Ya [4], Strizhkova T Yu [5] and others.

One of the fundamental properties of the organization of the brain is its interhemispheric asymmetry. The concept of functional interhemispheric asymmetry (FIA) was introduced into the scientific nomenclature after P Broca and C Wernick discovered that the symmetrical formations of the right and left hemispheres play a different role in the brain. This applies not only to higher cortical functions, but also to the organization of sensory and motor functions. The right-handed dominant is the left hemisphere (dominant), and left-handed (right-handed) (subdominant) [6].

According to modern psychophysiological views, the left hemisphere of the human brain in right-handed people specializes primarily in the performance of speech functions and controls operations with abstract symbols. The right hemisphere provides predominantly a specifically-shaped reflection of reality. In the processes of learning, cognition, the right hemisphere realizes the processes of deductive thinking (in the beginning, synthesis processes and then analysis are carried out). The left hemisphere mainly provides the processes of inductive thinking (first, the process of analysis, and then the synthesis). The motor functions obey the same laws of formation. The type of functional interhemispheric asymmetry can be considered as a factor that determines the specificity of the course of higher mental processes, including motor functions. The manifestation of such physical qualities as strength, speed, endurance, depends also on the type of interhemispheric organization of motor and sensory processes.

It has been revealed that among athletes the profile of functional interhemispheric asymmetry depends on the chosen sport and qualification of the athlete, while athletes with a high level of skill engaged in sports games increase the percentage of persons with ambidextral type of asymmetry, those engaged in cyclic sports with right-sided characteristics engaged in martial arts - with left-handers [7], and the success of sports activity depends on the functional asymmetry of the brain [8].