Review Article

Forensic Entomology for Public Justice: Current Practice and Future Trends

Pragnesh Parmar*

Additional Professor and HOD, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Submission: September 27, 2023; Published: October 27, 2023

*Corresponding author: Pragnesh Parmar, Additional Professor and HOD, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

How to cite this article:Pragnesh P. Forensic Entomology for Public Justice: Current Practice and Future Trends. JOJ Pub Health. 2023; 8(2): 555735. DOI: 10.19080/JOJPH.2023.08.555735

Abstract

Forensic entomology is a specialized field of forensic science that utilizes insect evidence to aid in criminal investigations and legal proceedings. Insects play a crucial role in decomposition processes, and their arrival, colonization, and development on a corpse can provide valuable information to forensic investigators, such as time of death (postmortem interval), location of death, and potential evidence of foul play. This article explores the current practices of forensic entomology, including the techniques used in the field and the challenges faced by investigators. Additionally, it discusses the potential future trends that could shape the advancement of this fascinating area of forensic science. The information presented in this article is based on scientific literature and research in the field of forensic entomology.

Keywords:Forensic; Entomology; Practice; Trends

Introduction

Forensic entomology is a multidisciplinary science that combines principles from entomology, biology, ecology, and forensic science. The use of insects in criminal investigations dates back to ancient times, but it wasn’t until the 19th century that entomological evidence gained recognition in the legal system. Today, forensic entomology has become an integral part of forensic investigations, assisting law enforcement agencies in determining crucial factors surrounding a death investigation [1-4]. This article aims to provide an overview of the current practices and future trends in forensic entomology.

Current Practices in Forensic Entomology

Estimation of Postmortem Interval (PMI):

One of the primary applications of forensic entomology is to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI), i.e., the time since death. Forensic entomologists rely on the predictable succession and development of insect species on a corpse to estimate the PMI accurately. They collect and analyze insect specimens found on or near the body, studying the developmental stages of insects, temperature data, and other environmental factors to make their estimations [5-7].

Insect Colonization and Succession:

The colonization of a corpse by insects follows a predictable pattern, known as insect succession. Different insect species arrive and leave the body at different stages of decomposition. Forensic entomologists study these patterns and use them to determine the time of colonization, which further aids in estimating the PMI. The knowledge of insect succession is essential for the accurate interpretation of forensic entomological evidence [8-11].

Environmental Factors:

Various environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and location of the body, influence insect colonization and development. Forensic entomologists consider these factors while making their estimations. Accurate data on local weather patterns and temperature fluctuations are crucial for reliable PMI estimations [12-14].

Species Identification and DNA Analysis:

The identification of insect species found on the corpse is a crucial step in forensic entomology. Traditional morphological methods are used, but modern techniques, such as DNA analysis, are becoming increasingly prevalent for species identification. DNA analysis helps in identifying insect species that are difficult to differentiate based on morphology alone [15-17].

Challenges in Forensic Entomology

Despite its usefulness, forensic entomology faces several challenges that may impact the accuracy and reliability of its findings. Some of these challenges include:

Variability in Insect Behavior:

Insect behavior can be influenced by numerous factors, such as the availability of other food sources or competing insect species. This variability may affect the accurate estimation of PMI, especially in complex environments or cases of delayed colonization.

Lack of Standardization:

Forensic entomology practices and protocols vary between different regions and jurisdictions. The lack of standardization can lead to inconsistencies in the interpretation of insect evidence and may pose challenges in courtrooms [18-19].

Limited Availability of Entomological Experts:

Forensic entomology is a specialized field, and there is a limited number of qualified experts available to provide assistance in criminal investigations. Increased demand for expert services could lead to delays and backlogs in casework.

Environmental Interference:

Extreme environmental conditions, such as extreme heat or heavy rainfall, can disrupt insect colonization and affect the accuracy of PMI estimation. Additionally, contamination of insect evidence due to improper collection or handling can also be problematic.

Future Trends in Forensic Entomology

Advancements in DNA Analysis:

The future of forensic entomology lies in advancements in DNA analysis techniques. With improved methods for DNA extraction and sequencing, the identification of insect species will become more accurate and efficient. This will enhance the reliability of entomological evidence in courtrooms.

Integration of GIS Technology:

Geographical Information System (GIS) technology has the potential to revolutionize forensic entomology. GIS can be used to map insect colonization patterns and create predictive models based on environmental factors, enabling more precise estimations of PMI.

Standardization and Protocols:

Efforts to establish standardized protocols and guidelines for forensic entomology practice will improve consistency and reliability in investigations. Collaboration between international forensic entomologists can aid in the development of uniform standards.

Education and Training:

Investing in education and training programs for aspiring forensic entomologists will help meet the growing demand for expert services. Enhancing the pool of qualified professionals will improve the efficiency of insect-based evidence in criminal investigations [20-21].

Conclusion

Forensic entomology has evolved into a valuable tool for forensic investigators, providing critical information in death investigations. The estimation of PMI, insect colonization patterns, and species identification are some of the essential aspects of forensic entomology. However, challenges such as insect behavior variability and the limited availability of experts need to be addressed to ensure the reliability of entomological evidence in courtrooms. Looking ahead, the future trends in forensic entomology are promising, with advancements in DNA analysis, GIS technology, standardization, and improved education. These developments will enhance the accuracy and efficiency of forensic entomological practices, contributing to the further development and recognition of this fascinating field within the realm of forensic science.

References

1. Amendt J, Campobasso CP, Gaudry E, Reiter C, LeBlanc HN, et al. (2007) Best practice in forensic entomology - standards and guidelines. International Journal of Legal Medicine 121(2): 90-104.
2. Catts EP, Haskell NH (1990) Entomology and Death: A Procedural Guide. Journal of Forensic Sciences 35(1): 1-11.
3. Charabidzé D, Bourel B, Pasquerault T, Hedouin V (2014) DNA-based identification of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Western Palaearctic region. Forensic Science International 238: 106-111.
4. Goff ML (2009) Early postmortem changes and stages of decomposition in exposed cadavers. Experimental and Applied Acarology 49(1-2): 21-36.
5. Grassberger M, Reiter C (2001) Effect of temperature on development of the forensically important holarctic blow fly Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Forensic Science International pp: 120.
6. Pragnesh P (2018) Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Substance Addiction Among Medical Students of Valsad, Gujarat. Forensic Sci Add Res 3(5).
7. Pragnesh Parmar, Gunvanti B Rathod, Sangita Rathod, Ashish Parikh (2015) Drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking vis-à-vis human life – A review. Prensa Med Argent 101: 2.
8. Parmar P (2018) Knowledge and Awareness regarding crime scene investigation among medical students. Journal of Forensic Sciences and Criminal Investigation 10(2): 555785.
9. Pragnesh Parmar, Gunvanti B Rathod, Sangita Rathod, Ashish Parikh (2014) Nature helps to solve the crime – Diatoms study in case of drowning death. International Archives of Integrated Medicine 1(3): 58-65.
10. Parmar P, Rathod G (2017) Study of students’ perceptions regarding knowledge and attitude towards torture. IAIM 4(1): 68-71.
11. Pragnesh Parmar, Gunvanti Rathod (2012) Basic facts of fire – A forensic review. International Journal of Current Research and Review 4(19): 181 – 191.
12. Pragnesh B Parmar (2019) Evidence Based Forensic Medicine: Roadmap to enhance teaching horizon. Forensic Science and Addiction Research 4(5): 1-2.
13. Parmar P (2017) Study of students’ perceptions on evidence based curriculum of Forensic Medicine. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 39(1): 11-15.
14. Pragnesh Parmar, Gunvanti Rathod (2021) Humanitarian Forensics: Perspective to Dignified Management of Dead Body. IAIM 8(2): 97-99.
15. Parmar PB, Rathod GB, Bansal P, Yadukul S, Bansal AK (2022) Utility of inquest and medico legal autopsy in community deaths at tertiary care hospital of India. J Family Med Prim Care 11(5): 2090-3.
16. Pragnesh Parmar, Gunvanti Rathod (2013) Study of knowledge, attitude and perception regarding medico-legal autopsy in general population. International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(6): 1-6.
17. Anupam Kumar Bansal, Pragnesh Parmar, Gunvanti Rathod (2020) Ethical principles in hospital settings – Perceptions of intern doctors of tertiary care hospital. Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 37(2): 77-79.
18. Bansal AK, Parmar P, Bansal P, Patel R, Barai PH, et al. (2019) Ethical climate and its effect in teaching hospital: A vision from 3rd eye. JIAFM 41(1): 45-49.
19. Pragnesh Parmar (2023) Post-Mortem Examination Practice in India: Evolution, Current Trends, and Future Scope. Int J Forensic Sci Pathol 10(1e): 1-2.
20. Parmar P (2023) Enhancing Medical Education: The Competency-Based Curriculum of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology for MBBS Students in India. Int J Forens Sci 8(3).
21. Parmar P (2023) Evolution of Toxicology in India: From Safety Concerns to Comprehensive Science. Adv Clin Toxicol 8(3): 000275.