Journal of Gynecology and Women’s Health

Relationship among Antenatal Care Practices and Socioeconomic Factors with Birth Weight of Neonates in Dhaka City

Md Shahab Uddin Howlader* and Md Sabir Hossain

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh

Submission: December 20, 2017 ; Published: January 30, 2018

*Corresponding author: Md. Shahab Uddin Howlader, PhD Research Fellow, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh, Email: gpabd17@gmail.com

How to cite this article: Md Shahab Uddin Howlader, Md Sabir Hossain. Relationship among Antenatal Care Practices and Socioeconomic Factors with Birth Weight of Neonates in Dhaka City. J Gynecol Women�s Health 2018; 8(2): 555735. DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2018.08.555735

Abstract

Low birth weight is a major public health problem in Bangladesh. Care during pregnancy is an important step to deliver healthy baby. This study focused on the relationship between Antenatal Care (ANC) and birth weight of neonates in Dhaka City. Cross sectional analytical study was conducted for this research. Non-probability convenient sampling was used. The survey like study collected data through questionnaire- based face-to-face interviews, for lactating mothers who had at least one baby. Information of anthropometric, socioeconomic, ANC and birth weight was collected within January, 2014 to December, 2016. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were used. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze data. Monthly income of 3.8% family had less than 10000 BDT followed by 26.1% family had 10000 to 20000 BDT, 24.2% had 20000 to 30000 BDT, 9.5% had 30000 to 40000 BDT, 11.3% had 40000 to 50000 BDT, 13.2% had 50000 to 60000 BDT and 11.9% family had more than 60000 BDT. Educational qualification of mother was 46.9% less than SSC followed by 15.2% SSC, 22.2% HSC and 15.8% graduate or higher. Most of the children had normal birth weight (72.2%) and 3.5%, 20.3%, and 4.0% had very low birth weight, low birth weight and overweight respectively. Maternal mental stress, satisfaction at pregnancy, initial ANC visit during pregnancy, vaccination status of mother, regular physical checkup, times of physical checkup, taking medicine at pregnancy, taking IFA supplements, frequency of meal per day, maternal age, maternal education, education of father, occupation of father and mother, children nutritional status (MUAC) were significantly associated with birth weight of neonates (p-value<0.05 for all factors). Family income and dietary expenditure had highly significant correlation birth weight of neonates. In conclusion, ANC practices were strongly related with birth weight of neonates in Dhaka City.

Keywords: Birth weight; ANC practices; Vaccination; Income

Introduction

Low birth weight (LBW) is a burning public health issue. Globally, approximately 16% of infants are born weighing less than 2500g, which represents more than 22 million LBW babies per year [1]. Over 95% of these infants are born in low-income and middle-income countries. In South Asia, about one quarter (28%) of all infants is born with LBW. There is a high probability that the incidence of LBW is underestimated as almost 50% of all newborns are not weighed at birth.lThe WHO defines LBW as weight at birth less than 2500g irrespective of the gestational age of the infant [2,3]. Based on epidemiological observations, infant mortality rate rapidly rises for newborns weighing less than 2500g at birth [3]. LBW includes very low birth weight (VLBW; less than 1500g) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW; less than 1000g) infants, who have the highest risk of adverse outcomes [2,4]. Studies have found that LBW babies are about 20 times more likely to die in infancy compared to normal birth weight (NBW) babies, and those who survive, share a greater burden of various physical [5]. The resulting health-care expenditures are also higher for the surviving LBW babies [6]. Furthermore, with the demographic change of increased life expectancy at birth in developing countries, children born with LBW can cause an increased economic burden and an increased disease burden [7,8]. Other studies have shown several factors to be determinants of LBW and have demonstrated that preventing those factors can help reduce early childhood morbidity and mortality [9]. The determinants of LBW are genetic, constitutional, obstetric, nutritional, related to maternal morbidities in the antenatal period, exposure toxins and drugs, and linked to antenatal care (ANC). Other factors including smoking, maternal age, birth spacing, ANC, anemia, genital infections, maternal ill health, and stress have also been reported [10]. However, socioeconomic status was associated with only extreme cases of LBW [11,12]. It has been found in a study that although most socioeconomic factors are associated with pregnancy outcomes, the pattern of association is clear only for LBW [13].

Methods and Materials

The study was a cross sectional analytical study because study was carried out at a single point in a specified time period. Considering time period and resource availability, cross-sectional analytical (to show association and correlation among different variables) hospital based study design was most feasible for this study. Non-probability convenient sampling was used. Data were collected through questionnaire-based face-to-face interviews, for lactating mothers of age 14 to 45 years and who have at least one child less than three years. Each respondent (mother) was asked to provide a detailed birth history and information about antenatal care. Available medical record was checked. Birth weight was recorded using the metric scale (in grams). The study was conducted at different hospitals, MCH centers and clinics in Dhaka City, the most densely populated area of Bangladesh, which were selected purposively as the study objective fulfill and the place depending upon communication, availability to the sample and other relevant inclusions and exclusions factors. Study was conducted from January 2014 to December 2016 of the time scheduled and following this period was utilized for questionnaire development, data entry, and analysis. Data were collected from January 2014 to December 2016 in the different areas of Dhaka City. Lactating mother and those whom were agreed to fulfill the questionnaire willingly were included in the study. Respondents, who refused to participate in the study, did not have any child and mothers age of above 45 years old were excluded. Data from children with a missing birth weight, mothers with twin and stillbirths were also excluded from the analysis. A total of 1155 (385 per year) were selected by convenient type of non-probability sampling. Rapport was built before initiation of the study. The permission was taken from the superior authority of specific community clinics and hospitals in Dhaka City. A standard pretested questionnaire was used to obtain the relevant information regarding the socioeconomic information, and information about anthropometric status, vaccination status, information about family planning and antenatal care. Questionnaires were checked each day after interviewing and again these were carefully checked after completion of all data collection to minimize the errors for entering the data set into the computer. The study variables were selected based on epidemiological information, prior studies; several review of the relevant published demographic studies. Education level was defined as less than secondary, secondary, higher education, graduate or above and current occupational status was classified as service, business, part time, and housewife. Income status was classified arbitrarily on the basis of the monthly income of the participants as less than 10000 BDT, 10000 to 20000 BDT, 20000 to 30000 BDT, 30000 to 40000 BDT, 40000 to 50000 BDT, 50000 to 60000 BDT and greater than 60000 BDT per month. Place of residence was classified as in building, tin shed building, slum. All the statistical analysis and all other data processing were done by using SPSS version 17.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010 windows program. Data were analyzed in term of frequency distribution and percentage. To reveal the association and correlation among different parameters Pearson Chi-square and Pearson correlation tests were used. For tabular, charts and graphical representation Microsoft word and Microsoft excel 2010 were used.

Results

Socioeconomic Characteristics Participants are given in Table 1a. About 23.5% family had more than five members, 23.8% had five members, 29.0% had four and 23.6% had three family members. Monthly income of 3.8% family had less than 10000 BDT followed by 26.1% family had 10000 to 20000 BDT, 24.2% had 20000 to 30000 BDT, 9.5% had 30000 to40000 BDT, 11.3% had 40000 to 50000 BDT, 13.2% had 50000 to 60000 BDT and 11.9% family had more than 60000 BDT. About 25.3% families had monthly dietary expenditure less than five thousands followed by 32.6% had 5000 to 10000 BDT, 18.9% had 10000 to 15000 BDT, 14.3% had 15000 to 20000 BDT and 8.9% had above 20000 BDT per month.

Educational qualification of mother was 46.9% less than SSC followed by 15.2% SSC, 22.2% HSC and 15.8% graduate or higher. Educational qualification of father was 29.2% less than SSC followed by 14.8% SSC, 29.8% HSC and 26.2% graduate or higher (Table 1b). Among the participated mother 53.0% lived in building, 38.0% in tin shade building and 9.0% in slum area in Dhaka City. In this study, 66.0% of the mother was housewife followed by 10.4% part time worker, 23.0% full time worker and 0.6% business woman. On the other hand more than half of the father (53.9%) was service holder followed by 31.9% businessman, 6.3% rickshaw puller, 2.4% day labors and 5.5% other workers.

The Figure 1 indicates that in this study, most of the children had normal birth weight (72.2%) and 3.5%, 20.3%, and 4.0% had very low birth weight, low birth weight and overweight respectively.

In this study, 23.7% mother faced some kind of mental stress during pregnancy and most of the mother (86.3%) did not have any mental stress. About 74.1% mothers got family support and 25.9% did not get any family support at pregnancy and lactation. Besides 92.6% mothers were satisfied with their pregnancy and 7.4% were not satisfied. About 87.7% mothers consulted with their physician and 12.3% did not consult with doctor at the initial stage of pregnancy. About 47.1% mothers had taken TT vaccine during pregnancy followed by 42.5% took all TT, Rubella and Measles, 5.69% took only Rubella and 3.48% did not take any vaccine. Moreover 32.6% mother went to doctor for three times followed by 23.7% four times for physical checkup, 14.5% two times and 3.4% onetime respectively. About 12.1% mother did not go to doctor at all (Table 2 a).

About 38.4% mother took any kind of medicine during their pregnancy and 61.6% did not take any medicine. Besides 42.4% mother received free healthcare service such as took iron or Folic Acid supplements regularly, 21.2% took sometimes and 36.4% did not receive any iron or calcium supplements from Governmental or Non-Governmental Organization. During pregnancy 40.8% woman got both mental and physical support and care from their husband and 2 5.2% woman took care from their mother in law, 27.5% took support and care from mother On the other hand 6.5% women took care from others i.e. form maid servants, sister, and sister in laws About 94.5% mother took meals regularly and only 5.5% did not take meal regularly. Regarding meal intake 42.9% mother took meals four times daily followed by 26.5% five times, 21.4% three times and 9.2% above five times in a day during pregnancy. Most of the mother didn't have eclampsia (63.6%) and 10.6% respondents had eclampsia at their pregnancy whereas 25.7% didn't know whether they had eclampsia or not (Table 2b).

Maternal mental stress, satisfaction at pregnancy, initial ANC visit during pregnancy, vaccination status of mother, regular physical checkup, times of physical checkup, taking medicine at pregnancy, taking IFA supplements, frequency of meal per day, maternal age, maternal education, education of father, occupation of father and mother, children nutritional status (MUAC) were significantly associated with birth weight of neonates (p-value<0.05 for all factors). Family income and dietary expenditure had highly significant correlation birth weight of neonates (Table 3).

Discussion

There are various factors which affect birth weight of neonates. These are complex and interdependent, and are known to influence the birth weight of neonates. Demographic factors pertain to the age, and household structure, socio-economic status (income, education and occupation). The physical factors include the pre-pregnancy weight, maternal height and weight. Antenatal care focuses on the month of initiation as well as the number of visits, vaccination of mother, nutritional care and quality of the care etc. Birth weight is now widely used as an indicator of health status of individuals and populations as it has strong associations with both childhood and adult health. Different studies have revealed that significantly associated risk factors for the birth weight of a newborn vary according to the geographical location and the study population. The mean birth weight observed in our study was 2.759±0.067grams. This study found that ANC practices were strongly associated with birth weight of baby. Our study showed that 87% mother went for one to more than five physical checkup or ANC visit during pregnancy which was strongly associated with parent’s education(p=0.000<0.05) indicates that educated parents had enhanced knowledge of modern health care services and were more concern about their health in pregnancy. This study found that 87.7% mothers consulted with their physician and 12.3% did not go for initial ANC visits of pregnancy. The WHO recommends four ANC visits during pregnancy to reduce the various pregnancy related risks. In our study, 33.8% went four or more times for physical checkup, which is above the average in Bangladesh (21%) and another study(14.2%) carried out by Shahjahan et al. [14] but lower than India (56%), Pakistan (53%), Indonesia (77%) and Philippines (69%) according to WHO report. About 36.2% mothers went to ANC visit for three times, which is consistent (at least one visit;23%) with WHO report [15]. In contrast, 14.5% and 3.4% mother went to ANC visit for two times and once respectively that are far below the WHO report and 12.1% mother did not go at all. These are highly significantly associated with birth weight of neonates in Dhaka City. In this study, birth weight showed highly significant association with vaccination (p=0.007) and 89.6% took TT vaccine (47.1% TT only and 42.5% all TT, Rubella and Measles) which was higher than National average of Nepal (63%) [16,17] and another previous study [18], but lower than a study (99.6) conducted in India [19]. Besides 5.69% took only Rubella and only 3.48% did not take any vaccine; indicate that maternal vaccination is very important to keep them healthy during pregnancy, and strong determinant of birth weight of children. The study also revealed a weak association with medicine intake (p=0.048) and 38.4% mother has taken any kind of medicine during their pregnancy and 61.6% did not take any medicine. Only 42.4% mother received free healthcare service such as took iron or Folic Acid supplements regularly, which is lower than (50%) IFA intake in India [20]. Moreover 21.2% took sometimes and 36.4% did not receive any iron or folic acid supplements and significantly associated with paternal education (p=0.000) and highly significantly associated with birth weight (p=0.002). The proportion of LBW among women of low economic class was higher when compared to those in high economic status with significant correlation (p=0.000), which was similar to two previous findings [21,22]. Limited study areas were selected. No fund was available for the research. Respondents were shy to provide real information in many cases. Much biochemical information is not available in many cases.

Conclusion

In a nutshell it can be concluded that several antenatal care factors such as maternal mental stress, satisfaction at pregnancy, initial ANC visit during pregnancy, vaccination status of mother, regular physical checkup, times of physical checkup, taking medicine at pregnancy, taking IFA supplements, frequency of meal per day were significantly associated with birth weight of neonates. In case of socioeconomic determinants like maternal age, maternal education, education of father, occupation of father and mother, were significantly associated with birth weight of neonates. Family income and dietary expenditure had highly significant correlation birth weight of neonates.

Acknowledgement

We thank all the women who participated in our study as well as the authorities of different MCH Center, Clinic and Hospital in Dhaka City; data collectors and supervisor for their unreserved cooperation