Case Report

Kallmann syndrome with Horse shoe kidney: A Case Report

Suman kotwal*, Akash Gandotra, JB singh, Ghanshyam Dev Gupta, Annil Mahajan

Govt. Medical college, India

Submission: March 28, 2017; Published: May 02, 2017

*Corresponding author: Suman kotwal, Jammu University, H. no 55/1 sharika vihar, Roop nagar, Jammu, India, Tel: 9419087899; Email: [email protected]

How to cite this article: Suman k, Akash G, JB singh, Dev Gupta G, Mahajan A. Kallmann syndrome with Horse shoe kidney: A Case Report. J Endocrinol Thyroid Res. 2017; 1(5): 555573. DOI:10.19080/JETR.2017.01.555573

Introduction

Kallmann syndrome (KS) isolfactogenital dysplasia resulting from agenesis or dysgenesis of the olfactory bulbsandis associated with hypogonadism due to defect in migration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) cells and olfactory nerve from their common origin in olfactory placode during early fetal life [1,2]. KS prevalence varies from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 60,000 individuals andmay due to sporadic, X-linked recessive (XLR), autosomal dominant or as autosomal recessive modes of inheritance [3,4]. Many other anomalies like choanal atresia, cardiac abnormalities, renal abnormalities, mirror movements, hearing loss and colour bindness have been describedin patients with KS. Only few case reports in literature have described association of KS with horse shoe kidney. We illustrate a case of Kallman syndrome with horse shoe kidney.

Case Report

An 18 year male presented to our endocrine clinic because of the absence of pubertal development. He was born of non consanguineous marriage and full term normal spontaneous delivery. He has two siblings. Small sized penis was observed by parents at birth but did not seek any consultation till boy complained ofhaving small phallusand testisas compared to his peers. He had normal motor and mental milestones and intelligence was at par with age. He had no history of seizures, blurring of vision, colour blindness, hearing loss and mirror movements. On further inquiry he was having loss of sense of smell since birth.

On physical examination, his weight was 60kg, height was 168cm, arm span was 177cm, and with eunuchoid stature (upper segment to lower segment ratio was 0.78). He has high pitched voice. He had no axillary and pubic hair and facial hair were absent. He had bilateral descended prepubertal testes measuring 2ml using the orchidometer and microphallus, with penile length of 3.5cm. There were no other abnormalities on systemic examination. Neurologic examination was essentially normal except for complete loss of sense of smell. Investigationrevealed normal complete blood count, blood glucose, kidney function and liver function tests. Testosterone was 17.11ng/dl, FSH 0.86miu/ml, LH<0.02miu/ml, thyroid function tests and prolactin was normal. Ultrasonography showed horse shoe kidney (Figure 1) and MRI showed olfactory bulb aplasia on both sides (Figure 2). Genetic study was not possible because of financial constrains.

Discussion

KS is characterised by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hyposmia or anosmia. It is a genetically heterogenous disorder,the most prevalent is an X-linked form that maps to the KAL1 gene [5]. A delay in pubertal development is the most common cause for affected patients to seek medical evaluation. Our patient presented with delayed puberty, characterised by high pitched voice, absence of facial and axillary hair andpubic hair, micropenis and bilateral small testes. Hormonal evaluation showed low FSH, low LH and low testosterone levels. Differential diagnosis will include KS, GnRH receptor mutation, GPR54 mutation, DAX-1 mutation and hypopituitarism [2].

The diagnosis of KS in this case was straightforward because of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in association with hyposmia and documented radiologic findings in MRI. Thediagnosis may be difficult to establish in patients of prepubertal age who may require both genetic testing and MRI [6]. Morphological abnormalities of olfactory apparatus in KS are best evaluated with MRI. Madan et al. [6] reported MRI findings of five male patients with clinical findings suggestive of KS syndrome. All patients had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia.

A variety of urinary tract abnormalities have been reported in patients having KS, these include; unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia, horseshoe kidney, bilateral VUR, duplication of the left ureter etc. [7-9]. KAL mutationshas been seen in number of patientswith KS and this gene is alsoexpressed in the mesonephros and metanephros duringembryonic developmentwhichsuggests that KAL plays a yet indeterminate role in kidney development [10,11]. Here we report a case of Kallmann syndrome with horse shoe kidney.

Conclusion

Several congenital anomalies are seen in patients with kallmann syndrome.Kallmann syndrome with horse shoe kidney has scarcely been reported.

References

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