Impact of Cialis on Haemoglobin Concentration and Lipid Profile of Wistar Male Rats
Nzor Joyce Nornubari* and Okari Karibo Amakiri
Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Submission: November 26, 2018; Published: January 18, 2019
*Corresponding author: Nzor Joyce Nornubari, Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers, Nigeria
How to cite this article: Nzor Joyce Nornubari, Okari Karibo Amakiri. Impact of Cialis on Haemoglobin Concentration and Lipid Profile of Wistar Male Rats. Glob J Pharmaceu Sci. 2019; 6(5): 555699. DOI: 10.19080/GJPPS.2019.06.555699.
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the consistent or recurrent inability of a man to attain and/or maintain a penile erection enough for sexual activity, currently phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. This research work is set out to determine the lipid profile and haemoglobin concentration of wistar male rats administered with cialis, forty-five male albino wistar rats with an average weight of 100 g were used for the study. Cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides concentration increased non-significantly at the 7th, 14th and 21st day following treatment, haemoglobin concentration also increased but its increase was significant as compared to the control animals. The elevated lipid profile with corresponding increase in hematocrit is as a result of reverse cholesterol transport mechanism. However due to the observed effect of the drug on lipid profile, utilization of the drug should be monitored as elevated lipid profile could pose as a risk factor for the development of other diseases.
Keywords: Haemoglobin; Male Rats; Lipid; phentolamine; Triglycerides
Introduction
Drugs such as trazadone, phentolamine, yohimbie etc. and diverse therapeutic method such as urethral suppositories and penile prosthetic surgery has been used in the past decades for the management of erectile dysfunction [1]. These therapeutic methods were stopped because of their invasive, dangerous and hostile nature associated with the therapy procedures, likewise the drugs for their ineffectiveness [2]. Erectile dysfunction (ED) as defined by Sinha [3] is “the consistent or recurrent inability of a man to attain and/or maintain a penile erection sufficient for sexual activity”, currently phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Erection working normally involves combined effort of nervous, hormonal and vascular systems. Disorders of the nervous and hormonal systems contribute to erectile dysfunction which is caused primarily by diseases and improper functioning of the vascular system. Erectile dysfunction is grouped based on the cause of erectile dysfunction into organic and psychogenic causes, PDE inhibitors are used in the management of erectile dysfunctioning associated with organic (physical) causes [3]. Erection is achieved primarily through nitric oxide (NO) and other neurotransmitters releases due to sexual stimulation; pathways involving cavernous and pudendal nerves, supraspinal structures including the medial preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus [4].
Nitric oxide synthase from the cavernous (autonomic) nerves synthesizes nitric oxide which initiates erection and the erection is sustained during sexual stimulation by nitric oxide synthase of the endothelium [5]. Crossing the cell membrane through passive diffusion NO activates guanylyl cyclase (sGC) which acts on guanosine triphosphate (GTP) converting it to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), protein kinase G is activated due to amplified amount of cGMP. Protein kinase G phosphorylates ion channels leading to potassium channel opening and closing of calcium channel, the reduction in calcium concentration in the cytosol promotes the relaxation of the muscle [6]. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inactivates cyclic guanosine monophosphate; PDE-5 inhibitors prevent the catabolism of cyclic GMP [7].
Currently, there are four available registered PDE-5 inhibitors they are sildenafl, vardenafl, tadalafl and avanafl, tadalafil trade name cialis is more of the most potent PDE-5 inhibitors, its action is competitive and reversible. Lipid plays important structural and membrane role in the body, irrespective of these beneficial roles accumulation or elevated amount of blood cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) is detrimental to health, thus it is vital that blood cholesterol level, LDL and other parameters associated with lipids be monitored especially when consuming other medications. Haemoglobin is responsible for the transportof oxygen in erythrocytes and contains iron, its decrease with or without an absolute decrease in red blood cells leads to anaemia. It is in this perceptive that this research work is set out to determine the lipid profile and haemoglobin concentration of wistar rats administered with Cialis.
Material and Methods
Drugs and Chemicals
Cialis manufactured by Lilly pharmaceutical company Indonesia was purchased from a local pharmacy in Choba, Rivers state Nigeria. The chloroform used as anesthetic for the animals was manufactured by Shiv Shakti Trading corporation india, all other reagents used were also of analytical grade and the randox kit used were obtained from Randox chemical Laboratory (Crumlin, UK).
Experimental Animals
Forty-five male albino wistar rats with an average weight of 100 g obtained from animal house in the Department of Biochemistry University of Port Harcourt Nigeria were used for the research, following acclimatization the animals were grouped into five groups each containing nine rats; one group served as the control while the remaining four groups were administered 0.15 mg/100 g body weight, 0.35 mg/100 g body weight, 0.55 mg/100 g body weight and 0.75 mg/100 g body weight for a duration of 21 days. At the end of each week (7th, 14th and 21st) three (3) rats from each group was sacrificed and analysed.
Collection of Blood
Anesthesia (chloroform) was used to immobilize the animals after which blood samples for the various groups were collected into lithium heparin bottles, centrifuged for five minutes and stored for further analysis.
Estimation of Lipid Profile and Haemoglobin Conentration
Cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL (high density lipoprotein) were assayed on the principle that enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation yields a colored product which can be quantified, randox test kit as used by Nzor, Onuoha, Samuel, Okari and Archibong [8] in the determination of lipid profile were also used to test for cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL. While LDL (low density lipoprotein) concentration was obtained using friedwald’s formular [9] and haemoglobin concentration was estimated using direct cyanmethaemoglobin methods [10].
Analysis of Result
Results obtained from analysis were subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS 23 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). The data obtained from statistical analysis are represented as mean values plus or minus standard deviation, at 95 % confidence level (P ˂ 0.05) the statistical values were considered significant (Tables 1-5).
Table 1: Effect of Cialis on haemoglobin concentration of wistar rats. Alphabet a stand for significant difference between the control groups and test group.
Table 2:Effect of Cialis on Cholesterol concentration of wistar rats.
Table 3: Effect of Cialis on HDL concentration of wistar rats
Table 4: Effect of Cialis on LDL concentration of wistar rats.
Table 5: Effect of Cialis on triglyceride concentration of wistar rats
Discussion
From the data obtained in this study, cialis administration increased haemoglobin concentration significantly in a dose dependent mode, likewise similar effect of increase in concentration level was observed on the lipid profile with significant increase HDL level. Haemoglobin plays a vital role in the transport of oxygen from the lung to the tissues of the body that requires it and in turn transports carbon dioxide back to the lung for expiration. Reduction in haemoglobin concentration is accompanied by either a decrease or not in red blood cell concentration and could progress to anemia. Cilias is usually consumed by older men. Extremely low haemoglobin concentration is a risk factor for the development of dementia and cognitive impairment especially for older individuals.
Drugs which results to a decrease in haemoglobin concentration would be detrimental to the health specifically when used by advanced persons [11]. Correlation exist between lipid profile and haemoglobin concentration, an individual with reduced haemoglobin concentration would likely also have reduced cholesterol and lipoproteins levels resulting from dilution of the plasma, amplified cholesterol demand due to increased erythropoiesis etc [12,13]. High level of LDL and cholesterol are risk factor for the development of diabetes and atherosclerosis and as such must be monitored and caution taken if a medication would alter their concentration. Lopes, Munhoz, Antonangelo [14] in their study stated that elevated lipid profile with corresponding increase in hematocrit is attributed solely to the mechanism of reverse cholesterol transport. In conclusion Cialis administration on wistar rats increases the haemoglobin concentration significantly and slight alteration of lipid profile in an increasing pattern.
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