Polyol Pathway Shed Light on Non-Obstructive Azoospermia Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) Negative ROS Imbalance
Kambiz Gilany*1,2
1Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Iran
2Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolomics Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Submission: July 05, 2018;Published: August 24, 2018
*Corresponding author:Kambiz Gilany, Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolomics Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
How to cite this article:Kambiz G. Polyol Pathway Shed Light on Non-Obstructive Azoospermia Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) Negative ROS Imbalance. Glob J Reprod Med. 2018; 5(5): 555675. DOI: 10.19080/GJORM.2018.05.555675.
Abstract
In our recent study regarding non-obstructive azoospermia by metabolomics technology, we clearly demonstrated that testicular sperm extraction negative patients are in extreme oxidative imbalance. With a reanalysis of our data and the integration of proteomics data, we found the Polyol pathway is up-regulated in non-obstructive azoospermia testicular sperm extraction negative patients. In this regard, we suggest the contribution of this biochemical pathway in the extreme oxidative imbalance of non-obstructive azoospermia testicular sperm extraction negative patients.
Keywords: Azoospermia; Metabolomics technology; Testicular sperm extraction; Sperm production; Non-obstructive azoospermia; Fingerprinting; Non-invasive method; Proteomics; Polyol pathway, Diabetic patient’s; Plasma proteome database; Male reproductive system; Extreme oxidative imbalance; Human protein; Glutathione deficiency; Glutathione redox state; Proteomics analysis
Abbrevations: NOA: Non-Obstructive Azoospermia; TESE: Testicular Sperm Extraction; UPP: Up-Regulated Polyol Pathway
Introduction
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) refers to absence of sperm in the semen because of the abnormal sperm production. It is estimated that 6-10% of infertile men are NOA [1]. In our recent study, we used the untargeted metabolomics and metabolic fingerprinting approach for of seminal plasma in order to develop a non-invasive method for detection of spermatogenesis [2,3]. Following a reanalysis of untargeted metabolomics data, we found that sorbose was up-regulated in NOA the testicular sperm extraction (TESE) negative patients (NOA TESE(-)). This data was in line with the proteomics analysis of seminal plasma from NOA patients conducted by Batruch et al. [4]. With the Integrating of the proteomics and metabolomics data, we found that polyol pathway is up-regulated in NOA TESE(-) patients. It is an old fact that glucose and fructose concentrations are increased in azoospermia patients [5].
To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been done regarding the measurement of redox potential in azoospermia or in NOA. However, it is known from diabetic patient’s data redox potential (NAD/NADH and NADPH/NADP) in up-regulated polyol pathway (UPP) is in imbalance [6]. It is known that NADPH acts to promote glutathione redox state while its deficiency causes glutathione deficiency [7]. Bhardwaj et al. [8] have shown that azoospermia patients, in fact have glutathione deficiency. Additionally, we have already shown that NOA TESE (-) are in extreme oxidative imbalance by metabolic fingerprinting. It is postulated that NADH oxidase (NOX1) is responsible for the increased level of ROS in UPP [9]. With a search in seminal plasma proteome database, we found NOX1 activator protein (NOXA1) [10]. Furthermore, with a search in the Human Protein Atlas database we also found that NOX1 is expressed in male reproductive system [11]. By integrating these data, we suggest a hypothesis how UPP leads to extreme oxidative imbalance in NOA TESE(-) patients (Figure 1).
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