Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of The Face: A Case Report And Review of The Literature
Ilson Sepulveda1, Alex Urra2, JoaquínUlloa2, Pablo Mucientes3, Pamela Villalobos4, Cesar García5 and Felipe Fredes6
1Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Concepcion, Chile
2ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Service, General Hospital of Concepcion, Chile
3Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Concepción, Chile
4MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
5Department of Radiotherapy, General Hospital of Concepcion, Chile
6ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Service, University of Concepcion School of Medicine, Chile
Submission: February 02, 2017; Published: February 21, 2017
*Corresponding author: Department of Radiology, ENT-Head and Neck Surgery Service, General Hospital of Concepcion, San Martin Av 1436, Chile, Email: isepulvedaguilar@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Ilson S, Alex U, JoaquínU, Pablo M, Pamela V, Cesar G, te al. Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of The Face: A Case Report And Review of The Literature. Canc Therapy & Oncol Int J. 2017; 3(2): 555606. DOI: 10.19080/CTOIJ.2017.03.555606
Abstract
We report on a patient who presented on the ear, nose and throat (ENT) clinic with swelling on the right temporal region. Imaging studies revealed an expansive process of the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the right preauricular region. Post intravenous contrast administration revealed an ovoid mass with high enhancement without affecting the parotid gland. The patient underwent tumor resection, and a biopsy confirmed the presence of a Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP). In addition, as part of the treatment the patient received radiation therapy and is currently disease-free without signs of recurrence.
Keywords: Dermatofibrosarcoma; Protuberans; Local; Recurrence; Soft; Tissue; Sarcoma; CT; Surgery; Radiotherapy
Introduction
Dermatofibrosarcomaprotuberans (DFSP) is a soft tissue neoplasm that usually arise from skin or subcutaneous tissue, characterized by a protuberant growth pattern, local recurrence after surgery, rare distant metastases and is classified as a sarcoma of low-grade malignancy [1]. It was first recognized by Taylor [2] in 1890, and described by Derriere [3] in 1924, but the term "Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans" was coined by Hoffman [4] in 1925. DFSP are most commonly found on the trunk, followed by the extremities and the head and neck [5]. Here we present a case of a Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans of the temporal region.
Case report
A 64-year-old female patient, with a history of right parotid tumor operated in 2002, presented in the otolaryngology service in the year 2011 with a 4-year painless mass in the right temporal region. Physical examination shows a 3 centimeters (cm) ovoid mass of cystic consistency, painless, in the right temporal region, above the auricle. The tumor, of approximately 5 cm, was resected and the biopsy informs a Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans with compromised resection margins.
The case was presented and discussed at the Head and Neck Tumor Board (HNTB). The HNTB recommended to extend the surgical margins. During the waiting period for surgery, the neoplastic had recurred presenting a 6 cm tumor in the right preauricular region, extending to the right molar region with palpebral posies and ipsilateral facial palsy.
A computed tomography scan (Figure 1) was performed showing an ovoid, well delimited expansive process with involvement of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the right preauricularregion, which contacts the surface of the parotid. The lesion measures approximately 36 x 40 x 52 mm. No cervical adenopathy or lesions suggestive of distant metastases were evident.
The patient underwent wide surgical resection of the tumor with a margin of 2-3 cm where possible. This treatment option was chosen due to the lack of access to Mohs' micrographic surgery (MMS). Theintraoperative biopsy confirmed the presence of surgical margins free of neoplastic. In addition, a nodule of 2 cm in the masseter and two lymph nodes in the ipsilateral level IIA were observed during the procedure. The nodule was resected and a selective neck dissection of the right, IIAganglionic level was performed, with intraoperative biopsies being negative for neoplastic. The surgical defect was reconstructed with a cervicofacial flap.
Histopathological examination of the completely excised tumor revealed a highly cellular tumor consisting of spindle cells arranged in storiform pattern. The immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive for CD34, confirming the diagnosis of a "Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans" (Figure 2). All margins were free of neoplastic. The dissected lymph's nodes were negative for neoplastic.
It was decided in the HNTB to complete the treatment with postoperative radiotherapy, receiving a total of 60 Gy in 6 weeks. At the 38-month follow-up, the patient does not show signs of local recurrence, but persists with facial palsy and right palpebral posies.
Discussion
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is an aggressive skin malignant neoplasm, with by high rate of local recurrence and low metastatic potential [5]. DFSP is a rare tumor, with an overall incidence of 0.8 to 5 per million inhabitants [6]. They mainly affect adult, although the age range is wide (20 - 50 years) with a slight male predominance [6]. Are most commonly found on the trunk (42-72%) and extremities (16-30%), followed by the head and neck (10-16%) [7]. It represents the most frequent skin sarcoma [8].
Almost 85-90% of all DFSPs are low-grade tumors. The remaining 10-15% contains a component of high-grade fibro sarcoma. This characteristic, present in more than 5% of tumor volume, determines a high incidence of local relapse and distance metastasis [5].
More than 90% of DFSP present reciprocal chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 17 and 22, t (17;22) [9]. This fuses the strongly expressed collagen 1-Alpha-1gene (COL1A1) on chromosome 17 with the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-B) gene on chromosome 22. Like result of this, it is produce anticrime activation of the platelet derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (PDGF-R) which generates the proliferation of DFSP tumor cells [9].
DFSP grows slowly, ranging from several months to many years. Initially appears as an indurate plaque, mostly reddish brown or light blue, later developing into a nodule in the plaque. It is usually asymptomatic and telangiectasias can be seen in surface. The tumor is usually solitary and relapsed cases often show lobulated or multiple nodules. The tumors borders are frequently clear [10].
The imaging findings for DFSP are nonspecific and is characterized by a subcutaneous well-defined soft tissue nodule or mass on CT and MRI, showing intermediate-to-high enhancement on contrast-enhanced studies [11]. Microscopically it is characterized by the present of spindle-shaped tumor cells, with a characteristic finger-like pattern of infiltration into the subcutaneous fat [12]. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrates strong positivity for CD34 and vimentin [5].
DFSPs, for being an extremely aggressive malignance with tendency to invade surrounding tissue, the treatment of choice is wide and deep local excision (WLE), with 3 cm margins beyond the tumor including the underlying fascia [5]. Reports shows that only 58% of patients had negative microscopic margins after excision [13]. For obtain free margin the tumor and preserve the uninvolved tissue from resection, some authors suggest the use of Mohs' micrographic surgery (MMS) [14]. Classic technique requires continuing sequential horizontal sectioning during resection and immediate, frozen, microscopic examination, until free margin is obtained [15]. The actual WLE technique plus reconstruction of the surgical defect can achieve margins free of neoplastic negative in nearly 90% of the cases [16]. Paradise et al. [17] established a 13.2% local recurrence rate with WLE and none with MMS. A review of the literature made by the same author, showed a 1.3% recurrence rate for MMS versus 20.7% for WLE.
DFSP is a radiosensitive tumor. Adjuvant radiotherapy is indicated in case of margin invasion or when extend surgical margins is not possible due to anatomic limitations. The suggested treatment is 60-70 Gy depending if the remaining tumor is micro or macroscopic [18]. Chemotherapy is ineffective [5]. Recently studies about targeted therapy, showed excellent results in disseminated cases. Imatinibmesylate, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, can inhibit PDGFR tyrosine kinase. This drug can be used in unresectable tumors and in locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic disease [19].
The main prognostic factor for recurrence is incomplete resection of the tumor1. Metastasis are rare and are present in 0.4% to 1.1% of cases [20,21]. The rate of distant metastases of DFSP with fibrosarcomatous transformation or fibrosarcomatousdermatofibrosarcomaprotuberans is round 10-15% and poorer prognosis compared with DFSP without fibrosarcomatous transformation [22]. The 5-year relative survival rates for reported in all population-based studies are can reach up to 100% [23] (Figure 3).
Conclusion
DFSP is a rare skin malignancy with a high rate of local recurrence but rarely metastatic. The treatment consists in complete resection of the tumor. Wide local excision with 2-3 cm margin and Mohs' Micrographic Surgery are the most frequent alternatives to treat DFSP and to reduce the local recurrence. The head and neck is a challenging area due to critical structures and aesthetic difficulties in reconstruction.
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