Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Research Article

Physiological Complications are Related with Gestational time Associated Maternal Ages- a Survey Based Research

Kazi Nadim Hossain¹, Sajal Biswas¹, Sheikh Hasibur Rahman¹, Subroto Sarker¹ and Debendra Nath Roy²*

¹Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

²Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh

Submission: December 01, 2016; Published: December 12, 2016

*Corresponding author: Debendra Nath Roy, Department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh, Tel:+8801727663520; Fax:+880421-61199; Email:dn.roy@just.edu.bd/roydn009@gmail.com

How to cite this article: Kazi Nadim H, Sajal B, Sheikh H R, Subroto S, Debendra Nath R. Physiological Complications are Related with Gestational time Associated Maternal Ages- a Survey Based Research. Curr Trends Biomedical Eng & Biosci. 2016; 1(1): 555553. DOI: 10.19080/CTBEB.2016.01.555553

Abstract

A woman’s ability to adapt to the changes and challenges of pregnancy is unique and the level of the stress she experiences affects the outcome of pregnancy. Long term complication in pregnancy is an important health problem as it often occurs in the context of poor social support and maternal wellbeing. Complications and risks associated with pregnancy among women have been addressed in numerous studies from different viewpoints; mostly focusing on the medical risks associated with higher maternal age. Present study was carried out to expand the knowledge base regarding the potential physiological and psychological complications faced by women during the stage of pregnancy at different wedding ages. Our current showed that, although above 60% were observed no preexisting history, but around 60% complications started for those mothers who were less than 18 years and 31% among them became pregnant in 0 to 6 month after marriage. Hypertension was found to have25% followed by 15% anemia and about 60% mothers have got married bellow 18 years old, though most of them are not highly educated and only 31% passed junior high school level. Therefore, a routine screening of pregnancy complication needs to be integrated into prenatal care. Specific interventions to minimize adverse labour outcomes could be a future research area.

Keywords: Complication; Physiological; Psychological; Maternal

Introduction

Maternal age was defined as the age of the mother in completed years at the time of birth because many of the outcomes were delivery related. Pregnancy, as a period in women’s lives, is characterized by profound changes at all levels: physical, hormonal and psychological [1,2]. Understanding the impact of psychological problems faced by pregnant women, on their mental health and pregnancy, is vital for the wellbeing of the mother and the child. While pregnancy is often considered as the golden period in a woman’s life, there are a host of physical as well as mental challenges faced by them then, which usually go unnoticed. Although pregnancy and childbirth have gained some recognition, as significant risk factors in the development and exacerbation of mental health issues, most women are still unaware of the devastating effect of these conditions. The degree of psychological stress associated with the process will vary depending on the women’s developmental experiences, current life situation, and ability to adapt [3]. Though, psychological problems continued through first trimester to third trimester, overall among 14.1% of women were to be found suffering from psychiatric disorders during their second trimester, specially depression 3.3% to 6.9% and anxiety disorders 6.6% [4,5], panic disorder 2.5% [6]. Most researches in this area have focused on anxiety and depressive symptoms [7], rather than other psychiatric problems. During pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, sleep disorders are quite common [8]: increased snoring (11-16 %), restless legs symptoms (18-31 %), and impaired subjective sleep quality (39-54 %). Not only is sleep altered during pregnancy but dreaming is also affected with dreaming defined as subjective experiences occurring during sleep [9].

As a matter of fact, nearly 20% of women suffer from mood or anxiety disorders during the gestation and postpartum periods, with the women with a previous history of mental problems being at an increased risk. However whether the condition affects the woman during pregnancy or post it, it can cause significant morbidity for the mother as well as the child. It is therefore vital that the patient be well informed about the risks involved on both sides and take into account her specific diagnosis and the recommendations of the health care provider. It has been said that pregnant women and healthcare providers understand the risks differently: pregnant women evaluate the risks subjectively, through their own experiences, whereas healthcare providers assess the risks in an apparently more objective way [10].

Advanced maternal age is seen by patients and healthcare professionals, to be correlated with poorer outcomes to pregnancies. This is largely because of the higher incidence of chronic medical conditions among older women. Women of advanced maternal age are often treated as if they are in need of the level of care necessary for any high-risk pregnancy; and they are treated differently even if there is no scientific basis for different treatment and there are no medical problems evident. However, pre-existing and pregnancy-related morbidity, combined with high maternal expectations, does put these women in greater need of intervention during pregnancy and birth [11]. Despite the perceptions of increased risks related maternal age, it has been suggested that the risks are manageable and positive outcomes can be expected [12].

In recent years, several reviews concerning pregnant women aged 35 years or older have been conducted, which have focused on: the risks associated with advanced maternal age [13]; the relationship between maternal age and pregnancy outcomes [12,14]; the evidence of risks faced by women of advanced maternal age [15]; and the association between maternal age and still-birth [16]. The degree of acceptance is reflected in the woman’s readiness for pregnancy and her emotional responses. The woman’s attitude toward her pregnancy may be one of pride, acceptance, rejection or ambivalence. If the woman sees her pregnancy as an illness, she may perceive herself as unattractive, vulnerable, and uncomfortably dependent on other. These negative self-attitudes are likely to produce increased anxiety and irritability, which are then cycled through changes in the bloodstream to the fetus [17]. This survey based research aims to ascertain the main maternal complications in young women under the age of 18 years to till over 30 years, and examine whether they differ from causes of having conception at different time of marriage.

Materials and Methods

Study area, study design and allocation of groups

We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study during 05 March, 2016 to 10 August, 2016 in two adjacent district named Jessore and Gopalgonj in Bangladesh. The total investigated patients were categorized into four groups in accordance with their marriage ages as

Group A - below 18 years
Group B - 18- 24 years
Group C - 25- 30 years
Group D - > 30 years

Samples and data collection

We first assessed the prescriptions and found out the name and age of participants. Data were collected by using set of questionnaires from maternal to carry out the survey. Total 200 pregnant mothers were investigated according their marriage aged below 18 years to more than 30 years by visiting major at home, hospitals and diagnostic centers across the study area. The data collectors were waiting to convince them to produce their prescription data to the interviewers as well as participated in the interview session. The patients who were unconscious/ mentally retarded, who were suffering with psychiatric diseases and who were admitted into hospitals were excluded from the study. Few questionnaires were excluded during the data analysis because of inadequate information.

Statistical analysis

By using Microsoft Excel (2013 addition) software, the collected data were statistically analyzed.

Results and Discussion

Women during their first pregnancy dreamed more often about their pregnancy than women who have borne more than one child [18]. Among the four categories top most 60% experiences complication for those, who have got married just under 18 years and became pregnant within 06 months of marriage, 10% experiences complication for 18-24 years old and became pregnant in 6-12 months of their marriage, 5% were for 25-30 years old and they have got concept within 1-2 years of marriage. On the other hand, this value is significantly increasing those mother who have got married after 30 years and is almost 20% complications rate though this is much less that of under 18 years. The result is shown in Figure 1. High blood pressure complication during pregnancy was observed for at least 25% cases followed by 15% for perineal tearing and anemia, about 10% for deep vein thrombosis and pelvic girdle pain, 7% for infections and depression was observed for 5% mothers as shown in Figure 2. In case of preexisting severe medical conditions, no such experiences were observed above 50% respondents, and minor infection was present 33% cases as represented in Figure 3.

From our current study, it was observed that in case of educational status the majority 31% has completed junior high school level. 31% were got concept just within 0-6 months after weeding. 28%, 23% and 18% were for more than 2 years, 6-12 months and 1-2 years respectively. These results are shown in Figure 4&5. The percentage of the age of respondents can be summarized as follows- age among 15-20 years respondents was 42%, age among 21-25 years respondents was 35%, age among 25-30 years respondents was 20%, age above 30 years respondents was only 3%. The major number of respondent’s age was among 15-20 years. Both men and women lack knowledge concerning conception, pregnancy complications, and infant outcomes as related to delayed childbearing [19]. In general, both men and women should be much better informed about the complications and declining fertility associated with a first pregnancy [20].

During collection data, we have found that 65% women got married bellow 18 years old, 26% women got married among 18-24 years old, 6% women got married among 25-30 years old, only 3% get married above 30 years old as the result is shown in Figure 6. Uninterrupted sleeping is another component of sound health during pregnancy period. In our study, 48% mother have got 6-8 hours sleeping time, while sleeping time of 28% are 4-6 hours as shown in Figure 7. As a matter of fact, nearly all women suffer from mood or anxiety disorders during the gestation and postpartum periods, with the women with a previous history of mental problems being at an increased risk. However, whether the condition affects the woman during pregnancy or post it, it can cause significant morbidity for the mother as well as the child. It is therefore vital that the patient be well informed about the risks involved on both sides and take into account her specific diagnosis and the recommendations of the health care provider

Conclusion

While the main causes of maternal mortality in low and middle income countries are well understood, the main causes of maternal mortality for women of all ages are well documented. A recent systematic review [21] suggests that around three quarters of all maternal deaths globally are a result of direct obstetric causes: hemorrhage is the leading global cause of maternal death (27 % of all maternal deaths) followed by hypertensive disorders (14 %) and sepsis (10 %). When compared with causes of death for older women, hypertensive disorders were found to be a more important cause of mortality for adolescents in a number of studies in a range of settings. While the main causes of maternal death for women of all ages were similar across all regions, the study found significant regional variation for the proportion each cause contributes to total maternal mortality. Around 27 % of maternal deaths for all ages are from indirect causes, but less is known about the specific conditions that contribute to this figure [22].

There is evidence that the relative importance of specific causes may differ for this younger age group compared to women over the age of 30 years. Women would clearly be benefited from support before and after childbirth it is advisable that before taking any medicine to reduce or eliminate such problems, a health care provider is consulted and should be explained the risks of medication to the unborn child or the infant through breast milk. This study highlights the paucity of evidence on complications associated maternal time, and emphasizes the need for greater efforts to collate and analyze data on agespecific causes of maternal problems. Since gestational health and pregnancy are synonymous with the wellbeing the mother and the child, women should formulate a treatment plan to manage these common problems.

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to all the reputed physicians, authority of hospitals, diagnostic centers and maternal mother’s of Jessore and Gopalgonj district for providing us the necessary prescription and information’s. We must pay out heartfelt thanks to the department of Pharmacy in Jessore University of Science and Technology and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University forinitiating important guidelines to complete this survey based research work successfully.

Ethical Considerations

The study was conducted following the general principles of World Medical Association (WMA) declarations of Helsinki and which was performed in collaboration with both the patients and their physicians with full consent of patients. This research work is logistically supported by the department of Pharmacy, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore-7408 in Bangladesh. The human subjects involved in this study did not use any hazardous agents and samples were not collected from them. As the human subjects only participated in the interview, this survey based research didn’t take any further approval from institutional ethics committee.