Research Article

Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder Ash in Concrete

Vijayvenkatesh Chandrasekaran*, Vasanth M, Thirunavukkarasu S and Manikanda Prabu T

Department of Civil Engineering, St. Josephs College of Engineering and Technology, India

Submission: April 30, 2018; Published: June 12, 2018

*Corresponding Author: Vijayvenkatesh Chandrasekaran, Department of Civil Engineering, St. Josephs College of Engineering and Technology, Anna University Chennai, India, Email: [email protected]

How to cite this article: Vijayvenkatesh C, Vasanth M, Thirunavukkarasu S, Manikanda P T. Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement with Glass Powder and Eggshell Powder Ash in Concrete. Civil Eng Res J. 2018; 5(3): 555662. DOI:10.19080/CERJ.2018.05.555662

Abstract

Cement developed manufacturing is solitary carbon-dioxide emitting sources besides deformation in addition to ablaze of fossil fuel. Emission of greenhouse gages, such as emitted CO2 to the ambiance. The employment identified the option of by glass fine particles as the incomplete substitute as 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and intended for its compressive strength up to 7, 14 & 28 existence of era and be compared by conventional concrete. Departure squanders fabric failed to emphasize waste can be old additional efficiently and cause an environmental problem. Glass powder and eggshell powder material is very fine powder material obtained as byproducts of glass during sawing and shaping, and not recycling its causes an environmental problem in the world. The option of using it glass ash powder separately as partial replacement of cement on concrete where studied and evaluated based upon % replacement of cement on concrete where studied and evaluated based upon % of the partial cement replacement with both glass powder.

Keywords: Cement; Glass powder; Eggshell ash powder; Fine aggregate; Coarse aggregate

Abbreviations: BIS: British Standard system; OPC: Ordinary Portland cement; ppm: parts per million

Introduction

The attention construction of society in use squander or recycled materials in added the concrete is rising since of emphasis located on sustainable construction. The glass (be an still fabric. Which should be recycled [1]. The chemical properties. In adding use waste glass like cullet in glass industrialized waste glass powder in addition to eggshell ash powder crushed into specific size for uses as strengthening cement inside a variety of application [2].

Glass powder

Manufacturing processes, service industries, and municipal solid wastes are the sources of production of numerous waste materials [3]. Concerns related to disposal of the generated wastes have tremendously increased with the increasing awareness about the environment the use of waste products in concrete not only makes it economical but also helps in reducing disposal problems [4]. Reuse of bulky wastes is considered the best environmental alternative for solving the problem of disposal. One such waste is plastic, which could be used in various applications. Sustainability is an idea for concern for the well being of our planet with continued growth and human development. (the squander glass as of inside and approximately the little shops are crammed full because a waste and willing like the landfill. Squander glass is compressed into particular size intended for use because collective in an assortment of application such as hose filtration, substitute of cement replacement in concrete. The crushed and compressed concrete glass be as well used as the substitute of cement in the concrete manufacture, other than due to its flat and stretched out nature which enhances the reduce inside the workability and credited the fall in compressive strength [5]. A glass is a nebulous material by means of high silica content, thus creation it possibly pozzolanic material when the particle size is less than 75μm .study contain exposed that thinly earth glass does not contribute to alkali-silica reaction.

Egg Shell Ash

The spire of this study is to lime substance composition of the eggshell to discover its suitability of substitute in the concrete [6]. To identification the viability of utilizing the eggshell as cement substitution material. In the direction of study the strength parameters of the eggshell powder diverse specimens and to contrast it with conservative specimens. Calcium wealthy in eggshell ash powder is a fowl waste by means of chemicalcomposition almost similar to that of limestone [7]. Employ of eggshell waste as an alternative of natural lime to replace cement in concrete can contain reimbursement similar to minimizing the use of cement, conserve usual lime and utilize fabric material [8]. Obviously to a research eggshell squanders age group in India, the united states, the united kingdom is 190000, 150000 and 11000 tons per year correspondingly. Eggshell waste can be used as fertilizer, animal feed ingredients, and other such uses. However, the majority of the eggshell waste is deposited as landfills [9]. Eggshell squanders in landfills attract pests due to fond of a casing and causes tribulations linked with a human being health and environment. Few experiments test investigations are conducted to use eggshell waste in civil engineering applications.

Methodology

Standard concrete cube of size 150×150×150mm were cast and tested on 7days, 14 days and 28days. Partial substitution of glass powder and eggshell ash for cement [10] by 20% (15% glass powder & 5% eggshell ash), 30% (20% glass powder & 10% eggshell ash), 40% (25% glass powder & 15% eggshell ash) was tried in the control mix and the compressive strength of the adjusted mix proportion was studied.

Standard concrete cylinder size 150mm diameter and 300mm height were cast and tested on 7days, 14 days and 28 days [11]. Partial substitution of glass powder and eggshell ash for cement by 20% (15% glass powder & 5% eggshell ash), 30% (20% glass powder & 10% eggshell ash), 40% (25% glass powder & 15% eggshell ash) was tried in the control mix and the compressive strength and split tensile strength (cylinders) of the adjusted mix proportion were studied (Figure 1).

Description of Materials

Cement

Ordinary port land cement is the majority ordinary type of cement in all-purpose use approximately the universe, used as a essential element of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most nonspecialty grout [12]. 53 grade (OPC) cement be required to be convened. And refereed BIS specification is 12269-1987 with a designed strength for 7, 28 days being a minimum range of 53MPa or 530kg/sq cm. More than a few types of port land cement are obtainable by means of the majority widespread ordinary port land cement (OPC) which is grey in color, but a white port land cement is also available [13].

Water

Potable water (6-7.5ppm) by means of cementitious materials form a cement paste by the procedure of curing process [14]. The cement paste glue the aggregate jointly, closed the voids. Contaminated water used to make concrete be able to reason problems setting or in causing early failure of the structure.

Aggregate

Aggregates are grainy materials such as (20mm) crushed stone sand, gravels, the length of by means of water and Portland cement, are in necessary bonding frictions in concrete [15]. Locally available sand and coarse aggregates were in this experiment [16]. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.74.

Glass powder

The glass is a mixture of a number of metallic silicates, one of which is usually that of an alkali metal [17]. It is an amorphous, transparent or translucent. It may also be considered as a solidified super cooled solution of various metallic silicates having infinite viscosity [18]. The glass powder was obtained by crushing waste glass pieces in a cone crusher mill. In Figure 2, the 425-micron passing friction was used for the experiment.

Egg shell ash

Eggshell contains CaCO₃, the Figure 3 shown as eggshell ash basically contains lime calcium, magnesium carbonate, and protein contents are available [19]. In a lot of other countries, it is conventional practice for eggshell to be dehydrated and use as a source of calcium in creature. The excellence of bright green in eggshell waste is prejudiced very much by the degree of travel around to sunlight, rare water and harsh weather conditions [20]. It is the grained powder ash by means of appropriate quantity which is sieve to the necessary dimension previous to utilize among concrete/mortar.

Properties of Concrete

Quality of cement

Provide the cement be conventional by means of the suitable standard and it have stored properly in dry condition, it must exist for utilize in concrete.

Quality of aggregates

Superiority quality of aggregates its depends upon its form, size, texture, strength etc. [21]. Determines the strength of concrete its major friction bonds of concrete.

Quality of water

Frequently the quantity of water is covered by a amount of required conditions status in zonal areas. Clause stating, “the water should be fit for drinking”. Humidity (50%), normal or cold temp (39%), heavy temp (55-60%).

Water/cement ratio

It determine the workability of the concrete so it is very important factor in manufacturing of concrete.

Compaction of concrete

This test is used to determine the compressive strength of a concrete cube, which has usually been made from the fresh concrete cast in a standard test mold [22]. The value of compressive strength can then be used to assess whether the batch that the concrete cube represents meets the required compressive strength. Following cube manufacture and curing, which should both be closely controlled.

Temperature

The rate of hydration reaction is temperature reliant. This income that the concrete reserved at superior temperature determination increase strength extra rapidly than a comparable concrete reserved at a lower temperature [23]. Still, the final strength of the obtainable reserved at a higher temperature will be lower.

Fine Glass Powder

Powder glass beads are made from finely ground glass, the main source being broken and unusable bottles and a great variety of other scrap glasses [24]. Special glasses such as old cobalt medicine bottles, cold cream jars, and many other types of glasses from plates, ashtrays, window panes- to name only a feware occasionally bought new, just for purposes [25]. Waste glass obtainable nearby in Thanjavur shops is been composed. Previous to addition glass powder inside concrete it has designate powder to the preferred dimension in (Figure 4). Crushing period: 30 to 60 minutes.

Advantages of glass powder

• It’s economical.

• It’s reduced the global warming and environmental friendly.

• It gives more flexibility.

• The glass powder controls the carbon-di-oxide.

• And also reduced the cement consumption.

Egg Shell Ash

Egg contains several mutually growing layer of CaCO3. Specific gravity egg shell powder ash was 0.84. Bulk density of egg shell powder was 0.80gm/cm3.moisture content of a was 1.17%.

Advantages of eggshell powder

• It’s more economical.

• It’s most eco-friendly and reduced the global warming.

• Egg shells are high in calcium, magnesium carbonate, and lime content.

• And also a better combination of cement mortar &concrete admixture.

• 8. Experimental equipment’s

Concrete Mixer

A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregates, such as a sand or gravel land water to form concrete. Characteristic concrete mixer uses are developing drum to mix the constituents [26]. Intended for slighter volume works portable concrete mixers are frequently used. An option to a machine in (Figure 5). Is integration concreter cement by hand. This is typically done in a helm barrow. However several companies have lately begun to put up for sale customized traps for this reason. The concrete mixer was invented by Columbus industrialist Gephardt jaeger.

Casting Moulds

Cubic size: 15*15*15cm. (Figure 6). Cube specimens are crushed after rotating those 90 [27]. To decrease the amount of friction caused by the rough finishing.

Damping Rod

As per IS: 10086 -1982 the damping rod shall be 16±0.5mm dia and 600±2mm long with a rounded working end and shall be made of HYSD [28] (Figure 7).

Resources and Place of Work

The proposed work shall be carried out the laboratories of civil engineering departments of St. Joseph college of engineering and technology, Thanjavur. The routine testing facilities are available in our college itself.

Preparation of specimen

Batching: Usually batching is done by volume but most stipulation necessitates so as to batching be complete through mass quite than volume. The % of an accurate dimension of concrete materials.

Quantity of cement: A quantity of cement mix exceeds = 30% (scale capacity), the measuring accuracy of 1% of the necessary mass. Intended for minor batches then the measuring accuracy should be within 4% of the necessary quantity.

Dimensions of aggregates: It fine angular crushed structure, 9.5mm, and 37.5mm diameter. Characteristically most common size of aggregate (20mm).

Quantity of water: Is measured inside volumetric quantity amount as 1-liter water =1kg cement.

Mixing of concrete: Mix design is defined as the development of select appropriate ingredient of concrete and formative their relative proportions [29].

Placing: Cube casting into the molds shall be provided pored in the concrete with a base plate and they shall be as per IS: 10086-1982 [30].

Demolding: Test cubes should be demanded between 16 and 24 hours after they have made. If after this period of time the concrete has not achieved sufficient strength to enable remolding without damaging the cube then the remolding should be delayed for a further 24 hours [31]. When removing the concrete cube from the mold, take the mold apart compressive strength may be reduced.

Curing: Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range. This process results in concrete with increased strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks, which can severely affect durability.

• It is cured with water. Do not let it dry.

• Dry concrete all reactions stop.

• Keep temperature at moderate level.

Tests on Materials

Slump cone test

The concrete slump test is an experiential test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. Additional specifically, it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. (M20, M25, M30). This test is perform to check the consistency of freshly concrete slump 0-25mm, low workability mixes 10-40mm, medium workability mixes; 50-90mm for normal reinforcement concrete placed with vibration [32], high workability concrete;˃100mm.

Mix proportion

Grade: M20

w/c ratio: 0.5

The slump value for w/c ratio of 0.5 is 70mm

Standard consistency test

Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (approx. 400 gems) with the weighed quantity of water (start from 20%-25%) taking care that mixing (gauging) remains between 3 to 5 minutes and mixing shall be completed before any signs of setting becomes visible. Fill the vacant mold with the paste, the mould should rest on non-porous base. Place the mold under Vicat apparatus. The plunger attached to a movable rod is gently lowered on the paste. Settlement of a plunger is noted, penetration from the bottom is equal to the difference of mold height and settlement of plunger. If penetration of the plunger is within 5-7mm from the bottom, then water added is correct. Otherwise, water is added and replace is repeated.

Calculation

Water content = weight of cement × % of water content

400 × 25/100 = 100ml

400 × 27/100 = 108ml

Standard consistency of cement = 30 %

Specific gravity test on fine and coarse aggregate

Dry the pycnometer and weight it with its limit (W1). Obtain about 200gms of oven sand passing through 4.75mm sieve into the pycnometer and weight again (W2). Thoroughly dry the pycnometer from outside and weight it (W3). Weight the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4). Do another time the procedure for three samples (Table 1).

Formula used

G =W2 −W1 (W2 −W1) − (W3−W4)

Where,

W1=Empty weight of pycnometer

W2=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil.

W3=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil + water

W4=Weight of pycnometer + water (Table 2) specific gravity of fine aggregate

Calculation

G=1663-628/ (1663-628)-(2179-1524)

G =2.65

Specific gravity of river sand g = 2.65

Calculation

G=1350-700/ (1350-700)-(1950-1540)

G=2.8

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate g = 2.8

Fineness modulus test on river sand and coarse aggregate

For a 500gms of range oven dry soil example, grain size allocation has to be deliberate. Obtain the soil sample into 75μ sieve (Table 3 & 4).

Calculation

Fineness modulus = cumulative % weight retained / 100

Fineness modulus = 481.5/100

Fineness modulus = 4.81

Calculation

Fineness modulus = cumulative % weight retained

Fineness modulus =390.7/ 100

Fineness modulus = 3.9

Water absorption test

The fine aggregate passing through is 4.75mm sieve is taken about 1kg and dehydrated inside an oven at a high temperature of 110ºc±5ºc for after 24 hours and cooled to room temperature. Its weight is taken as (W1 g).the dried fine aggregate is immersed in clean water at a temperature 27ºc±2ºc for 24 hours. The fine aggregate is removed from the water. Within three minutes from the removal of water, the weight of fine aggregate W2 is found out. The above procedure is repeated for various samples (Table 5-11).

Formula used

Percentage of water absorption = (W2 −W1)×100 W1 (2)

Tests Results on Concrete

General

A concrete test is performed to study additional concerning the property of a specific example of concrete [32]. A number of dissimilar tests can be performed on concrete in cooperation, on a job location, and in a laboratory. Because concrete is significant structural elements, testing is binding in many regions of the world, and construction companies must be used refer documentation of their testing and results when asked to accomplish so by government legislature [33].

Concept of mix design

• The grade was M20.

• The combination cement contend of 6kg.

• The water cement ratio is 0.53. The replacement levels of cement, glass powder &egg shell powder were used in terms of 20%, 30%, 40%.

Workability

Slump test the workability of all concrete mixture was determine through slump test utilizing a metallic slump mould [34]. The difference in level between the height of mould and that of highest point of the subsided concrete was measured and reported as slump. This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete [35]. Consistency is a term very closely related to workability.

Tests on Hardened Concrete

Compressive test

The determination of compressive strength is primarily mean to withstand compressive stress as concrete is strong in compression .higher the compressive strength better is the durability and bond strength which is very important in quality control of concrete. Select a suitable proportion of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The mould greased with oil and the concrete was compacted in it with the tamping rod and trowel. The mould after filling with concrete was placed on placed on the vibration table. Number of concrete are prepared like this were placed for curing which are taken out at different time periods and then placed in compression testing machine. The load was gradually applied and the value at which the maximum failure was noted and the values are tabulated [36] (Table 12) (Figure 8).

Apparatus required

• Compressive testing machine

• Concrete cube mould (150mm×150mm×150mm)

• Damping rod

• Tray

• Trowel

Split tensile test

• Cylinder splitting test: this is also sometimes referred as, “Brazilian test”

• This test developed in Brazil in 1943

• 14.1. Splitting tensile strength test on concrete cylinders

• Splitting tensile strength test on the concrete cylinder is a technique to decide the tensile strength of concrete.

• The concrete is extremely feeble in tension due to its brittle nature and is not predictable to resist the direct tension.

• The concrete develops cracks when subjected to tensile forces. To determine the splitting tensile of concrete (Figure 9) (Table 13).

Results

The result of the variation of compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete produced by replacing cement with glass powder with eggshell ash for 7, 14 & 28 days [37]. From the above-said combinations, 30% (20% glass powder and 10% eggshell ash) achieve good workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete than the other combinations. So it is optimum and recommended for the structural purposes.

Conclusion

From our investigation for M20 grade concrete by replacing 40% also it attain 20km/m3.so we can make it as a practice by replacing 40% in all conventional buildings. It also makes it a economical and eco-friendly building [38]. The above-mentioned work of various researchers and our present experimental work, it is clear that glass powder and eggshell ash can be used as a partial replacement of cement in concrete because of its increased workability, strength parameters like compressive strength and split tensile strength [39]. As for disposal, utilization of waste glass powder and eggshell ash in concrete will not only provide economic, it will also help in reducing disposal problems.

Acknowledgement

Partial replacement of cement with glass powder and eggshell powder ash in concrete these paper works fully ready to worn risks not supporting any funding in the institute. It’s highly suggested the partial replacement of 20% of glass powder and 15% of eggshell ash powder in concrete. It better results in compared the normal concrete.

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