Oil Spill: Are We Doing Enough to Avoid It?

This paper reviews the recent studies on the identification and cleaning methods, as well as the consequences of oil spill. The future progression on oil spill prevention studies are also projected here. Mini Review Oil spill represents a devastating form of environmental disaster which causes irreversible impacts to the sea and marine creatures. The increase demand of petroleum due to the intensified growth of worldwide consumption leads to the threat of oil spill in various oceans during its shipping. Study by [1] in worldwide oil spill hotspots further identified that European Atlantic to be a key battlefield to avoid oil spill judging by its annual accommodation of crude oil shipping. The crude oil spilled contains of high risk substances and in the form that is hard to be removed by current technology and removal methods as stated by the review in [2]. Besides, it also causes several of negative side-effects to the open seas, such as changing sea temperature, destroying natural habitats and disturbing shipping routes and activities. In the detailed study by the proposed combined hydrodynamic numerical and temperature statistical approach in [3]. The change of sea temperature is found to be related to the shrinking of coral reefs, which can further affect the marine creature habitats and natural coastal protection provided by the existence of coral reefs. After the recent oil spill disasters, such as Hebei Spirit [4-6]. Dalian oil tank explosion [7-8] and Gulf of Mexico [9-10]. The public awareness of such issue has been re-heated. Even though, the engineering mitigation methods are of vital importance to oil spill events, the current techniques of removal are far from satisfaction. In the review of current techniques employed for oil spill removal, majority of them are either utilizing the mechanical or chemical approach. The mechanical approach uses physical measures to clean up the spills, such as by deployment of booms, skimmers or in-situ burning, and is generally dangerous to manage, slow and less efficient as its treatment is usually timeconsuming. Furthermore, it is usually incapable to totally remove oil spilled before its natural hardening takes place. On the other hand, the chemical approach represents a method usually functions by speeding up the natural biodegradation of spills. It works by using dispersants to break down oil spill into droplets to make it easier to mix with water and absorb into aquatic system. This method usually associates with high environmental risk due to the chemical side-effects. Viewing the limitation of the afore-mentioned cleaning methods, various of studies including via numerical [11] and fingerprinting approaches [5,7] have been further investigated to enhance the effectiveness to trace the sources and full impacts of oil spill and to incorporate into the use of cleaning methods. Out of these numerical and fingerprinting studies, there are several clear guidelines being established, include the importance of reaction time for cleaning and the sea environment impacts (such as sea waves and tides that increase the oil spreading). Hence further and more advance studies on numerical modelling of hydrodynamics [12] and flow turbulence [13] are crucial to understand the pattern of oil spreading to inform the cleaning process. Recent events have taught us the lesson that prevention is better than solution when considering the treat of oil spill, which have also been concluded in most of the cleaning approach studies discussed in this review paper. Conclusion This paper summarized the research efforts to minimize the impacts of oil spill in various major seas and oceans. From various suggested cleaning methods as well as oil spill source and impact predictions, it can be concluded that the oil spill is hard to be traced and cleaned effectively without proper guideline and Recent Adv Petrochem Sci 1(1): RAPSCI.MS.ID.555553 (2017) 001 How to cite this article: Jaan Hui Pu.Oil Spill: Are We Doing Enough to Avoid It?. Recent Adv Petrochem Sci. 2017; 1(1): 555553. 002 Oil Spill: Are We Doing Enough to Avoid It? technology advancement. This further suggests that precaution will be the best solution to prevent oil spill. References 1. Vieites DR, Nieto Roman S, Palanca A, Ferrer X, Vences M, et al. (2004) European Atlantic: the hottest oil spill hotspot worldwide. Naturwissenschaften 91(11): 535-538. 2. Chang SE, Stone J, Demes K, Piscitelli M (2014) Consequences of oil spills: a review and framework for informing planning. Ecol Soc 19(2): 26. 3. Pu JH (2016) Conceptual hydrodynamic-thermal mapping modelling for coral reefs at south Singapore Sea. Appl Ocean Res 55: 59-65. 4. Na JU, Sim MS, Jo IJ, Song HG (2012) the duration of acute health problems in people involved with the cleanup operation of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull 64(6): 1246-1251. 5. Sun P, Bao M, Li G, Wang X, Zhao Y, et al. (2009) Fingerprinting and source identification of an oil spill in China Bohai Sea by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with multi-statistical analyses. J Chromatogr A 1216(5): 830-836. 6. Xu Q,, Li X, Wei Y, Tang Z, Cheng Y, et al. (2013) Satellite observations and modeling of oil spill trajectories in the Bohai Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 71(1-2): 107-116. 7. Wang C, Chen B, Zhang B, He S, Zhao M, et al. (2013) Fingerprint and weathering characteristics of crude oils after Dalian oil spill China. Mar Pollut Bull 71(1-2): 64-68. 8. Zhang D, Ding A, Cui S, Hu C, Thornton SF, et al. (2013) Whole cell bioreporter application for rapid detection and evaluation of crude oil spill in seawater caused by Dalian oil tank explosion. Water Res 47(3): 1191-1200. 9. Harding V, Camp J, Morgan LJ, Gryko J (2016) Oil residue contamination of continental shelf sediments of the Gulf of Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull 113(1-3): 488-495. 10. Salcedo DL, Soto LA, Estradas-Romero A, Botello AV (2017) Interannual variability of soft-bottom micro benthic communities of the NW Gulf of Mexico in relationship to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull 114(2): 987-994. 11. Berry A, Dabrowski T, Lyons K (2012) the oil spill model OILTRANS and its application to the Celtic Sea. Mar Po llut Bull 64(11): 2489-2501. 12. ChenHZ, LiDM, Li X (2007) Mathematical modelling of oil spill on the sea and application of the modelling in Daya Bay. J Hydrodyn 19(3): 282-291. 13. Pu JH (2015) Turbulence modelling of shallow water flows using Kolmogorov approach. Comput Fluids 115: 66-74. Your next submission with Juniper Publishers will reach you the below assets • Quality Editorial service • Swift Peer Review • Reprints availability • E-prints Service • Manuscript Podcast for convenient understanding • Global attainment for your research • Manuscript accessibility in different formats ( Pdf, E-pub, Full Text, Audio) • Unceasing customer service Track the below URL for one-step submission https://juniperpublishers.com/online-submission.php This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licens

The crude oil spilled contains of high risk substances and in the form that is hard to be removed by current technology and removal methods as stated by the review in [2]. Besides, it also causes several of negative side-effects to the open seas, such as changing sea temperature, destroying natural habitats and disturbing shipping routes and activities. In the detailed study by the proposed combined hydrodynamic numerical and temperature statistical approach in [3]. The change of sea temperature is found to be related to the shrinking of coral reefs, which can further affect the marine creature habitats and natural coastal protection provided by the existence of coral reefs.
After the recent oil spill disasters, such as Hebei Spirit [4][5][6]. Dalian oil tank explosion [7][8] and Gulf of Mexico [9][10]. The public awareness of such issue has been re-heated. Even though, the engineering mitigation methods are of vital importance to oil spill events, the current techniques of removal are far from satisfaction. In the review of current techniques employed for oil spill removal, majority of them are either utilizing the mechanical or chemical approach. The mechanical approach uses physical measures to clean up the spills, such as by deployment of booms, skimmers or in-situ burning, and is generally dangerous to manage, slow and less efficient as its treatment is usually time-consuming. Furthermore, it is usually incapable to totally remove oil spilled before its natural hardening takes place. On the other hand, the chemical approach represents a method usually functions by speeding up the natural biodegradation of spills. It works by using dispersants to break down oil spill into droplets to make it easier to mix with water and absorb into aquatic system. This method usually associates with high environmental risk due to the chemical side-effects.
Viewing the limitation of the afore-mentioned cleaning methods, various of studies including via numerical [11] and fingerprinting approaches [5,7] have been further investigated to enhance the effectiveness to trace the sources and full impacts of oil spill and to incorporate into the use of cleaning methods. Out of these numerical and fingerprinting studies, there are several clear guidelines being established, include the importance of reaction time for cleaning and the sea environment impacts (such as sea waves and tides that increase the oil spreading). Hence further and more advance studies on numerical modelling of hydrodynamics [12] and flow turbulence [13] are crucial to understand the pattern of oil spreading to inform the cleaning process. Recent events have taught us the lesson that prevention is better than solution when considering the treat of oil spill, which have also been concluded in most of the cleaning approach studies discussed in this review paper.

Conclusion
This paper summarized the research efforts to minimize the impacts of oil spill in various major seas and oceans. From various suggested cleaning methods as well as oil spill source and impact predictions, it can be concluded that the oil spill is hard to be traced and cleaned effectively without proper guideline and

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Oil Spill: Are We Doing Enough to Avoid It? technology advancement. This further suggests that precaution will be the best solution to prevent oil spill.