Synthesis of Some N-Alkyl and N-Aryl Amides as Potential Central Nervous System-Active Anticonvulsant Agents

Convulsion condition is characterized by violent, uncontrolled spasmodic contractions and relaxations of the voluntary muscles. Convulsions may be a symptom resulting from various conditions and diseases, such as epilepsy, uremia, eclampsia, rabies, tetanus, strychnine poisoning, and cerebral tumour [1]. They are usually accompanied by loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which a person has repeated seizures (convulsions) over time. Seizures are episodes of disturbed brain activity that cause changes in attention or behaviour. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition (central nervous system) activity characterized by recurrent seizures [2,3]. There are many types of seizures and their symptoms can vary from a momentary disruption of the senses, to short periods of unconsciousness or staring spells, to convulsions. Epilepsy can be caused by many different conditions that affect a person’s brain. Often no definite cause can be found [3].


Introduction
Convulsion condition is characterized by violent, uncontrolled spasmodic contractions and relaxations of the voluntary muscles. Convulsions may be a symptom resulting from various conditions and diseases, such as epilepsy, uremia, eclampsia, rabies, tetanus, strychnine poisoning, and cerebral tumour [1]. They are usually accompanied by loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which a person has repeated seizures (convulsions) over time. Seizures are episodes of disturbed brain activity that cause changes in attention or behaviour. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition (central nervous system) activity characterized by recurrent seizures [2,3]. There are many types of seizures and their symptoms can vary from a momentary disruption of the senses, to short periods of unconsciousness or staring spells, to convulsions. Epilepsy can be caused by many different conditions that affect a person's brain. Often no definite cause can be found [3].
syndrome of recurrent, unprovoked seizures is termed epilepsy, but seizures can occur in people who do not have epilepsy. About 4% of people will have an unprovoked seizure by the age of 80 and only 30% to 40% [5] or according to another study 50% chance of a second one [6]. Treatment may reduce the chance of a second one by as much as half [5]. Seizure types are organized according to whether the source of the seizure within the brain is localized (partial or focal onset seizures) or distributed (generalized seizures). Partial seizures are further divided on the extent to which consciousness is affected (simple-partial and complex-partial seizures). If consciousness is unaffected, then it is a simple partial seizure; otherwise it is a complex partial seizure.
A partial seizure may spread within the brain, a process known as secondary generalization. Generalized seizures are divided according to the effect on the body, and they all involve loss of consciousness. These include absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, tonic-clonic, and atonic seizures [7]. It can be difficult to distinguish a seizure from other conditions causing a collapse, abnormal movements or other seizure manifestations. A 2007 evidence-based review from the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society recommends an electroencephalogram (EEG), brain wave activity and brain imaging with Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan in the work-up. MRI is more sensitive in a first apparently unprovoked seizure. Blood tests, lumbar puncture or toxicology screening can be helpful in specific circumstances suggestive of an underlying cause like meningitis or drug overdose, but there is insufficient evidence to support their routine use in the work-up of an adult with an apparently unprovoked first seizure [8].
Differentiating a seizure from other conditions such as syncope can be difficult. In addition, 5% of patients with a positive tilt table test may have seizure-like activity that seems to be due to cerebral hypoxia. A major seizure can sometimes be confused with a heart attack and can take days to discover. A convulsion (sometimes called a grand mal seizure) that involves the whole body (is generalized) is the most dramatic type of seizure, causing rapid, violent movements and sometimes loss of consciousness. These sometimes can start with focal movements (those involving one specific part of the body) and progress to generalized movements. Convulsions occur in about five out of every hundred people at some time during childhood. By contrast, petit mal seizures (also called absence attacks) are momentary episodes associated with a vacant stare or a brief (one or two seconds) lapse of attention. These occur mainly in young children and may be so subtle that they are not noticed until they begin affecting schoolwork [7,9].
Febrile convulsions (seizures caused by high fever) occur in three or four out of every hundred children between infancy and age five. They rarely occur after five years of age, however, and half of all children who have one febrile convulsion never have another. A febrile convulsion can cause reactions as mild as a rolling of the eyes or stiffening of the limbs, or as startling as a generalized convulsion with twitching and jerking movements that involve the whole body. Febrile convulsions usually last less than five minutes, and ordinarily the child's behavior quickly returns to normal. The risk of developing epilepsy later in life is extremely low [10]. A convulsion is a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body. Convulsion is often a symptom of an epileptical seizure; the term convulsion is sometimes used as a synonym for seizure. However, not all epileptic seizures lead to convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. Convulsions are also consistent with an electric shock. Convulsions may also be referred to as fits in some instances [11].
The goal of management in epilepsy is to make patients completely seizure-free without side effects. Currently, this goal can be achieved fully in only about one-half of the 50 million people in the world with epilepsy [12]. Epilepsy is not a benign condition. Uncontrolled epilepsy produces significant morbidity and mortality. Even infrequent seizures put a patient at risk of sudden death and compromise employability and other social functions. In the past two decades several rational approaches have been applied to the development of anti-epileptic drugs. They provide a higher yield of more effective and more targeted drugs for epilepsy. Such studies suggest that different structures of the anticonvulsants act at different receptor sites and in fact a division into at least three classes, according to effects on seizures and interaction at receptor sites has been proposed.
The Class I anticonvulsants act at the neuronal voltagedependent sodium channel, [13][14][15], the Class II anticonvulsants act at ɤ-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors, [15][16][17], the Class III anticonvulsants act by interacting with Excitatory Amino Acid (EAA) receptors, particularly those for N-Methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) [18,19]. Other mechanism and approaches to understanding and controlling seizures are under investigation [20][21][22][23]. The potential risk of a new anti-epileptic drug however has to be weighed against the potential risk of continuing seizures and the potential for the new drug to control those seizures. One must balance carefully the need for seizure control and the resulting toxicity of the anti-epileptic agent. The perfect antiepileptic drug is as yet unavailable; until it is, physicians must be aware of individual variations with regard to drug response and efficacy. In order to verify the hypothesis that observed CNS-Activity of amides is due to some physicochemical properties (e.g. ionisation constant); where transport and steric factors are not overwhelming. It is intended to synthesis and characterizes a number of potential CNS-active model compounds. Screening their anticonvulsant activity using Maximum Electric Shock and subcutaneous Metrazol induced seizure methods, and Use computer to generate and correlate some physicochemical properties with the biological activity.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Carboxamides
The acyl-chlorides and the amines, and all others chemicals used were purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. The Schotten-Baumann method of preparing amides was used to synthesis all the amides [26,27]. A solution of the appropriate amine (0.03M) in 55mL of tetrahydrofuran was added to 200mL of 20%w/v aqueous potassium carbonate in a 1litre three-necked round bottomed flask. The flask was immersed in an ice bath on a magnetic stirrer, equipped with a magnetic bar, an air condenser (carrying a drying tube to exclude moisture), an addition funnel with a stopper and a thermometer immersed in the solution. A solution of the appropriate acyl chloride (0.033M) in 35mL of tetrahydrofuran was added drop wise over 50 minutes. The mixture was allowed to stir overnight and warm to ambient temperature. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with Chloroform (3 x 100mL). The extracts were combined, and washed with water, 10% aqueous HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 , and water successively.
The washed extract was dried over magnesium sulphate and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting residue was purified by recrystallization from methanol and the homogeneity of the product was confirmed by TLC analysis using Dichloromethane/Acetonitrile (5:1) solvent system on precoated silica gel plate. The melting point and the yield for each compound synthesised were also determined. All the compounds synthesized were subjected to spectral (H-NMR, C-NMR and MS) and elemental analyses of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) (Figures 1 & 2).  Organic and Medicinal Chemistry International Journal of tetrahydrofuran in accordance with the Schotten-Baumann method. The procedure and the work-up, described under the preparation of carboxamides were followed to get 2.73g (52% yield) of N-but-2-eamide (Compound 9) with a melting point of 110-112oC. 1

Anticonvulsant Testing Procedures
There are two well-documented tests that are generally used as models for assessing anticonvulsant activity. These are the Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) test and the Subcutaneous Metrazol Seizure (scMET) test. In the MES test an electrical current is administered via corneal electrodes to induce a seizure. Drugs that prevent such electroshock seizure in mice may possibly be effective against tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures [24]. The useful animal test (scMET test) for screening drugs possibly effective against absence (petit mal) seizure is the prevention of seizures induced by Metrazol (pentylenetetrazol) [21]. The initial anticonvulsant evaluation of the synthesized compounds was conducted by using three dose levels (30, 100, and 300 mg/ kg) and in some cases, lower doses were administered. All tests were performed on male mice weighing 18-26 g were used [25].
The animals were maintained on Purina chow and water in a colony room for several days before use. Test solutions of all compounds were prepared in a mixture of polyethylenegycol-400 and water (30:70 v/v). Animals were dosed intraperitoneally 30 min. prior to testing. Maximal Electroshock Seizures (MES) were induced by applying an alternating current of 60 Hz and 50 mA via corneal electrode. A drop of 0.9% saline was put on the eye prior to application of the electrodes. Abolition of the hind limb tonic extension component of the seizure was defined as protection in the MES test. The subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (metrazol) Seizure Threshold Test (scMET) was conducted by administering in the posterior midline a dose of 85mg/kg of pentylenetetrazol in a 0.5% solution.
A protection episode of clonic spasms within 30 min. immediately following administration of the compound was observed. Neurological deficit was measured in mice by the rotorod test. The dosed animal was placed on a 1-inch diameter knurled plastic rod rotating at 6 rpm. Neurologic toxicity was recorded as the failure of the animal to remain on the rod for 1 min. The median anticonvulsant potency (ED50) and toxicity (TD50) were calculated from the dose-effect data. The ionization constant (pKa), Molar reactivity (MR) and LogP data for all the synthetic compounds were calculated using ACD/Labs (ACD/ Labs, version 8.0; Advanced Chemistry Development: Toronto, Canada).

Results And Discussion
The result of anticonvulsant screening for all the compounds synthesized is presented in (Tables 1-3). Summary of Data for Correlational Study are presented in (Table 4). Correlation Equations that are significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) were used for prediction of Anticonvulsant Activity The acidity of all the prepared carboxamides were within the predicted pKa working range (13.50 to 15.50). In view of our hypothesis that observed CNS-Activity of amides is due to such physicochemical property like ionization constant (pKa), where transport and steric factors are not overwhelming, we expected a correlation between anticonvulsant activity and the pKa-value of the selected carboxamides. The correlation with pKa1 has shown r 2 = -0.250 for PIMES and pKa 2 has shown r 2 = 0.232 for PIMES. Also pKa 1 has shown r 2 = 0.090 for PIscMET and for pKa2 r 2 = 0.426 for PIscMET ( Figure 3).     This results confirms that PIMES and PIscMET used in this work are poorly correlated with the calculated pKa-value; and shows that the carboxamides may be acting as intact molecules at the receptor site. The other physicochemical properties used in this work are LogP and MR. LogP is a measure of solubility property of the drug molecule while MR is a measure of the volume occupied by the drug molecule in space. Both, LogP and MR have shown a little significantly correlation at r 2 = 0.465 for PIMES/LogP and at r 2 = 0.421 for PIMES/MR, at the 0.01 level (2-tailed test). Even these two parameters (LogP and MR) are poorly correlated for PIscMET Protective Index. This conclusion is quite important in that it confirms the previous conclusion that MES (which measures electrical stimulation of the brain) and scMET (which measures chemical stimulation of the brain) actually measures different activities in the brain even though they both show the same symptom of convulsion in the experimental animal.

Conclusion
The concept of Parallel Synthesis was successfully applied in this work to synthesize all compounds. The correlational analyses have shown that both protective indices PIMES or PIscMET used in this work are poorly correlated with the calculated pKa-value. The results obtained with LogP and MR has shown a correlation only with PIMES.