Computer Simulation in Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies

. Abstract Computer simulation in the field of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics or in silica model is need of the hour in the biomedical field. In silica studies helps the research with ease and effectiveness. The current review summarises the various computer simulation models for different drugs with their outcomes. The current field is still under developed and needs more number of researches to achieve the goals.


Mini Review
Current scenario is based on rapid development of technologies and computer simulation is an integral part in the field of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies.It helps to rapid development of dosage forms with cheaper price and by using less manpower [1].Medical field is still slow in accepting the computer simulation models.Simulation can play a major role for selection of studies to be performed; clinical trial simulation covers many disciplines i.e. pharmacokinetics, pre clinical pharmacologist, statistician, computer programmer etc.So, all experts can discuss and precede the appropriate research [2].Understanding of the aim and objectives of the work is very essential for all experts and it's a tedious job; and the main reason behind the less development of the simulation technique in the field of medical field [3].
Computer simulation methods are based on availability of literature and studies regarding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters of the selected drugs [4].Success of computer simulations methods are depended on quality of data inputs available [5].Previous studies are taken as a reference to predict the simulation; and computer simulations demonstrate the pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e.half lives) of different drugs [6].Computer simulations can give atomic details which are not accessible from experiments and help to elucidate the mechanism of the passive permeation process at a molecular level [7].

Current Development in Computer Simulation
All the medicines should undergo to a development and assessment processes before launching to the market.Safety of the patient is main concern for everyone especially in the case of drugs; so scrutiny and rigorous testing of the product before commercialization is highly essential.Some products fall into the potential harmful substances and repeated preclinical and clinical studies are harmful for animals and humans; so computer simulation can fill the gap and gives better result.Currently computer simulation models are promoted to overcome all these issues, but still this area is under developed and requires more development (Table 1) [8][9][10].Results are relevant for the understanding of this important class of enzymes and for the design of more potent and specific inhibitors for the treatment of parasitic diseases. [13] 7.

CNS drug (R1315)
Oral bioavailability prediction was studied as a function of the particle size and drug solubility.
Computer simulations were performed with the software Gastro Plus TM V. 4 For the models of poorly water-soluble drugs, neutral, free weak acid, and free weak base drugs were selected.
The mini scale dissolution test integrated with a computer simulation system could simulate quantitatively the in vivo absorption of structurally diverse BCS class II drugs. [14]

Methylprednisolone
Computer simulations allow application protocols and drug delivery systems to be evaluated, and may permit animal studies to be extrapolated to the larger cochlea of the human.
3D model was implemented in a commercial software package for finite-element calculations (ANSYS ®, ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg Pa., USA) 3D computations demonstrate the existence of substantial gradients across the scale in the basal turn. [

Modern Applications of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability Conclusion
More number of research and experts are required in the field of in silico computer simulation field to improve the product trials and replacement of animals and human during clinical trials.Subject specific model studies are recommended in which living models can be easily replaced by in silico models.The major challenge in the field of in silico pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic studies is the harmony of understanding between the pharmacokinetics and computer programmer.

Table 1 :
Details do drugs investigated by various computer simulation models for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.