Photochemistry Governing Bacteriorhodopsin and Bacterial Reaction Center

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is an integral membrane protein found in the purple membrane of the Halobacterium halobium. As a light driven proton pump, bRs capture photons in the order of 500nm-650nm. Existing research found that 300mv of electricity generated per purple membrane [1]. Conversely, bacterial reaction center (bRC) is found in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. It generates 800mv of electricity in total, considering the transfer of 4 protons in the membrane. Multiple interventions to denature and modulate the structure of bR should be considered, including pH, temperature, detergent and wavelength of laser light. Bacteriorhodopsin has been known to function between0C to 45C at a pH of 1-11. It tolerates temperature over 80C in water and up to 140C in dry [2]. Conventionally, laser is utilized to precipitate the photoisomerization of bR, consequently shifting all trans-13 to structure. The chromophore which is covalently attached to Lys216 through a Schiff base is modulated through this method. Bacterial Reaction Center (bRC) is a light driven electron transfer reaction that converts solar energy to chemical energy. bRC are integral membrane structured proteins found in the purple membrane of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. It is composed of 3 protein subunits--L, M and H. It has 3 major co-factors composed of 4bacterio-chlorophylls, 2 bacteriopheophytins and 2 quinones [3]. In this interaction, electron transfer occurs through light ejection of electron that passes through them embrane. Conversion of sunlight to chemical energy simultaneously precipitates. Both bR and bRC from Halobacterium halobium and Rhodobacter sphaeroides respectively generate a considerable worth of electricity that can be used in the industry today. Although bRC emits power in a rather limited merit, future research would determine its potential for catalyzing electrically reliant applications such as optics, instrumentation and therapeutic values. bRC can be utilized for solar energy and drive photovoltaic cells. Its usage is ubiquitous at this point and has generated multitude of photovoltaic and solar energy driven applications. Further research will enhance the efficacy of bRC generated solar cells and related interventions.


Introduction
(bR) is an membrane protein found in the purple membrane of the Halobacterium halobium.As a light driven proton pump, bRs capture photons in the order of 500nm-650nm.Existing research found that 300mv of electricity generated per purple membrane [1].Conversely, bacterial reaction center (bRC) is found in Rhodobacter sphaeroides.It generates 800mv of electricity in total, considering the transfer of 4 protons in the membrane.Multiple interventions to denature and modulate the structure of bR should be considered, including pH, temperature, detergent and wavelength of laser light.Bacteriorhodopsin has been known to function between0C to 45C at a pH of 1-11.It tolerates temperature over 80C in water and up to 140C in dry [2].Conventionally, laser is utilized to precipitate the photoisomerization of bR, consequently shifting all trans-13 to structure.The chromophore which is covalently attached to Lys216 through a Schiff base is modulated through this method.Bacterial Reaction Center (bRC) is a light driven electron transfer reaction that converts solar energy to chemical energy.bRC are integral membrane structured proteins found in the purple membrane of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.It is composed of 3 protein subunits--L, M and H.It has 3 major co-factors composed of 4bacterio-chlorophylls, 2 bacteriopheophytins and 2 quinones [3].In this interaction, electron transfer occurs through light ejection of electron that passes through them embrane.Conversion of sunlight to chemical energy simultaneously precipitates.Both bR and bRC from Halobacterium halobium and Rhodobacter sphaeroides respectively generate a considerable worth of electricity that can be used in the industry today.Although bRC emits power in a rather limited merit, future research would determine its potential for catalyzing electrically reliant applications such as optics, instrumentation and therapeutic values.bRC can be utilized for solar energy and drive photovoltaic cells.Its usage is ubiquitous at this point and has generated multitude of photovoltaic and solar energy driven applications.Further research will enhance the efficacy of bRC generated solar cells and related interventions.

JOJ Sciences
bRC.Permeability of membrane may affect absorption and transport of protons.Hence, data for photo cycle bR efficiency is 60% reliable, while bRC efficiency is 100%.

Efficiency for Converting Light Energy into ATP
BR generates 22 photons per ATP while bRC generates 1 photon per ATP.Therefore, bR constitutes 22 photons multiplied by 300meV equals to 6600meV which is equivalent to 6.6V [6].BRC generates 1 photon multiplied by 800meV is equal to 800meV equivalent to .8V[5].

Comparing Power and Efficiency of Bacteriorhodopsin and Bacterial Reaction Center
bR and bRC are both directly correlated with power and efficiency.The higher the unit of power (i.e.milli volts), the more efficient it is in driving industrial applications.Typical instrumentations driven by bR and bRC include bioreactors for hydrogen production, molecular detection and biosensing to name a few [2].Calculating the power and efficiency of bR and bRC involve the formulas below Figure 1.

W=Fd
To get electrochemical efficiency, photo cycle efficiency multiplied by cross membrane voltage gradient times number of protons per photo cycle divided by photon energy.For chemical efficiency, photo cycle efficiency is multiplied by energy per ATP which is always 300meV, divided by number of photons per ATP multiplied by number of protons per photon divided by photon energy.Hence, bR electrochemical efficiency is 7 % (.6*300meV* 1 proton/2.5eV)while bRC electrochemical efficiency is 1 6% (.200meV*1*1*1proton/2.5eV).Chemical efficiency of bR is .54%(.300meV/ 22 * 2.5eV) while bRC chemical efficiency is 3% (.300meV/ (2.5 eV* 4 protons) [5].Photon energy (2.5eV) was obtained by using the formula E= hc/ λ, where h is the Planck's constant (6.63x10-34), c is the speed of light (3.0x108m/s) and wavelength in the order of 500nm, when green light is emitted, blue and red light are absorbed Figure 2.

Functional and Structural Differences of Bacteriorhodopsin and Bacterial Reaction Center
BR and bRC are both proton pumps that utilize solar energy and convert it to chemical energy Table 1.Although the function of both proteins are the same, they have distinct structural features and consequently have differing energy emissions.BR has a simpler structure than bRC.It is composed of 1740 atoms, while bRC contains 7155 atoms.BR has a chromophore in the middle while bRC contains Bph, Bchl and Q chromophores.BR is composed of seven transmembrane helices; while bRC compose five helices in the L and M subunits and one in the H subunit [3] (Solution structure of the loops of bacteriorhodopsin closely resembles the crystal structure).Both proteins, bR and bRC, come from purple membranes of Halobacterium halobium and Rhodobacter sphaeroides, respectively [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].

Conclusion
bRC is more efficient in converting solar energy to chemical energy and solar energy to ATP than bR, while bR generates more electricity, considering the photons emitted by each.BR generates 22 photons, multiplied by 300meV equaling to 6600meV equivalent to 6.6V, while bRC generates 1 photon, multiplied by 800meV equaling to 800meV equivalents to .8V.With 6.6 voltages, lanterns, flashlights and automobiles can be powered.

Table 1 :
Properties of Bacteriorhodopss in (bR) and Bacterial Reaction Center (bRC).