Influence of Macro-Environmental Climatic Factors on Distribution and Productivity of Freshwater Algae

The major source of organic biomass production is based on the global photosynthetic process in which the algae are important primary producers. Protein synthesis is made by the chlorophyll mechanism on the base of trophic elements in the water habitats as well as solar radiation. Algae as basic level of aquatic ecosystem trophic pyramid are defined all higher levels organisms’ production [1]. The basic macro variables that support of photosynthetic activity are the sunlight and temperature. However, the same factor is the global and defined the life and evolution. It is difficult to compare the global temperature fluctuation and algal communities development because the data are or not enough, or have incomparable scale.


Introduction
The major source of organic biomass production is based on the global photosynthetic process in which the algae are important primary producers. Protein synthesis is made by the chlorophyll mechanism on the base of trophic elements in the water habitats as well as solar radiation. Algae as basic level of aquatic ecosystem trophic pyramid are defined all higher levels organisms' production [1]. The basic macro variables that support of photosynthetic activity are the sunlight and temperature. However, the same factor is the global and defined the life and evolution. It is difficult to compare the global temperature fluctuation and algal communities development because the data are or not enough, or have incomparable scale.
One of the easy measured global parameter is the length of day (LOD) that defined solar radiation rate [2]. The rate of solar radiation is distributed over the Earth surface unevenly ( Figure  1) [3]. The global temperature is defined the photosynthetic mechanism activity and also distributed over the Earth surface unevenly ( Figure 2) [4]. Both these important variables are defined the life distribution and diversity over the Earth surface that help to revealed the biomes system ( Figure 3) [5].

Preliminary scientific research
Both, solar radiation and water temperature are closely related but the ocean water surface temperature has some special fluctuation named El Niño with about four-year periodicity. This phenomenon was revealed in the Pacific surface and monitor of about hundred years. The opposite phenomenon is called La Niña. Delta of both was calculated by us [2] and is represented in  The warmest years are marked by red that the same as El Niño years. It is Pacific water temperature, why it important for continental algal communities? Our investigation of algal seasonality development in the Far East water reservoir let us to compare the El Niño years with algal bloom in reservoirs. So, in our experience we revealed that the Artyomovsk Reservoir which placed about 20 km from the sea was bloomed in years 1983 [7] and later (personal communication) in 1998, 2003 and 2010. The same blooms periods were in the close to sea reservoirs Bogatinskoye, Pionerskoye and other Primorsky district lakes and reservoirs with lag period about few days. In comparison with the red columns of El Niño years can be seen that it is the same. So, it let us to conclude that Pacific temperature is impacted algal bloom of the continental water bodies and therefore can be included to the drinking water quality source management.
As we can see, the ocean is very important thing in the life evolution and its level fluctuation is one of the evidence of the global environment state. The generalized global sea level curve is fluctuated in range about 250 m and divisible into two major peaks [10]. Because the present day sea level is the lowest for more than 500 myr of the plotted sea level change, the highs and lows of the generalized sea level curve are arbitrary, with ill-defined turning points. For more objective evaluation of sea-level trends, we re-plotted sea levels with 1 myr interval ( Figure 5). Standard deviation line of the plot approximates the statistical normal sea level for 542 myr. Sea level rises and falls can be objectively assessed against this level.  [11]) and geomagnetic polarity intervals (data after [12]) over 534 myr The chronological correlation of sea level and geomagnetic polarity is revealed by polynomial trend lines ( Figure 5) and the metric congruence of the first and second order cycles. The turning points of both trends coincide and thus reflect natural periodicity of geochronological scale. So, this phenomenon is not only proof of the global warming theory insolvency but also give us evidence for the algal community data mining for the ecological analysis of the community response to the global parameters fluctuation.

Results
As an example of this scale analysis, we choose the North-Eastern Eurasian large rivers [13]. Figure 6 shows the investigated area with the river channels marked by green. The same area is marked by dashed rectangle in the global maps of Figures 1-3. This area is very large and placed in the northern part of continent with lowest solar radiation and temperatures that defined Boreal and Arctic Biomes of diversity. The gradient of solar radiation for the aquatic ecosystem can be defined as the average ice-free days. Can be seen that the temperature and average ice-free days for the studied rivers were fluctuated synchronously as reflect the distribution trend lines (Figure 7). That means that both global related parameters can define the algal communities' development in the studied rivers.  We choose the latitude of habitat as the regulated variable (Axis x) for the analysis of the algal community response to global factors. Hydrobiological data was sorted over habitat latitude of each river and included phytoplankton species richness, abundance and biomass as total and over taxonomic Divisions. Below are placed the results of calculation in the graphs and histograms. The rivers are in order of its average latitude decreasing ( Figure 6). The Anabar River is the northernmost of the studied rivers. We can see that abundance and biomass of phytoplankton decreased synchronous to the north ( Figure  8). Species richness is usually represented by cyanobacteria, diatoms and green algae but in high Arctic it changes with the Chrysophyta algae. This trend is more pronounced in the dynamics of abundance and biomass. In the next, the Olenyok River, phytoplankton abundance and biomass are increased (Figure 9) but Divisional distribution of species richness, abundance and biomass are similar to it in the Anabar. In the Yana River ( Figure 10) can be seen similar tendency to Olenyok. So, in Figures 8-14 we can see similar type of distribution the main feature of it is the replacing of diatom algae with greens and cyanobacteria, rarely with chrysophytic algae also. This refers to rivers above 62 degrees of northern latitude: the rivers Anabar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Lena, and Viluy. This type of trend is changed below the 62 degree of latitude north. The diatom prevalence with latitude shows in Figures 15-19 mostly in biomass changes histogram than in species richness.

International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources Conclusion
The study results let us to conclude that global parameters of annual solar irradiation about 1100 kWh m 2 is critical energy for diatom active development (Figure 1). Our research reveals correlation of the El Niño in Pacific and the Far East reservoirs bloom, mostly with planktonic cyanobacteria. The northeastern rivers research let us to assume that the annual air temperature lower than -12 C˚ is stress factor for the algal community ( Figure 2). This study area is represented by most sharp climatic parameters such as minimal temperature in the World: in Verkhoyansk is pole of cold. The phytoplankton structure was changed in parallel with the incoming solar energy, as we show earlier in algal indication of climatic gradients [14]. The latitude border about 62 degree of northern latitude is also critical to the photosynthetic terrestrial plants which are changed their structure from Arctic to Temperate Forest Biomes (Figure 3). Therefore, the large scale algal diversity analysis -the gammadiversity, help us to reveal the critical level of major global climatic factors such as temperature and solar radiation for the algal species content and productivity. In high latitude habitats are survive mostly cyanobacteria and chrysophytes with majority of the green algae. It let us to conclude that climatically related variables -temperature and solar energy play a determining role in the development of algae in the continental water bodies of Eurasia. Thus, the composition and abundance of phytoplankton can serve as an indicator of climatic changes in the analysis of gamma diversity.