Effect of Farm Yard Manure and Phosphorus Levels on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat

Wheat (Triticum astivum L) belongs to the family Poaceae. Wheat is an annual, self-pollinated long day winter cereal. It is grown on 8303 thousand ha-1 through whole outcome of 26.21m ton in Pakistan with average yield 2844 kilogram per hectare MINFAL [1]. It is the major stable food for the inhabitant of Pakistan Malik [2]. The optimum yield at farmers is greatly lower than required probable level of yield Manin et al. [3]. In irrigated area of KPK wheat is grown on 0.313 million hectares with an average of 1860 kg/ha. Among Rabi cereal crops wheat is a dominant crop of district Mardan, Mansehra, Kohistan, Peshawar and Swat. Increase in the population pressure demand for wheat production increase in Pakistan by growing the yield production per unit area will complete the requirement of wheat.


Introduction
Wheat (Triticum astivum L) belongs to the family Poaceae. Wheat is an annual, self-pollinated long day winter cereal. It is grown on 8303 thousand ha -1 through whole outcome of 26.21m ton in Pakistan with average yield 2844 kilogram per hectare MINFAL [1]. It is the major stable food for the inhabitant of Pakistan Malik [2]. The optimum yield at farmers is greatly lower than required probable level of yield Manin et al. [3]. In irrigated area of KPK wheat is grown on 0.313 million hectares with an average of 1860 kg/ha. Among Rabi cereal crops wheat is a dominant crop of district Mardan, Mansehra, Kohistan, Peshawar and Swat. Increase in the population pressure demand for wheat production increase in Pakistan by growing the yield production per unit area will complete the requirement of wheat.
As great progress has been achieved in wheat yield per unit area, but it is still below the average yield as compared to other wheat producing countries of the world. There are many constrains to higher yield e.g. environmental stresses which are hampering the attainment of potential maximum grain yield. The application of energy intensive agriculture inputs such as fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are becoming prohibitively expensive and thus greater production will have to be achieved mainly by further improvement in productivity of wheat. In order to our come this short fall in wheat productivity, the latest production technologies that emphasize on the use of adequate inputs and other techniques like proper agronomic practices are to be followed. Wheat, being an exhaustive crop not only depletes the soil fertility but also degrades its physical properties Singh and Singh (2001). The soil of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is very low in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous and zinc Idris et al. [4]. Chemical fertilizers are used at high level by the farmer to get maximum output per unit area Ahmad [5].
Manure application plays a very important role in improving the fertility of the soil. Manures are bulky organic material taken from plant and animals wastes and extracted. To use of decomposed organic residues David et al. [6] combination of synthetic and organic P fertilizer are believed to improve agriculture productivity in sustainable ways Torbert et al.
(2001) the amendment of organic manure enhances soil organic carbon more than the application of the same amount nutrient as inorganic fertilizer Gregorich et al. [7].
Soil type, types of crops, water requirement, P fertilizer, management practices and time of application and climatic condition of an area are important factors to be considered when attempting to formulate sound P fertilizer source and International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources application for maximum crops yield response Amanullah et al. (2010) Amending the soil with animal manures to increase soil fertility has been a common practice throughout the history Griffin et al. [8]. The combined application of inorganic and organic amendments like FYM green manures and residue straw improve their effectiveness. Yaduvanshi and Sharma (2008) found that application of FYM with chemical amendment increase the wheat yield and N, P, K, uptake in grain yield.
Biological Processes are vitally important for enhancing phosphorus (P) availability to crops, especially those that are receiving organic amendments as their major nutrient source Nziguheba and Bu nemann (2005). The major role of mineral fertilizers is to improve crop yields but the main constraint in achieving proven crop potential is low use of fertilizers particularly that of P and K as compared to N Anon (2002) as P is an expensive nutrient compared to N, and wheat commonly suffers from P deficiency while grown on alkaline calcareous soils, it is therefore imperative to manage it properly to achieve maximum benefits. Overall 90% of Pakistan soils are low in available P and suffer from moderate to severe P deficiency Ahmad et al. [9] and Nisar et al. (1992). Plants require adequate P from the very early stages of growth for optimum production. P decrease lodging by providing strength to the straw in cereals. It increases crop resistance to certain diseases. It plays an inevitable role in plant growth promotion, cell division and nucleus formation. It is also responsible for ribonucleic acid (RNA) and (DNA) formation which are responsible for heredity transmission; it stimulates early growth and root formation. Grain yield and P accumulation by wheat are highest for higher P rates Singh et al. (2000).
Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus is relatively immobile in the soil. Consequently, phosphorus placement is expected to cause larger effects on phosphorus availability and crop yield. Research has shown that applying phosphorus with the seed can increase both spring wheat and winter wheat yield compared to deep banding or broadcasting, even in the soils having high amount of phosphorus Jackson et al. (1991) and Jackson et al. (1997). The effective placement of fertilizers can maximize both yields a nutrient use efficiency thereby increasing net profit for the producer. With advances in technology placement option have increased in the past few decades. In addition, a large amount of research has been conducted in the past 25 years on the effects of various placement methods on crop yield, quality, emergence fertilizer use efficiency weeds, and water quality.
Keeping in view the above task, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of FYM and phosphorus on growth, yield and yield component of wheat.

Materials and Methods
To study the effect of phosphorus and FYM on yield and yield components of wheat. The experiment was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during Rabi season 2014-15. The experiment was conducted in randomize complete block design having split plot with four replications. Farm Yard Manure will be allocated to main plot while Phosphorus source will be allocated to sub plots. Different rates of FYM will be allocated to the main plots while phosphorus levels will be allocated to sub plots. Plots size will be 3m x 2.1m. Seed rate for wheat variety Atta Habib will be used as 120 kg ha -1 on flat beds with 30 cm row to row distance. Farm Yard Manure rates (FYM1 = 0 t ha -1 , FYM2 = 3 t ha -1 , FYM3 = 6 t ha -1 , FYM4 = 9 t ha -1 ) will be applied 15 days before sowing. Phosphorus will be applied as 0, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha -1 . All the other agronomic practices will be applied uniformly to all the treatments. The experiment will be consists of the following factors along with their respective levels. Data regarding spike length is reported in (Table 1). Statistical analysis of the data revealed that maximum spike length (9cm) was recorded in plots treated with 120 kg P ha -1 . Lowest spike length value of (8.4cm) was observed in plot that received no Phosphorus. Similarly FYM at the rate of 9 tons ha -1 gives highest spike length value of (8.9cm). The lowest value of (8.2 cm) spike length was observed in control plots that received no P and FYM. Increase in both FYM and P shows increase in spike length.

International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources
Data regarding grain per spike shown in (Table 2). Statistical analysis of data revealed that effect of FYM, phosphorus significantly affected grain per spike, while interaction between (P x FYM) was also found significant. Mean values showed that the maximum grain per spike (86.7) was found in the plot treated with 9 tons ha -1 FYM, while minimum (74.6) was recorded from plot treated without ton ha -1 . However phosphorus at the rate of 120kg ha -1 produced maximum grain per spike (84.7) while minimum (77.9) was reported from plot treated with 60 ton ha -1 . Similarly in interaction the maximum biological yield (89.1) was recorded from plot receiving 9 tons ha -1 FYM while minimum (55) was recorded from plot receiving 3 tons ha -1 FYM and 90 kg ha -1 . Data regarding biological yield is shown in (Table 3). Statistical analysis of data revealed that effect of FYM, phosphorus and interaction between the (P x FYM) significantly affected biological yield. Mean values showed that the maximum biological yield (10684 kg ha -1 ) was found in the plot treated with 9 tons ha -1 FYM, while minimum (8844.4 kg ha -1 ) was recorded from plot treated without ton ha-1. However 120 kg ha-1 phosphorus produced maximum biological yield (11104.8 kg ha -1 ) while minimum (8096.2 kg ha -1 ) was obtain at 0 kg ha -1 phosphorus. similarly in interaction the maximum biological yield (12604.2 kg ha -1 ) was recorded from plot receiving 9 tons ha -1 FYM and 120 kg P ha -1 while minimum (6833.3 kg ha -1 ) was recorded from plot receiving 6 tons ha -1 FYM and 0 kg phosphorus ha -1 .

Grain yield (kg ha -1 )
Data regarding biological yield is shown in (Table 4). Statistical analysis of data revealed that effect of FYM, phosphorus significantly affected grain yield. Mean values showed that the maximum grain yield (4691.6kg ha -1 ) was found in the plot treated with 9 tons ha -1 FYM, while minimum (3306.3 kg ha -1 ) was recorded from plot treated without FYM ton ha -1 . However 120kg P ha -1 produced maximum grain yield (4251.2 kg ha -1 ) while minimum (3700.5kg ha -1 ) was reported from plot treated with 0 kg P ha -1 . While interaction between (P x FYM) was found non-significant.   Table 5 Represent the effect of FYM and phosphorus on thousand grain weight of wheat. Statistical analysis of data showed that effect of FYM and phosphorus significantly affected thousand grain weights. Mean values showed that maximum thousand grain weights (55.4 g) was found in the plot treated with 9 tons ha -1 FYM, while minimum (41.4 g) was recorded from plot treated without FYM. However P at 120 kg ha -1 produced maximum thousand grain weight (52.4 g) while minimum (45.3 g) was reported from plot treated with 0 kg P ha -1 While interaction between (P x FYM) were no significant.

International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources
Data regarding harvest index is shown in (Table 6). Statistical analysis of data revealed that effect of FYM, phosphorus and interaction between the (P x FYM) significantly affected harvest index. Mean values showed that the maximum harvest index (47.6 %) was found in the plot treated with 9 tons ha -1 FYM, while minimum (36.0%) was recorded from plot treated without FYM. However P at 0 kg ha -1 produced maximum harvest index (43.4%) while minimum (39.9 %) was reported from plot treated with 120 kg p ha -1 . While interaction between (P x FYM) the maximum harvest index (51.0 %) was recorded from plot receiving 9 tons ha -1 FYM and 60kg p ha -1 while minimum (32.2 %) was recorded from plot without tons ha -1 FYM and Phosphorus.

Discussion
The results showed that effect of FYM, phosphorus and interaction between the (P x FYM) significantly affected biological yield. Mean values showed that the maximum biological yield was found in the plot treated with FYM application at high rate, while minimum biological yield was recorded from plot treated without ton ha -1 FYM. Similarly phosphorus application at high rate produced maximum biological yield while minimum was 0 kg ha -1 phosphorus. Similarly interaction showed the maximum biological yield. Our results are in line with Yousaf & Ali [10].
The results showed that effect of FYM, phosphorus significantly affected grain per spike, while interaction between (P x FYM) was also found significant. Mean values showed that the maximum grain per spike was found in the plot treated with high level. While minimum was recorded from plot treated without ton h a-1 . However phosphorus at the rate of optimum rate produced maximum grain per spike while minimum was reported from plot treated without ton ha -1 . Similarly interaction showed the maximum biological yield. Our results are in line with Antil [11].
The results showed that maximum spike length was recorded in plots treated phosphorus application at high rate. Low spike length value of was observed in plot that received no Phosphorus. Similarly FYM application at high rate gave maximum spike length value. The lowest value of spike length was observed in control plots that received no P and FYM. Increase in both FYM and P shows increase in spike length. Our results are in line with Khan & Hussain [12].
The results showed that effect of FYM, phosphorus significantly affected grain yield. Mean values showed that the maximum grain yield was found in the plot treated with high rate FYM, while minimum was recorded from plot treated with 0 FYM ton ha -1 . However phosphorus application at high rate produced maximum grain yield while minimum was reported from plot treated with 0 kg P ha -1 . While interaction between (P x FYM) was found non-significant. Our results are in line with Alam et al. [13].
The results showed that effect of FYM and phosphorus significantly affected thousand grain weights. Mean values showed that maximum thousand grain weights was found in the plot treated with high rate FYM, while minimum was recorded from plot treated without FYM. However P application at high rate produced maximum thousand grain weight while minimum was reported from plot treated with 0 kg P ha -1 While interaction between (P x FYM) were no significant. Our results are in line with Pervez et al. [14].
The results showed that effect of FYM, phosphorus and interaction between the (P x FYM) significantly affected harvest index [15][16][17]. Mean values showed that the maximum harvest index was found in the plot treated with high rate FYM, while minimum was recorded from plot treated without FYM. However P at 0 kg ha -1 produced maximum harvest index while minimum was reported from plot treated with phosphorus application at high rate [18][19][20][21][22]. While interaction between (P x FYM) the maximum harvest index was recorded from plot receiving high rate FYM and optimum P ha -1 while minimum was recorded from plot without tons ha-1 FYM and Phosphorus. Our results are in line with Nazim et al. [24,25].

Conclusion
It was concluded from the results that application of P at the rate of 120 kg ha -1 and FYM at the rate of 9 tons ha -1 improve the yield and yield components of wheat. It is recommended that P at the rate of 120 kg ha -1 and FYM at the rate of 9 tons ha -1 should be used to improve the yield and yield components of wheat.