Boot Spurs: A form of Accessory or a Tool?

Introduction This paper will describe the boot spur of the 17th century and then compare this to one from the 20th century. This element of costume for the 1600s was both functional and iconic to the wearer. The boot spurs described are from archaeological contexts with one area being at Ferry land Newfoundland and the second having no provenance but has been collected by the British Museum collection. The 17th century boot spur was an expensive piece of horse-related hardware; often with gold or silver gilt on a base metal of brass or iron. Thus few owned this object type and therefore it is rare to find these in the archaeological record. It is also rare to find these objects given that metals do not survive well in the burial environment. Thus the objects presented here are unique within the context of global museum collections. I therefore encourage researchers and students to further explore the genre of boot spurs from the Early Modern Period. Both collections are accessible by the public. The boot spur from the 20th century is accessible to the public via the Victoria County Historical Society.


Introduction
This paper will describe the boot spur of the 17 th century and then compare this to one from the 20th century. This element of costume for the 1600s was both functional and iconic to the wearer. The boot spurs described are from archaeological contexts with one area being at Ferry land Newfoundland and the second having no provenance but has been collected by the British Museum collection. The 17 th century boot spur was an expensive piece of horse-related hardware; often with gold or silver gilt on a base metal of brass or iron. Thus few owned this object type and therefore it is rare to find these in the archaeological record. It is also rare to find these objects given that metals do not survive well in the burial environment. Thus the objects presented here are unique within the context of global museum collections. I therefore encourage researchers and students to further explore the genre of boot spurs from the Early Modern Period. Both collections are accessible by the public. The boot spur from the 20th century is accessible to the public via the Victoria County Historical Society.

Metals used for the Boot Spurs found at the 17 th century colony in Ferry land
During the 1600s, from the perspective of material culture found in the archaeological record, it would appear that iron metal was an important base metal with gold, silver and tin being important metals for surface decoration. For example, boot spurs from the period were largely made of wrought iron as was a small decorative personal item such as snuff boxes. That said if this site represents much of the 1600s globally then our interpretation of jewellery is very much determined by burial environment as metals and in particular iron metal is susceptible to degradation in most global burial environments. Figures 1-2 shows a range of personal adornment object types found at the Ferry land site. The best type of soil matrix for metal preservation is one which is dry and or drains easily. Thus high sand and loam concentrations are best allowing for drainage of ground water or precipitation. Such an environment is found at the archaeological site in Ferry land Newfoundland. The doublet hook made of iron shown in Figure 3 is one of a few of this object type which has survived. That is why fragile objects (Figures 4,5), not usually found in an archaeological context give a different view to the 17 th century simply because they have survived while most have not. This site, being untouched for centuries, provides excellent context for understanding the evolution of material culture for the Early Modern Period. The 20th century spur is made from a copper alloy likely brass and leather.

Changes of Style
One of the most useful aspects of costume to researchers is the change in style over time. This change facilitates the use of these artifact types for dating purposes. If found with a known context in the archaeological burial environment, this object type can aid in the interpretation of the site, for example ( Figure 6-8). That said, from the work of art historians we know that costume style changes can be a useful tool for presenting aspects of cultural change and or comment. Thus the style might represent the 1620s but be used in the 1720s as a commentary of current cultural change. Similarly because these objects generally have a higher monetary value they are kept and passed along to others thus the context in which they are found can represent other aspects of culture beyond ownership. These facts added to the degradation of the burial environment make any positive identification or matching of artifacts between institutions of great interest. The following description of the archaeological site provides context to the Ferry land boot spurs.

The Site
The areas of excavation relevant to this discussion include three areas of domesticated structures and one of a waterfront warehouse. Costume-related artifacts recovered at the waterfront area are predominantly small finds such as buttons which could have easily been lost from garments worn within this working area of the site. Overall the waterfront appears to be early 17 th century. Domestic structures dating to the second half of the 17 th century and have been described as houses occupied by residents of the middling class by Nixon and Crompton, respectively, and the associated costume-related material culture generally supports these conclusions [1,2]. Though three woollen button holes, found in the area described by Crompton, with silver metal threads, CgAf-2: 78983, are an exception, in that they appear to be early 17 th century. These objects are in themselves odd because of the fact that they had been cut out of their original garment for recycling is indicative of a status below that of the gentry. This also could explain the discrepancy in date. Overall though useful costume related objects used to provide context can be extremely problematic. Possibly the most elite of the domestic areas, described by Tuck and Gaulton [3], dates to the second half of the 17 th century. This area has supporting luxury goods such as tin-glazed ceramic vessels and terra sigillata earthen wares. Additionally from this area six pipe bowls bearing the initials "DK", and a lead "DK" token were found making researchers believe this to be the residence of Sir David Kirke, proprietor of the "Pool Plantation" from 1638 to 1651 [3]. Fancy objects of costume were found in this area, including two gold rings, silver-plated iron boot spurs, a silver thimble and bodkin, and numerous tin-plated copper pins, and this possibly provide sufficient evidence to confirm that this was the primary Kirke residence in 17 th century Ferryland. The boot spur evidence from this area will be used here to compare to boot spurs in the collection of the British Museum. The 20 th century boot spur was never buried and stored in domestic enclosures.

Comparison of the Ferry land Boot Spurs with the British Museum Collection
A survey of 31 17 th century boot spurs in the collection of the British Museum, London, was undertaken to identify stylistic changes through the century. Unfortunately, few samples had precise provenance, with the majority simply identified as being from the 1600s. A possible place of manufacture could have been Milan [4]. Stylistic differences in the rowel (rotating star section), terminal (section of loops or hooks allowing boot spur to be attached to boot), and pole (metal shaft onto which the rowel attaches) orientation were identified within the British Museum and Ferry land collections and are summarized in (Table 1a & 1b).   The Ferry land collection holds eight individual boot spurs. Five of these represent either complete or fairly complete boot spurs while three examples are only the rowels. Each of these shows evidence of wear and each was likely discarded because it no longer functioned properly. Each displays stylistic and material variation. The first brass and gold gilt boot spur (CgAf-2:230426), (Figure 9) with its 2.5cm, five-point rowel resembles British Museum objects AL116/400 and AL116/404. The first British Museum example was assigned a date range of 1600-1660, while the second probably dates to the 1630s and certainly fits within the 1600-1650 range. The Ferryland example was found in a deposit associated with the Kirke house (1640s-1696). Ceramic sherds from this midden have also been identified as wares from the first half of the 17 th century [5]. The examples identified in the British Museum collection, as well as the archaeological evidence, indicate that this particular boot spur can be assigned a date range of 1600-1660.
Bold text = components of both iron and brass spurs which may match with Ferry land spurs     Noël Hume suggests that during the first half of the 17 th century boot spurs were mostly made of iron [6]. Brass spurs were also used at this time but tended to be very fancy with elaborate chased design and gold gilt. They had large rowels and elbowed shanks and poles. The most common type of boot spur had a straight shank with a small thumbtack-sized spike or prick instead of a rowel. Based on the boot spurs recovered at Ferryland, it seems likely that object CgAf.2.238256 was made of iron and was used by someone of the middling sort while the fancier brass spur was used by one of the gentry. The iron spur with a five-point rowel was probably covered with silver or gold gilt as fragments of this layer are visible today. The style of this example compares well with those in the British Museum collection which date from the middle to end of the century. The appearance of smaller rowels has been associated with the latter half of the 17 th century and early 18 th century. The smaller rowel of brass boot spur CgAf-2:230426 (Figure 9) could indicate a late 17 th century date; however it resembles boot spurs from the British Museum collection dating to the mid-17 th century. Although based on only a few samples, it appears that boot spurs were worn throughout the 17 th century in Ferry land, kept and recycled with changes in fashion.
Though this paper presents an important costume component of the 17 th century excavated from known context, further research in this area should include comparisons to both print culture and contemporaneous paintings. The difficulty of using the burial environment for descriptions of culture is that not all materials preserve in the soil matrix. Additionally both paintings and to a lesser extent prints do alter their contemporaneous material culture likely for the purposes of propaganda and education.

Conclusion
Finally the status of the high boot spur for the 17 th century further provides evidence of the site at Ferry land Newfoundland being extremely rich and luxurious. Combined with such material culture as the tin-glazed earthenware, leaded glass, silk velvets, silk damask and finer woolens of the new draperies it is a site worth further research [7,8].