Cotton Cloth: Diversified Applications beyond Fashion and Wearable Cloth

Daily clothes such as blouses, T-shirts, sweater, robes, under garments and even sheets or blanket mainly originated from natural cotton fibers. Weaving activity of cotton fiber has produced a flexible and porous cotton fabric with soft yet strong, durable and comfort properties [1]. Cotton is suitable and matched with weather in Asia and perfect for wearing in the summer. Cotton cloth is one of the most popular fabrics to wear because of it many advantages. It definitely have a comfortable, wearable and breathable cloth, since it able to draw heat away from skin, easily absorb body moisture and evaporate in the air, keeping cool and comfortable in hot weather [2,3]. Cotton fabric irregularly causes allergic responses and wearing cotton cloth is often suggested for those with skin allergic [3]. The medical product such as bandages and gauze also produced from cotton. In addition to that, cotton cloth is the best choice of fabric when it comes to baby/children clothing [2]. Cotton is allowing air circulation that discourages fungi from growing in dark and moist atmosphere [2,3]. The affordable cost of cotton cloth make more appealing and high in demand. Thus, cotton cloth with various advantages has make it a perfect choice for people nowadays to wear with coziness in daily life.


Introduction
Daily clothes such as blouses, T-shirts, sweater, robes, under garments and even sheets or blanket mainly originated from natural cotton fibers. Weaving activity of cotton fiber has produced a flexible and porous cotton fabric with soft yet strong, durable and comfort properties [1]. Cotton is suitable and matched with weather in Asia and perfect for wearing in the summer. Cotton cloth is one of the most popular fabrics to wear because of it many advantages. It definitely have a comfortable, wearable and breathable cloth, since it able to draw heat away from skin, easily absorb body moisture and evaporate in the air, keeping cool and comfortable in hot weather [2,3]. Cotton fabric irregularly causes allergic responses and wearing cotton cloth is often suggested for those with skin allergic [3]. The medical product such as bandages and gauze also produced from cotton. In addition to that, cotton cloth is the best choice of fabric when it comes to baby/children clothing [2]. Cotton is allowing air circulation that discourages fungi from growing in dark and moist atmosphere [2,3]. The affordable cost of cotton cloth make more appealing and high in demand. Thus, cotton cloth with various advantages has make it a perfect choice for people nowadays to wear with coziness in daily life.
The rapid growth and exploration of emerging technology nowadays allows cotton cloth to be further explored, designed and manufactured for a broader spectrum of applications. A significant progress has been achieved through modified and improved it surface function, structure and morphology. For instances, it is applicable in wastewater treatment technology [4][5][6], medical and surgery devices [1], electronic applications [7][8][9], enzyme and lipase production [10,11], in crop and harvesting procedure [12], energy storage devices [9] and the number keep increasing from one technology to another.

Diversified cotton cloth application
The specialty of cotton cloth includes less in weight, very flexible to be folded or recovered, thin in diameter sizes, good mechanical strength, and lower cost, have good breathability, abundance in nature, renewability, versatility and easily to get from any cloth shops around the world. The following describe the use of cotton cloth in another technology application.
The cotton cloth has been effectively used as a filter to remove radioactive ions such as uranium which mainly comes from nuclear industry. The synthesis of cotton cloth filter was grafted by acrylonitrile and methacrylic acid onto cotton cloth using mutual irradiation technique and the subsequent amidoximation of the reactive intermediate nitrile groups. The grafting on cotton/cellulose materials have several advantages due to high hydrophilicity, high adsorption capacity and fibrous structure of cellulosite material. Plus, this filter can be biodegraded after used The enormous use of fossil fuels can cause severe consequences toward environment such as air pollution and global warming. In order to reduce the high reliance of fossil fuels, the expansion of high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices is required for renewable energy and electric vehicles. Energy storage devices will be highly in demand upon meeting criteria of flexible, lightweight, efficient, wearable or portable e.g.to be used in artificial biosensor or implantable medical devices. The cotton textile used as starting substance for constructing wearable super capacitors because of its low cost, high flexibility, great strength, good breathability, abundance, renewability and versatility [8]. Figure 2 shows the fabrication process of wearable super capacitor using cotton textile as substrate. Galacto-OligoSaccharides (GOS) production from lactose by β-galactosidase is introduced in food product and dairy industry due to many health benefits. Previous practice basically used free enzyme in solution for its production. However, compared with enzyme immobilizing on a solid support using reactor, it provides many advantages including enzyme reusability, operated continuously, controllable, simpler and efficient in processing. Besides, immobilized enzyme reactor generally more economic compare to free enzyme reactor due to higher productivity and able to minimize the downtime, enzyme costs and reactor size. With the used of cotton cloth packed in loose spiral form in the reactor, it has produce lower pressure drop, good flow rate and minimized the diffusion limitation [10]. In order to get clear understanding of enzyme cotton-cloth reactor, the schematic diagram is shown in Figure 3.
The lipase from thermo myceslanuginosus is a single chain protein with amino acid that produced enzyme. The enzyme is biotechnology relevant and is widely used in many industries such as food, fine chemicals, detergents, waste water treatment, cosmetics, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals and leather industry. Cotton cloth as immobilization matrix has many advantages e.g. high porosity, large surface area, good mechanical strength and relatively inexpensive. It serves as an excellent choice as support matrix for immobilization [11].  Nanomaterial offer comprehensive potential applications when assimilated with fabric substrates such as to be used for heat generation application [14]. A study conducted using Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) nanosheets coated on cotton cloth based films as heating element for wearable body warmer. The fabric cloth coated nanomaterials being an interactive material for heating elements due to their special and exceptional properties such as large surface to volume ratio, less in weight, dimensionality, and corrosion free. Directly it minimizing the common problem faced by the device like heavyweight, inflexibility, and low heating proficiency. Hence, by considering all the advantages, the textile electronic devices can be employed in automobile, biomedical and electronic wearable technology. For example, the heating element application in biomedical field can be vast, for instances as medical blankets for patients, jacket for soldiers and electrotherapy treatment [1]. Figure 4 exhibits the fabricated RGO coated cotton cloth for heating element devices. Practically, microalgae cultures are sustained using a variety of techniques which include serial subculture, lyophilisation and cryopreservation. The maintenance and conservation of microalgae are tedious and require specific conditions. Due to several limitations, researchers have developed an easy and convenient method for long-term preservation and conservation of microalgae which is by using cotton fabric for the immobilization of microalgae [15]. Figure 5 presents the culture of microalgae immobilized on cotton cloth and SEM image of algal cell. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is in forth ranking of cereal crop in the world after wheat, rice and maize. It is a tropical crop which belong to a grass family. In Tanzania, Sorghum is one of the most important source of subsistence in their country. For common practice, sorghum seed germination test has to be conducted using International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) paper substrate. The ISTA paper has to be imported since it was not manufactured in their country. As an alternative solution, cotton cloth is used as a substrate since the seed germination performance can be maintained similar to the use of ISTA paper. The cotton cloth has minimized the cost of importing ISTA paper due to local availability and lower in price [16]. Figure 6 shows the Sorghum seedlings laboratory germination tests using cotton cloth and ISTA paper. The use of cotton cloth is also diversified and tested for wastewater treatment technology. Focusing on effluent from textile and other dyeing industries such as paper, printing, leather, food and plastic industries, the presence of dyes create an environmental problem due to their high visibility, resistance and toxic impact [17]. Dyes can be eliminated by various methods, and most common method used is adsorption. Researchers coated the adsorbent on the cotton cloth as a substrate. The aim is to simplify the maintenance activity after the adsorption process as well as improving the surface area to weight ratio of the adsorbent and minimizing the quantity of solid adsorbent required. The cotton cloth was chosen as substrate due to its large surface area, thin, light weight, easy to handle and reasonable in price [18]. Figure 7 illustrates the cotton cloth adsorbent coating strip.  A brief summary on the usage, function and advantages of cotton cloth in various field of applications is tabulated in Table 1. Table 1: Summary of usage, function and advantages of cotton cloth in various field of application.

Advantages of Cotton Cloth Sources
Wastewater treatment Low-level radioactive waste treatment Cotton cloth filter High hydrophilicity, high adsorption capacity and fibrous structure [13] Oil-absorption material for water / oil mixture separation Cotton was modify to be superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties.

[4]
Dyes removal Adsorbent coating substrate Low cost, flexible, great strength of adsorbent to be coated, good mechanical strength [6] How to cite this article: Suzylawati Ismail and Syahida Farhan Azha. Can store for a long time and effectively revived. Algal cultures preserved using this method can be transported with ease across the world. [15] Crop and harvesting procedure Laboratory Sorghum (tropical crop belong to grass famiy) germinating test The sorghum was placed apart on moist cotton cloth substrate and then were rolled.
To minimize cost of importing other paper, locally available, low price [12]

Conclusion
The current study contributes to our knowledge by addressing several issues.
o Cotton cloth has been used extensively in many areas other than apply in fashion and wearable cloth, it is also included in wastewater treatment, energy storage devices, crop and harvesting procedure, enzyme and lipase production. o Cotton cloth have a variety of unique features and versatile include light weight, environmental friendly, biodegradability, good mechanical strength, high flexibility, good breathability, abundance, renewability, high porosity, large surface area, relatively inexpensive, locally available, no skin stimulation toxicity, broad chemical modification capacity and etc.
o Thus, this have given a big opportunity for the textile industries to manufacture and supplied more fabric as demand. Further explorations of cotton cloth for other promising arenas are expected with more advances and beneficial for the mankind.