Dieteticpractice and Sleeping Behavior Accountable for Obesity: Ayurvedic and Contemporary Wisdom

Obesity is one of the major health crises and the leading cause of disabilities around the world and predicts that in 2020, the prevalence of obesity among 35-year-olds will be 30-37% in men and 34-44% in women [1]. Diets and lifestyles modification may promote an excessive increase in body fatness or abdominal fatness [2] and differences in food composition are also contributed [3]. Similarly, Sleep is necessary for maintaining the hormonal balance (leptin, ghrelin, insulin etc.) & blood sugar level within body and obesity positively related with lack of sleep [4].


Introduction
Obesity is one of the major health crises and the leading cause of disabilities around the world and predicts that in 2020, the prevalence of obesity among 35-year-olds will be 30-37% in men and 34-44% in women [1]. Diets and lifestyles modification may promote an excessive increase in body fatness or abdominal fatness [2] and differences in food composition are also contributed [3]. Similarly, Sleep is necessary for maintaining the hormonal balance (leptin, ghrelin, insulin etc.) & blood sugar level within body and obesity positively related with lack of sleep [4].
Ayurveda has an opportunity to establish its supremacy in treatment of Obesity (Sthaulya) on virtue of its fundamentals regarding promotion and prevention of Health such as Dietary habit; Life style and sleeping behavior are considered as three imperative pillars of life. Among them Dietary habit and sleeping behavior is most important factors responsible for maintenance of harmony of body [5]. A survey of 2012 by Premier Inn found that money worries are keeping 37% of us awake at night, a 2011 survey by IKEA and Which? Found that 7 in 10 feel they aren't getting enough sleep, and the NHS spends over £50 million on sleeping pills alone [6]. In present article, we proposed the hypothesis that short duration sleep and abnormal dietary habit can lead to obesity.

Dietetic Practice
Nature of diet i.e. quantity & quality of diet as well as digestive capacity accountable for adequate growth & developments of body and any imbalance in it will influence health status. It has been reported that dietary/eating behaviors such as overeating, unhealthy food and breakfast skipping have been associated with the overweight [7]. Furthermore, low consumption of fruits, green vegetables, and milk; increasing consumption of snacks, sweets, and soft drinks and skipping breakfast continuous increase adiposity [8]. In addition to environmental differences eating habit represent the most dominant determinant of increasing the tendency of overweight and obesity and a modification in the eating habits may be singleton tactic strategy to a more appropriate weight control [9].

Nature of Diet
Excessive eating will be responsible for development of obesity and fasting (caloric restriction) for thinness of body [10]. Increasing westernization, urbanization and mechanization around the world is associated with changes in the diet towards high fat, high energy-dense foods and a sedentary life style. It has been reported that high fat diets are weak satiating, thus promote passive over consumption [11] and food intake has 002 Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences been associated with obesity not only in terms of the volume but also in terms of the composition [12]. Over consumption (excess volume of food being ingested) may causes stress to adjacent cells and under stress condition, concentration of NLRP3, inflamma some (components of an intracellular immune response) will be increased in mitochondrial [13] and activates inflammatory processes, that increase TNF-α concentration [14], which initiates low-grade inflammatory process leading to development of obesity. It is also reported that intermittent fasting (intermittent calorie restriction) check the activity of NLRP3 inflamma some mediated by mediated by SIRT3 molecule and ultimately reduces inflammation which is prime cause of obesity [13]. It was reported that SIRT3 not activated only through fasting but also activated by using of nicotinamideriboside and provides resistance to inflammatory response (due to excess caloric consumption) and potentially prevent or reverse obesity-associated diseases of inflammation.
Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins and other essential component in definite ratio (Balance/quality diet) required for normal growth and development, any imbalance may lead to development of overweight/obesity. Carbohydrate rich diet, such as vegetables and cereals, tend to include water and fiber which further dilute energy density whereas fatty diet like oils, butter and margarine, have less water or fiber, this indicate that fatty diet have high energy density [15]. It has been reported that long-chain saturated fatty acids bind to Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) of microglia and increases TNF-alpha, IL-1β, and IL-6, which destroying the neurons responsible for appetite control [16], so due to lack of feedback mechanism these diet may promote development of obesity. Furthermore, 23% w/v concentration of sugar (Fructose) leads to caloric overconsumption and increases abdominal adipose tissue, impaired insulin sensitivity, plasma free fatty acids and leptin [17] that exacerbated weight gain.

Sleep
Epidemic of obesity cannot be fully explained by changes in diet (food intake, serving sizes, sugar consumption etc.) and physical activity [18]. As per the sleep is considered as a third pillar of health, which is supported by current researches [19]. Thus Sleep seems to be essential for Biological drives like hunger and thirst. Short-duration and poor-quality sleep which helps in development of obesity and diabetes etc. The gradual decline in sleep duration may disrupt synchrony between feeding/fasting and energy storage/utilization.

Sleeping Behavior
Sleep plays an important role in the maintenance of health and allows the mind and body to rest. It has been reported that sleep deprivation leads to hormonal changes particularly for the hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, insulin, cortisol and growth hormone, which are involved in appetite control, body composition and energy balance, so it may contribute to the development of overweight and obesity [20]. Short duration sleep(combined daytime and nighttime sleep) was associated with elevated BMI even the twin pairs [21] and associated with low leptin (an appetite suppressor) and high ghrelin levels (an appetite stimulant) [22], which increased appetite ultimately lead to overeating and weight gain. It is reported that short sleep duration associated with insulin resistance [23] and insulin resistance is one of the major cause of obesity, furthermore short duration sleep is also increases cortisol [24], which has lipogenic properties. Thus we assume that short duration sleep promote pathogenesis of obesity due to overeating, insulin resistance and elevated cortisol.
Positive correlation exist between serum Neopterin (NP, biomarker of systemic adaptive immune activation, synthesized by monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cell) concentration and BMI and its concentration increases in day sleeping [25]. Higher concentration of NP is positively associated with production of reactive oxygen species and can also be regarded as indicator for oxidative stress. Furthermore, inverse association exists between neopterin and HDL i.e. high NP concentrations were associated with reduced HDL, whereas positive correlation present with waist circumference [26]. It is also reported that NP activates nuclear factor kB subunit which increases inflammatory mediators [27] and increase waist circumference, oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators and decrease in HDL is associated with obesity [28]. Thus EDS increases serum NP (early inflammation marker) and positively correlated with obesity.

Conclusion
Dietary practice and sleeping behavior are responsible for maintaining the harmony of life and anomalous dietary practice and sleeping behavior may favors the pathogenesis of obesity by fluctuating the concentration of NLRP3 inflamma some, SIRT3 molecule leptin, ghrelin, neopterin (NP), inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress.