Application of Combined BIM and 3 D Point Cloud on Building Deconstruction

With the rapid development of infrastructure in many countries over the last two decades, the environmental impacts of construction and demolition (C&D) activities has drawn much attention from both academic and industry. Effective C&D waste management and practices have been requested to alleviate waste generation problem with the growing awareness of environmental sustainability [1,2]. Despite these escalating concerns, the issue of alleviating C&D waste on site is still largely unresolved. For one reason, the economic performance of construction projects is still considered the foremost driver when it comes to the C&D waste management, and the environmental performance of a development project is still considered a lower priority [3,4]. The shortage of efficient C&D waste quantification tool, poor design and construction management are considered the culprits of C&D wastage problem on-site [5].


Introduction
With the rapid development of infrastructure in many countries over the last two decades, the environmental impacts of construction and demolition (C&D) activities has drawn much attention from both academic and industry. Effective C&D waste management and practices have been requested to alleviate waste generation problem with the growing awareness of environmental sustainability [1,2]. Despite these escalating concerns, the issue of alleviating C&D waste on site is still largely unresolved. For one reason, the economic performance of construction projects is still considered the foremost driver when it comes to the C&D waste management, and the environmental performance of a development project is still considered a lower priority [3,4]. The shortage of efficient C&D waste quantification tool, poor design and construction management are considered the culprits of C&D wastage problem on-site [5].
While building information modeling (BIM) has been extensively applied to the design and construction stages, there has been only limited use of BIM for demolition or reconstruction phase in minimizing and managing demolition waste. In the last few years, an increasing number of studies have been conducted by academics. For example, Cheng & Ma [6,7] used the BIM system to combine information for detailed waste estimation and planning which can be used to predict the number of truck delivery journeys and the amounts of statutory waste disposal charges. Hamidi et al. [8] demonstrated the application of a combined cost-benefit analysis and BIM tool for managing the demolition waste of a wooden framed residential building. Won et al. [9] developed a construction waste estimation system with the use of BIM-based design validation process to predict the amount of waste which might be generated due to design errors in the construction project. Won & Cheng [10] proposed a timebased framework adopting BIM to quantify on-site waste by incorporating material information extracted from BIM models, project schedule, and waste factors for building materials developed by Chen et al. [11].
Despite these efforts, it has been argued that there is a lack of accurate information about the architectural, structural and facilities of existing buildings as the original design and drawings of these buildings might have changed or altered or not be found [12]. Also, most of the C&D waste management researches has been focused on the waste which are generated in the construction stage (i.e. construction waste). In fact, the amount of waste generated in the demolition/deconstruction phase is larger than those in the construction phase [10]. So far, only a very limited number of studies were dealing with waste minimization and management in building deconstruction phase. Existing waste estimation tools are not accurate and convenient enough for the demolition contractor to manage the waste of a facility in an efficient way Hamidi et al. [8].

Civil Engineering Research Journal
Many qualification methods are based on manual waste estimation processes [5]. For example, AGC (2005) established a digital BIM visualizing tool to identify C&D waste materials data, which allow the project team to develop material recycling plan before an actual demolition or renovation. Akbarnezhad et al. For these reasons, this paper proposes the use of combined BIM and 3D point cloud technology for collecting and documenting of building material information and formulating strategies of deconstruction waste management. Different from BIM, which is a 3D-based framework showing all the building components and their relationships (Akbarnezhad et al. 2014), 3D point cloud collects building information through scanned images or photos in the form of point clouds, which can be converted them into 3D models ready for BIM [13]. This technology helps develop a methodology for improving accuracy of building material information, including information of reusability and recyclability. It also helps reduce the cost of energy and environmental impacts. A building deconstruction project in Sydney was adopted in this paper to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology.
The deconstructed building consisted of six levels of classrooms and offices including basement. The building came to the end of its life and the owner of the building considered appropriate deconstruction approach which can minimize the environmental impact and maximize the reusability of demolished building materials. The project team incorporated combined BIM and 3D point cloud technology in the deconstruction and waste management plans as the following steps. First, as-built drawings of original building structure and mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) were obtained for the purpose of understanding the types of building material, their locations and quantities.
Sketches were obtained from on-site building survey when the original drawings were lost. In order to acquire accurate data capture and store a myriad of details about the interior of building, photos were taken and reconstructed using 3D point cloud technology to generate measurements of the interior spatial and material conditions (Figure 1) [14]. For the building exterior, drone was used to capture and analyze aerial data ( Figure 2). Both 3D reconstruction and drone devices have provided dynamic visualization of the building and improved accuracy of the building information. Then, all information collected was integrated into the building information modeling (BIM).  At this stage, all information of the building component, quantities and as-built joint locations, etc. were identified and analyzed (i.e., what, where and how many) through BIM's quantity taking-offs function. The deconstruction cost, and the quantity of reusable and recyclable materials were then established. This combined tool provides accurate estimations of deconstruction materials and helps establish a timely waste management plan. An estimated total of AUD$1.5 million landfill levy can be saved in this project as a result of the effective material reusability and recyclability planning.

Conclusion
In summary, the combined BIM and 3D point cloud improve not only the efficient of data collection and accuracy of the building information, but also enhance reusability and recyclability of building material. The productivity and economic benefits of BIM and 3D point cloud to the building industry are gradually acknowledged, such as cost reduction and control through the project life cycle Bryde, et al. 2013. Another benefit appears in the structured and semantically enriched 3D digital models of Civil Engineering Research Journal buildings [13]. Despite of these achievements, high set-up costs of these digital technologies remains a hurdle to the industry, in particular for the small contractors. Also, there is a shortage of trained specialists for 3D reconstruction. To enhance a wider adoption of these technologies, it requires closer collaboration amongst public and private sectors, as well as continuing R&D in this area.