Response of Rooting of Various Olive Cultivars to

A research study “The Response of Rooting of Various Olive Cultivars to IBA “was carried out at Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar in 2016. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). The olive cutting was planted in July 19th 2016. The data recorded for various parameters are summarized below. The data was recorded the following parameters i-e Sprouting (%), Rooted Cutting, Root Length (cm), Successful plant percentage (%) Maximum number of Sprouting percentage (84.6), Rooted Cutting (38.3), Root Length (92.20cm), and Successful plant percentage (32.3) was observed in those plant which were planted by us in July 19th 2016. 2.


Introduction
Olive (Oleaeuropaea) locally called Zaitoon or Khuna belongs to the family Oleaceae is one of the ancient cultivated fruit trees. Its domestication started approximately 6500 years ago [1]. It originated from Palestine, Lebanon, North West Syria and Cyprus [2]. Olive is a medium sized to tall evergreen tree that can reach a height of 15m or more. It is a robust tree that is capable of regenerating promptly if cut or injured above ground and can live for centuries while maintaining good productivity. Its leaves are dark green, thick, leathery, lanceolate and oppositely arranged [3].
Olive growing plays in important role in the economy of a country. It can be grown in marginal and waste land, where the soil is unsuitable for other crops. It increases the land value. It contributes to soil conservation and helps to combat problems of the environmental degradation and desertification. It provides employment opportunities to the rural population and thus helps in poverty alleviation. A large number of olive groves are owned by small holders in the olive growing countries, who earn enough for the betterment of their livelihood. Moreover, olive products help to satisfy the nutritional needs of the population. Ripe olive fruits are pressed for rich oil which is the best oil available in the world for edible purposes. The olive oil has twice as much energy value than sugar. The fruit contain around 20% oil and has very less cholesterol. Olive fruits contain 80% unsaturated fatty acid compared with 20% saturated ones. Olive oil contains high percentage of oleic acid which is very essential for our body. The olive oil is used for cooking, salad dressing, food preparation, massage and for the manufacture of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc. Mature fruit are also eaten after being processed and preserved in vinegar or salt solution [3].
Olives have not been traditionally grown in Pakistan for the edible oil production, although few grooves existed both in the plain and hilly areas. The oldest cultivation was established in the 1970's. Therefore no scientific approach has been developed for their proper management and very limited research studies have been carried out on olive in this part of the world. The presence of millions of wild olive trees in the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of KP, Potohar and

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Northern Baluchistan indicates that the agro-climatic conditions of these areas are conducive for olive cultivation. In addition, different olive cultivars of Oleaeuropaea sub species sativa are successfully bearing fruits have also been introduced to various parts of Pakistan. Thus introducing a new crop such as olive that can be grown on marginal lands is inevitable to address the issue of income generation and halt natural resource degradation [4]. The wild plantation indicates that agro-climate of these areas, suitable for its commercial cultivation.
Olive is successfully grown in a climate having moderate cold winters and prolonged hot summers with low humidity. Temperature below 10 °C is injurious as it may kill the plant. Winter rest is considered essential for fruit bud differentiation. Most cultivars require at least two months of winter chilling for floral bud initiation. It is one of the most drought resistant trees and thrives well where the annual average rainfall is around 900-1000mm without irrigation. It grows well on many different kinds of soil, ranging from rocky shallow hillsides to deep fertile valley soils, from acid soils to fairly alkaline soils. It can also tolerate considerable salinity too. However it can't withstand poorly drained soils and quickly dies if water stands around its roots for few weeks [5].

1.
To study the effect of IBA on rooting ability of Olive.

2.
Response of different cultivars to IBA.

3.
To standardize optimum IBA concentration for Olive propagation through cuttings.

Materials and Method
The present study "The Response of Rooting of Various Olive Cultivars to IBA" was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab Peshawar during the month of July, 2016. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with single factors, three olive cultivars. The three cultivars were Coratina, Pendalino, Frantoio was selected for experiment. There were three replication. Pencil sized dormant hard wood cutting (15 to 20cm) of Olive were prepared and dipped for 2-3 seconds in IBA solution (3000ppm). The IBA 3g was mixed with 0.5 Normal of NaOH solution to dissolve better in 1000ml distilled water. Different cuttings of the mentioned cultivars were taken from randomly ten selected trees. The trees selected for cuttings were of the same age healthy, well matured, and uniform and having vigorous growth. These selected trees were kept under proper cultural practices. The leaves and small branches were frequently thinned out from the each cuttings during the course of studies. The period of observation for rooting was monitored for 90 days.
The details of the experiment is as under.

Sprouting (%)
Those cuttings were counted which were sprouted and the percentage was calculated with the following formula.

Rooted cuttings (%)
The Rooted cuttings (%) were counted in each treatment and percentage was determined with the following formula.

Root Length (cm)
The root length was data was recorded with the help of ruler and then average was calculated.

Successful Plant (%)
The success percentage data was recorded according to the formula.

Sprouting (%)
Data regarding Sprouting (%) is presented in Table 1, the analysis of variance is placed in Table 2, the analysis of variance showed that planting dates had significant effect on

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Sprouting (%). Comparison of means for Sprouting (%) showed that maximum number of sprouts (84.6) were recorded for cultivar Coratina, and followed by cultivar Frantoio (81.3) while minimum sprouts (62.3) were recorded for cultivar Pendalino. The difference in Sprouting (%) at same planting time might be attributed to the environment conditions as well as to the reserve food in cutting which were reported as Table 1. Figure 1 [6].  Rooted cuttings (%) The data regarding rooted cutting (%) is presented in Table  3 and the analysis of variance is given in table 2a.Comparison of means for Rooted cuttings (%) showed that maximum Rooted cuttings (%) (38.3) were recorded for cultivar Coratina and followed by cultivar Frantoio (32.6) while minimum Rooted cuttings (%) (16.1) were recorded for cultivar Pendalino Figure  2. The difference in rooted cuttings (%) might be attributed to the nutrients in media as well as to the reserve food in cutting and quick water loss from the cutting which were reported as [3,7,8]. Table 3.

Root length (Cm)
The data regarding rooted length is presented in Table 5 and the analysis of variance is given in Table 6 [9]. Comparison of means for Rooted cuttings (%) showed that maximum rooted length (92.20cm) were recorded for cultivar Frantoio and followed by cultivar Pendalino (39.62cm) while minimum rooted length (27.17cm) were recorded for cultivar Coratina [10]. Maximum root length might be due to the proper availability of photosynthate and micro nutrients through which the root gain length. Reported that availability of nutrients and photosynthesis root growth occur [11]    Successful plant (%) The data regarding successful plant (%) is presented in Table  7 and the analysis of variance is given in Table 8. Comparison of means for successful plant (%) showed that maximum successful plant (%) (32.3) were recorded for cultivar Coratina and followed by cultivar Frantoio (28.3) while minimum successful plant (%) (11.6) were recorded for cultivar Pendalino [12]. Maximum successful plant (%) might be due to the proper availability of photo synthate and micro nutrients through which the root gain length. Reported that availability of nutrients and photosynthesis root growth occur [13]

Conclusion
On the basis of the above recorded data the following conclusion can be drawn. Coratina is suitable cultivars at 3000ppm IBA concentration for cutting of Olive propagation because it shows maximum number of sprouted cutting, rooted cutting, root length, successful plant percentage.

Recommendation
Coratina was good Olive propagated cultivar through cutting with the IBA concentration 3000ppm under the agro-climatic condition of Tarnab Peshawar.