Inventory Studies on Various Livelihood Activities along with Agroforestry Techniques in the Adjoining Land of Fringe areas for Restoration of the Sunderbans under Humid Climate in India

On the southern most part of the Genetic delta there pervades the Sunder bans Biosphere Reserve, one of the largest mangrove forests in the world. Inventory studies in the fringe areas have been done for creating congenial situation in minimizing human interference in the biosphere. Innovation of agro forestry practice would prove the best alternative support for people inhabiting that area for their most dependence on their own agro forestry products for avoiding the biosphere forest products for their livelihoods.


Introduction
On the southernmost part of the Genetic delta both in India and Bangladesh there pervades the Sunder bans, the land of one of the largest mangrove forests in the world. Those two countries share about one third and two third of that unique landscape accordingly. The Sunder bans extend about 265 km from river Hooghly in the west to the Meghna in the east; and about 125 km from the Bay of Bengal in the south to the permanently settled land in the northern fringe in the districts of Bakherganj, Jessore, Khulna of Bangladesh and the districts of North and South 24 Parganas of West Bengal in India. The Suder bans is spread over on about 102 islands in India. In the context of restoration of biosphere reserves in the Sunder bans, management of human livelihoods in the fringe areas is the sole concern. Fringe area is part of estuarine geomorphic feature up to the edge of biosphere reserve. Consequently it is to be noted that livelihoods of people in the fringe areas are dependent on various bio components of forest-estuarine eco zone. That ecologically sensitive zone is also a potential area for innovating agro forestry practice in adjoining land of fringe areas for enhancing livelihood capacity of through extra income generation which would be a stable source of property generation and to meet the emergency causes in domestic life.

Materials and Methods
Inventory studies were done on various bio components in the fringe areas in the Indian part of the Sunderbans, comprising domestic habitats, agricultural lands, estuaries and fallow lands. Those included A. mangrove, the major component of the Sunder bans Biosphere Reserve.,

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F. agriculture and agro-based activities like (a) palm and jaggery (gur) making industry, (b) scented grass and eucalyptus oil extraction, (c) commercial production of horticultural crops like watermelon and chilli, etc. (d) coir industry, (e) allied small scale processing industry, vii) dry fish production and viii) fish and poultry feeds manufacturing industry. Possibilities of introducing agro forestry practice in the adjoining lands of fringe areas has been analysed for ensuring extra income in that ecologically sensitive area aimed at less interference in the biosphere reserve [1].

Discussion
Sustainable use is defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as: 'The use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations [2].' To restore such unique sustainability in use of biological resources of the Sunderbans, inventory surveys for different biocomponents in the fringe areas would be of very much help as follows [1].

a.
Root net works of mangrove is the natural shelter of Tiger prawn for their breeding. So, collection prawn seeds through netting should be away from newly born mangroves.

b.
Catch of Hilsa to be so timed at the return of fish stocks to the sea.

c.
In case of inland fish such criteria may fixed accordingly as per the economic Endowment position of the beneficiaries. Practice of agro forestry and agro forestry based various products and small scale cottage industries and generation of wood lots outside the biosphere reserve would prove a stable alternative for satisfying various domestic enlightenments including fulfilling emergency demands and creating additional properties towards domestic lives of the peoples living in the fringe areas without any burdens on the forest of biosphere reserve.
Agro forestry systems are to be practiced on the lands adjoining the fringe areas outside the biosphere reserve with a regard not to interfere the biosphere reserve ecosystem in no ways. From the inventory surveys it was revealed that some trees could be introduced as tree or silvi components in the proposed agro forestry systems [3]. The prospective tree species (for agro forestry) for Sunder bans areas are given in Table 1. Various agro forestry systems to be practiced on the lands adjoining fringe areas in the Sunder bans are enlisted in Table 2.

Conclusion
A.
Restoration of biosphere reserve of the Sunder bans needs innovation of integrated Agriculture systems including horticulture, aquaculture, and practice of agrobased small Scale cottage industries for making people of fringe areas self sufficient with their Products through viable market linkage.

B.
Innovation of agro forestry practice including aquaforestry would prove a timely Accepted best agro-technique