Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Consciousness Energy Healing Treated Cefazolin Sodium

Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of both Gram-positive (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus agalactiae, and other strains of streptococci) and Gram-negative (i.e., Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, etc.) bacterial infections [1,2]. Cefazolin act as a bactericidal (kills the bacteria) by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis by binding penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial proteins) and stops peptidoglycan synthesis, which is needed to maintain the cell wall [3]. It is used for the treatment of cellulitis, urinary tract infections (UTI), respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, biliary tract infections, genital infections, blood infections (sepsis), and also prevent group B streptococcal disease in the time of delivery and before surgery, etc. [1-3]. General safety needs to follow while using cefazolin in pregnancy and breastfeeding as a small amount of cefazolin enters the breast milk [2,4]. Very common side effects associated with the cefazolin are diarrhea, stomach pain or upset stomach, vomiting, rash, blood dyscrasias, allergic skin reaction, etc. [2,3]. Chemical structure of cefazolin contains an N-methylimidazole (NMTD) side-chain releases free NMTD in the body, which can cause hypoprothrombinemia [5]. Cefazolin sodium is the sodium salt of cefazolin available in various dosage form, i.e., injectable, eye drop, powder for injection, etc. [6]. It is white or near white crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and methanol, and practically insoluble in acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol; it has no fixed melting point, but decompose at the temperature of ~193°C [7].


Introduction
Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of both Gram-positive (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus agalactiae, and other strains of streptococci) and Gram-negative (i.e., Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, etc.) bacterial infections [1,2]. Cefazolin act as a bactericidal (kills the bacteria) by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis by binding penicillin-binding proteins (bacterial proteins) and stops peptidoglycan synthesis, which is needed to maintain the cell wall [3]. It is used for the treatment of cellulitis, urinary tract infections (UTI), respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, biliary tract infections, genital infections, blood infections (sepsis), and also prevent group B streptococcal disease in the time of delivery and before surgery, etc. [1][2][3]. General safety needs to follow while using cefazolin in pregnancy and breastfeeding as a small amount of cefazolin enters the breast milk [2,4]. Very common side effects associated with the cefazolin are diarrhea, stomach pain or upset stomach, vomiting, rash, blood dyscrasias, allergic skin reaction, etc. [2,3]. Chemical structure of cefazolin contains an N-methylimidazole (NMTD) side-chain releases free NMTD in the body, which can cause hypoprothrombinemia [5]. Cefazolin sodium is the sodium salt of cefazolin available in various dosage form, i.e., injectable, eye drop, powder for injection, etc. [6]. It is white or near white crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and methanol, and practically insoluble in acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol; it has no fixed melting point, but decompose at the temperature of ~193°C [7].
Physicochemical properties of the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compounds play a crucial role in its dissolution, absorption, and bioavailability profile in the body [8]. Therefore, many scientific communities throughout the globe carrying out research work for the improvement of better physicochemical properties of the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds in the formulations. With this aspect, the Trivedi Effect ® -Biofield Energy Heal-

Organic and Medicinal Chemistry International Journal
ing Treatment has the significant impact on the physicochemical properties such as particle size, surface area, and thermal behavior of pharmaceutical/ nutraceutical compounds [9][10][11][12]. The Trivedi Effect ® is a natural and only scientifically proven phenomenon in which a person can harness this inherently intelligent energy from the Universe and transmit it anywhere on the planet through the possible mediation of neutrinos [13].
This unique energy field exists surrounding the body of every living organism called the "Biofield", which is infinite and para-dimensional electromagnetic field. The Biofield based Energy Healing Therapies have been reported with significantly beneficial outcomes against various disease conditions [14]. The National Institutes of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) recommend and included the Energy therapy under Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) category in addition to other therapies, medicines and practices such as yoga, Qi Gong, Tai Chi, natural products, deep breathing, chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation, meditation, special diets, massage, progressive relaxation, guided imagery, acupuncture, acupressure, relaxation techniques, hypnotherapy, healing touch, movement therapy, Ayurvedic medicine, traditional Chinese herbs and medicines, homeopathy, essential oils, aromatherapy, Reiki, cranial sacral therapy, etc. The CAM has been well accepted by most of the U.S. people [15,16]. The impact of the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has been published in numerous peer-reviewed scientific journals with the significant outcome on the various object(s). These scientific articles reported that the Biofield Energy Treatment (the Trivedi Effect ® ) has the amazing capability to transform the physicochemical, structural, and behavioral properties of metals and ceramics [17][18][19], organic compounds [20,21], pharmaceuticals [22,23], nutraceuticals [24,25], improve the overall productivity of crops [26,27], as well as modulate the efficacy of various living cells [28,29]. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical, thermal, and behavioural properties of cefazolin sodium using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), particle size analysis (PSA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG).

Chemicals and Reagents
Cefazolin sodium (C 14 H 14 N 8 O 4 S 3 ) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co, Ltd., Japan and the other chemicals used during the experiments were of analytical grade available in India.

Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment Strategies
Cefazolin sodium was the test sample for the experiment, which further divided into two parts. One part of cefazolin was treated with the Trivedi Effect ® -Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment remotely under standard laboratory conditions for 3 minutes by a distinguished Biofield Energy Healer, Alice Branton, USA, and known as the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin. However, the second part of cefazolin was considered as a control sample (no Biofield Energy Treatment was provided). Further, the control sample was treated with a "sham" healer for the comparison purpose. The "sham" was completely unknown about the Biofield Energy Treatment. After the treatment, the treated and untreated samples were kept in sealed conditions and characterized using PXRD, PSA, DSC, and TGA techniques.

Characterization
The PXRD, PSA, DSC, and TGA analysis of the control and Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin was performed. The PXRD analysis of cefazolin powder sample was performed with the help of Rigaku MiniFlex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) [30,31]. The average size of crystallites was calculated from PXRD data using the Scherrer's formula (1) Where G is the crystallite size in nm, k is the equipment constant (0.94), λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum, and θ is the Bragg angle [32]. Similarly, the PSA was performed using Malvern Mastersizer 2000, from the UK with a detection range between 0.01µm to 3000µm using the wet method [33,34]. The DSC analysis of cefazolin was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA Instruments. The TGA/DTG thermograms of cefazolin were obtained with the help of TGA Q50 TA instruments [33,34]. The % change in particle size, specific surface area (SSA), peak intensity, crystallite size, melting point, latent heat, weight loss and the maximum thermal degradation temperature (T max ) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was calculated compared with the control sample using the following equation 2:

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis
The PXRD experimental results indicated that the control and the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin samples did not show clear, sharp, and intense peaks in the respective diffractograms ( Figure  1). Thus, it was concluded that both samples were amorphous in nature and the Biofield Energy Treatment might not affect the crystallinity and pattern of the cefazolin (Figure 1).

Particle Size Analysis (PSA)
The PSD analysis of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin were performed, and the data are presented in (Table 1). The particle size values of the control cefazolin at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 , and D(4,3) were 4.72µm, 36.88µm, 167.03µm, and 64.82µm, respectively. Similarly, the particle sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 , and D(4,3) were 5.26µm, 38.04µm, 170.96µm, and 66.39µm, respectively. Therefore, the particle size values in the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin were significantly increased at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 , and D(4,3) by 11.44%, 3.15%, 2.35%, and 2.42% compared to the control sample. The specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin (0.505m 2 /g) was decreased by 4.54% compared to the control sample (0.529m 2 /g). Hence, it can be assumed that due to the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment the particle sizes of cefazolin were increased, hence decreased surface area. The larger particle size improves the powder flowability, smooth surface, good stability, and rapid dissolving rate [7,35,36]. Thus, it is anticipated that the Trivedi Effect ® Treated cefazolin might offer better powder flowability, smooth surface, and good stability compared with the untreated sample (Table 1).

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis
The DSC analysis of both control and Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin were performed, and the thermograms are presented in Figure 2. The DSC thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin showed the sharp endothermic peak at 72.39°C and 92.34°C, respectively (Figure 2). The thermogram pattern and melting point closely matched to the literature reported data [7]. The evaporation temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin was significantly increased by 27.56% compared with the control sample (Table 2). Similarly, the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples showed exothermic peaks at 175.25°C and 175.46°C, respectively (Figure 2). The decomposition temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin was slightly increased by 0.12% compared with the control sample ( Table 2). The melting and decomposition temperatures of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were improved compared to the control sample.
The latent heat of evaporation (∆H evaporation ) of the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin (156.1J/g) was significantly increased by 1151.8% compared with the control sample (12.47J/g) (Table 2). Similarly, the latent heat of decomposition (∆H decomposition ) of the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin (29.53J/g) was significantly decreased by 53.75% compared with the control sample (63.85J/g) ( Table 2). As per the literature, any change in the latent heat of fusion can be attributed to the disrupted molecular chains and the crystal structure [37]. Thus, it can be predicted that the Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might be responsible for the disruption the molecular chains and crystal structure of cefazolin which was the cause of improved thermal stability of the treated sample compared with the control sample (Table  2), (Figure 2).

Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Thermogravimetric Analysis (DTG)
The TGA thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin samples displayed three steps of thermal deg-radation ( Figure 3). The total weight loss in the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin was significantly decreased by 6.57% compared with the control sample (Table 3). Therefore, the residue amount was significantly increased by 137.5% in the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin compared to the control sample (Table 3). The DTG of the control and Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin exhibited two peaks in the thermograms (Figure 4). The T max of the 1 st peak of Biofield Energy Treated sample was increased by 5.58% compared to the control sample (Table 3). However, T max of the 2 nd peak of Biofield Energy Treated sample was significantly decreased by 28.66% compared to the control sample (Table  3). Overall, TGA/DTG of cefazolin samples revealed that the ther-mal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was improved compared with the control sample.

Conclusion
The Trivedi Effect ® -Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has a significant effect on the particle size, surface area, and thermal properties of cefazolin sodium. The particle size values in the Consciousness Energy Healing Treated cefazolin sodium were significantly increased by 11.44%, 3.15%, 2.35%, and 2.42% at d 10 , d 50 , d 90 , and D (4,3), respectively compared to the control sample. Hence, the specific surface area was decreased by 4.54% in the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin compared to the control sample. The evaporation and decomposition temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated cefazolin was increased by 27.56% and 0.12%, respectively compared with the control sample. However, the ∆H evaporation was significantly increased by 1151.8%, and ∆H decomposition was significantly decreased by 53.75% in the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared with the control sample. Simultaneously, the total weight loss was significantly reduced by 6.57%; hence the residue amount was significantly increased by 137.5% in the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared with the control sample. The T max was increased by 5.58% in the 1 st peak and significantly decreased by 28.66% in the 2 nd peak in the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared with the control sample. Overall, the thermal stability of the treated sample was improved compared with the control sample. Thus, the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might have generated a new form of cefazolin which would offer better powder flowability, smooth surface, and excellent thermal stability compared with the untreated sample. The Consciousness Energy Healing Treated cefazolin would be very useful to design better pharmaceutical formulations that may offer better therapeutic response against cellulitis, UTI, respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, biliary tract infections, genital infections, blood infections (sepsis), and also prevent group B streptococcal disease at the time of delivery and before surgery, etc.