Marine Macroalgae Bioextract Changes the Index of Reflectance in Pepper Plants

Pepper is one of the five crops with the largest plantation area under a protected cultivation, both in Brazil and in several countries, mainly due to the increase in productivity, fruit quality and obtaining good market prices. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a perennial Solanaceous plant grown as an annual crop. The largest world producers are Mexico, the United States, Italy, Japan, India and Brazil [1]. Chlorophylls are responsible for collecting the energy contained in photons from sunlight, and for its transduction, in the form of electrochemical potential through photosynthetic membranes, which ultimately serve to reduce atmospheric CO2 to twenty-two carbohydrates. Therefore, the light energy absorbed by the leaves can only be transferred to the biochemical stage of photosynthesis through processes mediated by chlorophylls. The levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves are used to estimate the photosynthetic potential of plants, due to their direct connection to the absorption and transfer of light energy and, consequently, with their acclimatization and growth in different environments [2].


Introduction
Pepper is one of the five crops with the largest plantation area under a protected cultivation, both in Brazil and in several countries, mainly due to the increase in productivity, fruit quality and obtaining good market prices. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a perennial Solanaceous plant grown as an annual crop. The largest world producers are Mexico, the United States, Italy, Japan, India and Brazil [1]. Chlorophylls are responsible for collecting the energy contained in photons from sunlight, and for its transduction, in the form of electrochemical potential through photosynthetic membranes, which ultimately serve to reduce atmospheric CO 2 to twenty-two carbohydrates. Therefore, the light energy absorbed by the leaves can only be transferred to the biochemical stage of photosynthesis through processes mediated by chlorophylls. The levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves are used to estimate the photosynthetic potential of plants, due to their direct connection to the absorption and transfer of light energy and, consequently, with their acclimatization and growth in different environments [2].
Abiotic stress can alter key physiological constituents and functions in green plants. Improving the capacity to monitor this response in a non-destructive manner is of considerable interest, as it would offer a direct means of initiating timely corrective action. Given the vital role that plant pigments play in the photosynthetic process and general plant physiological condition, their accurate estimation would provide a means to monitor plant health and indirectly determine stress response [3]. The interest in marine macroalgae arises due to its advantages such as rapid growth, production of a large volume of biomass and also due to the exclusive characteristics of its polysaccharides/derived compounds such as the physical-chemical, rheological, biological

Abstract
In recent years, marine organisms have received attention for being a source of natural compounds, enabling the creation of a new and promising field of study. Marine macroalgae are a vast source of raw materials and biologically active molecules used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural industries. Due to its importance, the present study aimed to assess whether the bioextract of the red macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii acts as a biostimulant in the metabolism of plants and changes the reflectance indexes. In particular, the biological activity of the red macroalgae bioextract was focused on stimulating plant growth and photosynthetic activity. A scientific experiment was carried out using a red marine macroalgae bioextract applied on the pepper culture (Capsicum annuum L.). The pepper culture was chosen due to its high sensitivity to stress, generating good responses in the evaluation of the biostimulant and anti-stress capacity of an algal bioextract. The fresh mass of the aerial part and the length of the aerial part were evaluated, and a metabolic evaluation was also performed, represented by the photosynthetic rate produced by the pepper plants. properties, in addition to the chemical composition formed by rare sugars, which make it possible to provide extracts with relevant activities when administered to agricultural crops [4].

Materials and Methods
A portable device for non-destructive estimates of chlorophyll (Chl) content "ClorofiLog", brand "Falker", was used, that allows to identify the state of crops in a simple and direct way [5]. In summary, this device measures the green color index in the leaves that correlates with the chlorophyll content. Large concentrations of nitrogen in mesophilic cells can be in the chloroplast and thus, correlations between the values obtained by the chlorophyll meter and leaf nitrogen can be made [6]. The experimental design consisted of using a plant species (Capsicum annuum L.), a bioextraction of the red macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii, in 5 treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) and 3 repetitions for each treatment, using a substrate composed of ravine soil (60%), sand (30%) and tanned bovine manure (10%), whose chemical composition of the substrate used: pH 6.

Results and Discussion
The content of the reflectance index, measured as total chlorophyll, was proportional to macro nutrients, such as nitrogen. Table 1 presents the results of the Photosynthetic Rate, Fresh Matter of the Aerial Part (FMAP) and Length of the Aerial Part (LAP) of the Pepper plants. The highest reflectance index value was found for the T4 treatment -1.5% Algal Bioextract (2 foliar applications), total chlorophyll of 685mg.m -2 , followed by the T2 treatment -Algal Bioextract 0 , 5% (2 applications via leaf) total chlorophyll of 670 mg.m -2 , and the lowest value for treatment T1 -Control, with a total chlorophyll content of 603 mg.m -2 .   When applying the treatment T4 -Algal Bioextract 1.5% versus T1 -Control in these plants, showed an increase of 13.5% in the Total Chlorophyll Index, corroborated by the mean of the Fresh Matter of the Aerial Part (FMAP) of the T2 treatment -Algal Bioextract 0.5% (2 foliar applications) in the amount of 236 g, which was 269% higher than the Average Fresh Matter of the Aerial Part (FMAP) of the T1 treatment -Witness, which presented a value of 104 g, as well as the average length of the aerial part (LAP) of the T2 treatment -Algal Bioextract 0.5% (foliar, 2 applications), was 87 cm higher by 74% than the value of the Aerial Part length (LAP) of the T1 treatment -Control, which was 50 cm, which can be explained by the biostimulating effect of the Kappaphycus alvarezii Bioextract on plant growth and metabolic activity. Therefore, portable chlorophyll readers use non-destructive, simple and instantaneous principles, enabling ontogenic foliar studies of cultures. Thus, the values obtained are proportional to the levels of leaf chlorophyll and are called the chlorophyll meter index [7]. Mota [8], working with the application of a brown algae extract resulted in an increase in chlorophyll concentrations (relevant in terms of photosynthetic potential) in treated leaves compared to untreated leaves, proposing that this increase in chlorophyll is due to the betaines present in the algae extracts.

Conclusion
As a conclusion of this technical-scientific work, the green color index in the leaves of pepper plants, which is correlated with the chlorophyll content in the leaves, and which increases the photosynthetic rate, what are the result of the biostimulant activity of the Kappaphycus alvarezii Bioextract, in the culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).