An Overview of Respiratory Diseases in Pets

Varying floras of indigenous commensal organisms (including Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococci, staphylococci, pseudomonads, and coliform bacteria) normally reside in the canine and feline nasal passages, nasopharynx, and upper trachea, and at least intermittently in the lungs, without causing clinical signs. Opportunistic infections by these bacteria may occur when respiratory defense mechanisms are compromised by infection with a primary pathogen (eg, distemper, parainfluenza virus, or canine type 2 adenovirus in dogs, and rhinotracheitis virus or calicivirus in cats), other insults (eg, inhalation of smoke or noxious gases), or diseases such as congestive heart failure and pulmonary neoplasia. Secondary bacterial infections complicate the management of viral respiratory infections of both dogs and cats [1].


Introduction
Respiratory diseases are common in dogs and cats. Although clinical signs such as coughing and dyspnea are commonly referable to primary problems of the respiratory tract, they may also occur secondary to disorders of other organ systems (eg, congestive heart failure).
Varying floras of indigenous commensal organisms (including Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococci, staphylococci, pseudomonads, and coliform bacteria) normally reside in the canine and feline nasal passages, nasopharynx, and upper trachea, and at least intermittently in the lungs, without causing clinical signs. Opportunistic infections by these bacteria may occur when respiratory defense mechanisms are compromised by infection with a primary pathogen (eg, distemper, parainfluenza virus, or canine type 2 adenovirus in dogs, and rhinotracheitis virus or calicivirus in cats), other insults (eg, inhalation of smoke or noxious gases), or diseases such as congestive heart failure and pulmonary neoplasia. Secondary bacterial infections complicate the management of viral respiratory infections of both dogs and cats [1].

Rhinitis and sinusitis
Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nose and muscular membranes. Sinusitis is the inflammation of paranasal sinuses. In general, bacteria are involved in the sequelae of viral agents as a result of degradation of the mucosal barrier [2][3][4]. Isolation of the agents and other auxiliary symptoms such as clinical signs are diagnosed [5].
Considering the complications of the disease, surgical or drug treatment methods are being tried. Surgically; excision can be performed such as nasopharyngeal polyp extraction in the ked is with rhinotomy and turbinectomy. In treatment with medication; sulphonamide or tetracycline, lavage of mucopurulent currents may be tried. Fungal rhinitis; antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole are applied. Allergic rinitte; antihistamines and corticosteroids are indicated [6,7].

Tracheobronchitis
Trachea and bronchi are inflamed and cough is obvious. Slight pressure on the trachea can trigger coughing. Bordatellabrochibiseptica Pseudomonas spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pasteurella spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacteria and Mycoplasma species are effective in the development of the disease [7,8]. Mild leucopenia in the early period may suggest viral infection. Neutrophilic leukocytosis with severe left pneumonitis can frequently occur with severe pneumonitis [7].
Antibiotics such as amoxicillin/clavulonic acid, gentamicin, doxycycline, and bronchodilators such as theophylline can be used to prevent bronchospasm [9,10].

Bronchopneumonia
Bacterial, fungal, allergic, aspiration or parasitic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The presence of FIV and FeLV may be associated with mycotic pneumonia [11].
Clinical, haematological and blood gas measurements provide an important clue to the diagnosis of the disease. Respiratory acidosis develops, PaO2 falls, PaCO2 concentration increases. Tracheal lavage, bronchoalveolar lavage, thoracic radiography, bronchoscopy and pulmonary aspirate examinations are used. Allergies are tested in allergic conditions [3,12].

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Corticosteroids may be used in allergic cases, and antibiotics such as amoxycillin + clavulanic acid and metronidazole may be useful in the case of bacterial cases. In mycotic infections, itraconazole or ketoconazole is indicated [7,13].

Pneumonia
The lung is the fire of paranoid doctrine. Cough, fever, dyspnoea, abnormal breathing sounds on ejaculation, weight loss, peripheral lymph endothelium are frequently encountered findings [14].
Chest radiography, bronchoscopy, and cytological examination of aspirates together with clinical and haematological findings help definite diagnosis [13,15]. Left-shift or neutrophil-derived leucocytosis can occur in haematological examinations. In cases of hyperglobulinemia, dirofilariasis should be considered. Antibiotics, antimycotics against mycoplasma, and cortisone preparations up to the level of clinical findings can be used in cases of bacterial pneumonia [16].
Neutrophilic leucocytosis, left-shift, and sometimes nonregenerative anemia can be formed in addition to clinical symptoms such as cough, fever, and respiratory failure [7].
Radiography, tracheal lavage, bronchoscopy can help. In therapy; bronchodilators such as lavage, antibiotic treatments, antifungal drugs and theophylline, and short-term corticosteroids are indicated [13].

Pleural effusions
There is a fluid accumulation between the Pleura leaves. Increase in hydrostatic pressure in the circulation (right heart failure), increase in permeability in vascular endothelium, obstruction of lymphatic flow and haemorrhage. Dogs and cats are often traumatized [7,14].
Dyspnoea, tachypnoea and hyperpnea are the most common symptoms and become more evident in exercise and stress situations. In the case of anus, lung sounds cannot be heard or heard as if coming from a distance. Horizontal stretch is taken at the percussion [7,18].
If the concentration of LDH in the pleural fluid is <200IU/L, fluid is transudate,if >200IU/L, it is defined as exudate. If glucose in the fluid is lower than blood serum, prothorax or malignant causes should be considered. If fluid accumulation is not detected in the pleural space on ultrasonographic examination, thoracentesis is contraindicated for the risk of pneumothorax [7,14].

Pyothorax
Pleura leaves are irritated. Pleural fluid dyspnoea and septicemic systemic changes (fever, increased respiration and pulse rate, general impairment, depression) are caused by the iris character. Radiologic, ultrasonographic lung examinations and thoracentesis were performed [4].In therapy; thoracocentesis is performed and the pus on both sides is aspirated. High doses of amoxicillin, metronidazole or fluoroquinolones can be used for a long time [12,19,20].

Pneumothorax
Pleural air is gathering in the space. It is usually shaped by trauma. Acute respiratory distress, tachypnoea, cyanosis and cervical subcutaneous emphysema are the most striking findings. Respiratory voices have decreased in osculating. On the radiograph, the heart is seen away from the sternum. In therapy [5,7,13] with oxygen inhalation, sewing thoracic wound, artificial respiration or thoracostomy.