Comparison of Different Covid-19 Vaccines Globally: An Overview

It was 2012 when the first case of corona virus noticed by the Saudi Authorities which spread through the Asian countries, also flown to European countries. In 1960 revealed the presence of the corona virus when it was declared as the reason of common cold in human beings. On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global health emergency. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. There are three brands of vaccines available that are Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen). A mild difference may present as post vaccination effects. The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is based as mRNA and marketed as Comirnaty. Pfizer reported a 91 percent efficacy rate after six months, while Moderna reported a 94 percent efficacy rate. Moderna, we are pioneering a class of medicines based on messenger RNA (mRNA). The Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine may not protect everyone. Mostly 2 doses of the vaccine are required to protect, and these are intramuscular injections. Its quantity would be changed in different age groups. Some common side effects include fatigue, headache, and pain in joints, fever, chills, and muscle pain. However, everyone should vaccinate for protection of corona virus disease.


Introduction
The year 1960 revealed the presence of the corona virus when it was declared as the reason of common cold in human beings. A study witnessed by Canada on about 500 persons contracting with flue, the analysis of pathogen sampled from these patients resulted in 3.6 percent HCo V-NL63, identified by a reliable PCR. The year 2002 had a final calendar which retained this virus as non-threatening to the life. The year 2003 witnessed an outbreak in Chinese Province Gaungdong, this outbreak flown to many neighboring counties and USA as well, this SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Disease) caused fatal breathing mechanism malfunctioning leading to hundreds of deaths. Microbiologists found a new form of corona virus behind this disease. The situation became very critical so that WHO (World Health Organization) and CDC (Centre of Disease control) had to call emergency state. 60% of the flue patients were found positive for this deadly virus in Hong Kong. The investigation about the causative virus yielded that there is a strong ability in the virus to modify its genetic material promptly, which is just fatal to human life. COVID-19 is basically a respiratory disease, whose causative agent is a virus. The virus enters the respiratory tract through eyes, mouth and nose to dwell in the lungs eventually eradicates the pleural tissue of the lung leading the inability of the lungs to inhale and exhale the air. An access to safe and effective vaccines is needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic, so it is hugely encouraging to see so many vaccines proving and going into development. WHO is working tirelessly with partners to develop and manufacture safe and effective vaccines. Safe and effective vaccines are a game-changing tool. This scenario demands the development of a presumptive vaccine which may provide immunity against all current and new evolving coronavirus strains. More than 100 companies had been working on Corona vaccine across the globe. More than one billion doses of coronavirus vaccines have been administered, in 178 countries worldwide.

Types of Covid-19 Vaccines
There are three brands of vaccines available presently, effectively being injected for immunization against this pandemic. Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson (Janssen) All these vaccines are almost equally effective against the pandemic of COVID-19. They are all life saver up to 100. A mild difference may present as post vaccination effects.

Pfizer-BioNTech
The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (INN: tozinameran), is based as mRNA and marketed as Comirnaty. The vaccine's modRNA sequence is 4,284 nucleotides long [1]. It is approved that are used in people aged 12 and up to protect against infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19 [2]. It is approved for use in persons aged 12 and up by the FDA and some other authorities and the EMA for persons aged 16 and above, to protect against infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which produces COVID-19 [2]. The vaccine was created by BioNTech, a German organization, with assistance from Pfizer, an American corporation, for clinical testing, logistics, and production [3]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) to permit the emergency use of the unapproved product, Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in individuals 12 years of age and older.
In addition to the mRNA molecule, the vaccination contains the inactive components listed here; ALC-0315, ALC-0159, CHOLESTROL, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, monobasic potassium phosphate, NaCl, sucrose, dibasic sodium phosphate dehydrate and water for injection [4]. In China, BioNTech has a development, marketing, and distribution partnership with Fosun Pharma, and the vaccine is informally known as the Fosun-BioNTechCOVID-19 vaccine [5,6]. The vaccination is administered through intramuscular injection in the form of frozen suspension. Before administration, it must be frozen to room temperature and diluted with normal saline [7]. It requires two doses that administered three weeks apart. It is made up of nucleoside-modified mRNA (modRNA) that encodes a mutant variant of SARS-full-length CoV-2's spike protein, which is encased in lipid nanoparticles [8]. Clinical studies began in April2020, and by November2020, the vaccine has entered phase III trials, with over 40,000 people engaging [8]. Mild to severe discomfort at the injection site, tiredness, muscle and joint pain, fever and headaches are the most typical side effects [9]. Serious side effects, such as allergic responses, have been recorded infrequently and no long-term consequences have been recorded [2,10]. The main outcomes of the trials will be monitored until August2021, while the secondary outcomes will be monitored until January 2023 Tran et al. [11]. The vaccine was the first COVID-19 vaccine to be approved for emergency use by a strict regulatory authority [12] and the first to be licensed for routine use [13]. The United Kingdom was the first country to approve its usage in an emergency in December 2020 [10].
It is legal to use in 84 countries, including the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Israel, Brazil, Mexico, Japan, and Singapore [14]. Pfizer and BioNTech intended to produce around 2.5 billion doses in 2021 as of March30, 2021 [5]. BioNTech and Pfizer have agreed to pay around $3 billion in advance purchase agreements to offer a licensed vaccine in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Peru, Singapore, and Mexico [11]. Because the vaccine must be maintained at extremely low temperatures, distribution and storage are logistical challenges. BioNTech and Pfizer are experimenting with a freeze-dried version that does not require ultra-cold storage.

Moderna
Moderna is a biotechnology company founded in 2010. At Moderna, we are pioneering a class of medicines based on messenger RNA (mRNA). Every cell in your body uses mRNA, which gives instructions to make the proteins your body needs. This affects many aspects of your biology, including health and disease. The Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine will be given to you as an injection ), tromethamine, tromethamine hydrochloride, acetic acid, sodium acetate trihydrate, and sucrose. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first appeared in late 2019 and quickly spread over the world, forcing an international effort to speed up vaccine development. The relatively stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is encoded by the candidate vaccine mRNA-1273, entitled Moderna [15]. Vaccines are needed to protect those who are at high risk of complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The mRNA-1273 vaccine is a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNAbased vaccination that encodes the full-length prefusion stable spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19 [16][17][18].
This phase 3 standardized, independent observer, placebocontrolled experiment was held at 99 multiple places around the United States. People at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or its manifestations were given two intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 (100g) or placebo 28 days apart in a 1:1 ratio. A total of 30,420 participants were randomized between July 27, 2020, and October 23, 2020, with 15,210 individuals in each group receiving two doses of either placebo or mRNA-1273 (100g). The second dosage was given to almost 96 percent of the individuals. Common reasons for not receiving the second dose were withdrawal of consent (153 participants) and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by PCR before the administration of the second dose on day 29 (114 participants: 69 in the placebo group and 45 in the mRNA-1273 group) [19,20].

Johnson and Johnson's Jessen
On February 2, 2021 the U.S. Nourishment and Sedate Organization issued and crises utilize authorization (EUA) for the third antibody for the avoidance of coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) caused by extreme intense respiratory disorder coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The EUA permits the Janssen COVID-19 Immunization to be disseminated within the U.S for utilize in peoples 18 a long time of age and more seasoned. Its formatting is by Janssen Biotech institute, a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson and Johnson [21,22]. Vaccine is administered as a single dose, into the muscle. The Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine may not protect everyone [23][24][25][26].
Protect from the coronavirus disease Covid-19 for the person of 18 years and older ages persons. FDA has authorized the emergency use of the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine in individuals 18 years of age and older. You should not get the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine if you had a severe allergic reaction to any ingredient of this vaccine [31][32][33][34].

Common Side Effects
Covid-19 vaccines are very effective but they also have some side effects. All these vaccines are 'reactogenic' means they cause effective change in immunity response. Different vaccines have different side effects. As vary according to their type. These are different covid-19 vaccination like Pfizer and 'Moderna' messenger RNA vaccine. One of the common side effect is soreness in the skin where injected the vaccine. Other common side effects include fatigue, headache, and pain in joints, fever, chills, and muscle pain. All these side effects are because of the immune system is instructing body to react in certain ways: it may increase blood flow so more immune cells can circulate, and it can also raise your body temperature to kill the virus. These side effects are the signs that the body's immune system is responding to the vaccine The most commonly side effects were pain at the time of injection site, Headache, Fatigue, and nausea etc. There were mostly side effects occurred within 1-2 days following vaccination and were mild to moderate in severity and lasted 1-2 days. Injection site reactions: pain, redness of the skin and swelling. General side effects: headache, feeling very tired, muscle aches, nausea, and fever. There are two main doses of covid-19 vaccine.
After 2nd dose side effect shows more frequently. These side effects maybe last for 24 to 48 hours or can be more than a few days. There is limited experience with use of COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna in pregnant women: Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryo/ foetal development, parturition or post-natal development. Vaccine Moderna in pregnancy should only be considered when the potential benefits outweigh any potential risks for the mother and foetus.
Side effects of the vaccine are not frequent in young age people. People with older than 55 can get more strong side effects mentioned above. Children younger than 12 years of age have not yet received vaccines in clinical trials, so there is no evidence of side effects in children. There are some less common side effects reported for covid-19 including severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and such as side effects lasting more than three days.

Discussion
We searched the databases for articles in which the authors discussed the efficacy and safety of various vaccines, as well as the incidence of adverse responses, by sex, age group, and gender. A total of 19 relevant papers were discovered and addressed throughout this book. As described throughout the essay, the present situation in the field of inventive capacity includes various technological improvements as well as the collection of knowledge and prior experiences in the pursuit of a more rapid path of the Research and Development process for new vaccines. It is clear that the COVID-19 outbreak puts societal pressure on researchers to find a cure. As a result of these elements resulting from the global public health emergency, it is envisaged that the Research and Development procedures for new pharmaceuticals, including new vaccinations, will be redirected, especially during pandemics. Learning also helps to optimize and speed development paths in the search for cures for diseases that are being researched. Antibodies are discovered six months after vaccination in those who have been vaccinated, with only minor reduction. This is not to say they vanish after six months; it's just the information we know. Pfizer reported a 91 percent efficacy rate after six months, while Moderna reported a 94 percent efficacy rate. Antibodies were still high 70 days after immunization, despite the fact that the Johnson & Johnson vaccine hasn't been around long enough to provide long-term data. There are some side effects of these vaccines which are discussed above briefly for example allergic reactions, fever, pain and sometimes vomiting. Animal studies show that the vaccine Moderna has no direct or indirect negative effects on pregnancy, embryo/foetal development, parturition, or post-natal development in pregnant people. Vaccine Moderna should only be explored during pregnancy if the possible advantages outweigh the hazards to the mother and fetus. As we study all the types of vaccine, and it is concluded that Pfizer is more efficient than others while Johnson & Johnson vaccine is lower efficient than others. National authorities and international bodies, including WHO, are closely monitoring for any unexpected side effects following COVID-19 vaccine use.